Hamas May Adjust Core Demands Amid Ceasefire Talks, New York Times Reports

As long-stalled ceasefire negotiations intensify, the New York Times reports that Hamas may be reconsidering some of its core demands, signaling a shift in the group’s stance following the death of its leader Yehya Sinwar and the fragile truce in Lebanon. According to the Times, the death of Sinwar, once seen as the group’s most hardline figure, coupled with the uncertain political and military situation, has led to a recalibration within Hamas’s leadership.

The report suggests that the reality of ongoing conflict and its devastating impact on Gaza’s population may have begun to settle in with the group’s decision-makers. With Sinwar’s death, a figure who symbolized resistance and militant strategy, there is speculation that a more pragmatic approach is emerging within Hamas, especially as the group grapples with internal and external pressures.

Furthermore, the temporary truce in Lebanon, though fragile, may have also contributed to Hamas’s reassessment of its negotiating position. With the Lebanese front quiet for now, the group may be seeking to capitalize on this moment to broker a more favorable deal, potentially sacrificing some of its initial demands in exchange for humanitarian relief and a path toward a more stable ceasefire.

While it is unclear which specific demands Hamas might soften, sources close to the negotiations suggest that the group could be willing to reconsider its insistence on certain territorial and political gains in exchange for an end to hostilities and the easing of the blockade on Gaza.

As ceasefire talks gain momentum, the international community is closely monitoring the shifting dynamics within Hamas and the potential for a breakthrough that could halt the devastating violence that has ravaged the region for years.

Hamas, the Palestinian militant group, has increasingly shown flexibility in ongoing ceasefire negotiations, which have long been stalled. According to a report by The New York Times, citing unnamed US officials, the group may be willing to soften some of its core demands and potentially agree to a ceasefire deal that Israel could accept. This shift in position suggests that Hamas might even allow the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) to temporarily remain at Gaza’s border with Egypt as part of a broader agreement.

The report also notes that, even before the ceasefire reached between Hezbollah and Israel earlier this week, both Palestinian and US officials had observed signs that Hamas was moving away from the hardline strategy promoted by its slain leader, Yahya Sinwar. Sources indicate that the group may now be open to a deal that would end hostilities, marking a significant shift from the more aggressive approach it previously advocated.

Shortly before his death, Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar expressed his belief that a prolonged conflict with Israel would ultimately benefit the group. “The longer it lasts, the closer we get to liberation,” Sinwar told Hamas’s leadership, according to senior official Osama Hamdan.

However, recent reports indicate a shift in Hamas’s position. Citing sources familiar with the group’s internal discussions, The New York Times revealed that Hamas leaders have been considering allowing Israel to temporarily maintain a presence in the Philadelphi Corridor, a strategically important border area between Egypt and Gaza. This area is significant due to its control over the flow of goods and people between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. Israel’s leadership has previously vowed not to withdraw from this area, but the emerging flexibility from Hamas could pave the way for a temporary compromise as part of ongoing ceasefire negotiations.

Jerusalem has maintained that Israeli troops must remain in Gaza, particularly in the strategic Philadelphi Corridor, to prevent the smuggling of weapons from Egypt into the enclave. Israeli officials emphasize that their military presence is essential to curb Hamas’s access to arms and resources. Furthermore, Israel has made it clear that it is only willing to agree to a temporary halt in its military campaign, with the ultimate goal of dismantling Hamas. This stance reflects Israel’s ongoing commitment to neutralizing the group, despite the growing momentum for ceasefire talks.

Hamas is a Palestinian militant group that is designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several other countries. The group has carried out numerous attacks against Israeli civilians and military targets and has controlled the Gaza Strip since 2007. Its charter calls for the establishment of an Islamic state in all of historic Palestine and the elimination of Israel.

In recent developments, The New York Times reported that Hamas is showing increased flexibility in the long-stalled talks for a ceasefire and hostage deal in Gaza. This shift comes as the group may be willing to accept the temporary presence of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at the Gaza-Egypt border, an area crucial for controlling the flow of arms into Gaza. Citing unnamed US officials, the report suggests that Hamas might be ready to give up some of its core demands in exchange for a ceasefire agreement that Israel could support.

The shift in Hamas’s stance appears to be a response to the changing dynamics in the region. Even before the ceasefire between Hezbollah and Israel earlier this week, both Palestinian and US officials had expressed belief that Hamas was moving away from the aggressive strategy endorsed by its slain leader, Yahya Sinwar. Sinwar had long championed the idea of a prolonged conflict, arguing that the longer the war lasted, the closer Hamas would come to its goal of “liberation.” However, following Sinwar’s death in October, Hamas seems to be reassessing its position.

The New York Times report indicates that “reality started to sink in” for Hamas after Sinwar’s death, as it became clear that Iran was not interested in directly engaging Israel, and Hezbollah was facing significant setbacks at the hands of the IDF. Hamas had hoped that its allies in the Iranian axis would force Israel into a ceasefire on Hamas’s terms, but with these expectations unmet, the group appears to be open to compromise.

At the same time, Israel has made it clear that its military presence in Gaza, particularly in the Philadelphi Corridor, is necessary to prevent arms smuggling from Egypt into Gaza. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in a recent interview, emphasized that Israel would only agree to a temporary pause in the fighting if it could facilitate the release of hostages, but he ruled out a full cessation of military operations aimed at dismantling Hamas.

This shifting calculus on both sides reflects the complexities of the ongoing conflict and the possibility that, despite the longstanding hostility, some form of negotiated ceasefire could emerge in the coming weeks.

Hamas is a designated terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several other countries due to its involvement in attacks against civilians, its refusal to recognize Israel’s right to exist, and its use of violence as a central strategy to pursue its goals.

Hamas is designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several other countries. This designation is based on its violent tactics, refusal to recognize Israel’s right to exist, and its involvement in numerous attacks targeting civilians.

Hamas is displaying significant flexibility in the ongoing, long-stalled ceasefire and hostage negotiations, according to recent reports. The group, which has held control over the Gaza Strip since 2007, may be willing to accept a ceasefire agreement that Israel could back, including a temporary Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) presence along the Gaza-Egypt border. This shift in stance was highlighted in a report from The New York Times, citing unnamed US officials who suggested that Hamas could give up on some of its core demands to reach a deal.

The group’s strategy has been evolving, particularly in the wake of the death of its leader Yahya Sinwar in October 2024. Sinwar had long advocated for a prolonged war, believing that the longer the conflict continued, the closer Hamas would come to achieving its goals of “liberation.” However, following his death, it seems that the leadership within Hamas has begun to reassess its position. According to The New York Times, “reality started to sink in” for Hamas, especially as it became clear that Iran was not inclined to open a direct front against Israel, and Hezbollah was suffering significant losses at the hands of the IDF.

Despite this shift, Hamas remains divided internally. Leaders of the group are reportedly split over what role it should play post-war and the kinds of compromises it should make to secure a ceasefire. A key issue in this division is the lack of a successor to Sinwar, which has hampered decision-making. Hamas member Salah al-Din al-Awawdeh explained that while military losses are easier to address—since commanders and soldiers can be replaced—the political situation is more complicated. The group will eventually need to hold elections to determine new leadership, which complicates efforts to predict its future actions.

Meanwhile, Israel has firmly insisted that its troops remain in Gaza, particularly in the strategic Philadelphi Corridor, to prevent the smuggling of arms from Egypt. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has also stated that Israel would only agree to a temporary pause in fighting if it could facilitate the release of hostages, but he has made it clear that the broader war aims, including the destruction of Hamas, will continue.

On the diplomatic front, the United States is reportedly waiting for the inauguration of President-elect Donald Trump in January 2025 before taking a more active role in shaping the terms of a deal. There are indications that the new administration might push for a shift in Israeli policy regarding the Gaza-Egypt border and the establishment of a buffer zone between Israel and the Gaza Strip.

Additionally, Egyptian officials have been working behind the scenes, with a security delegation reportedly in Israel to present a “comprehensive vision” for a ceasefire deal. They have also been in contact with Trump’s staff, seeking to determine whether the incoming US administration could influence Israel to soften its stance on some key issues in the negotiations.

This evolving situation reflects a complex balancing act between military objectives, political realities within Hamas, and the involvement of international powers trying to broker a ceasefire that could bring an end to the ongoing violence in Gaza.

Egyptian officials have also seemingly sought to soften Hamas’s stance, the paper reported, conveying to the group that its negotiating position had weakened since being “isolated” by the ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon. The officials told the group it would unlikely be able to continue insisting on a full Israeli withdrawal, according to the report.

Since Qatar withdrew from the mediation and kicked Hamas leaders out of Doha earlier this month, Egypt has emerged as a potential key conduit between the warring parties, alongside Turkey, where most of Hamas’s senior leadership have relocated.

The Kan public broadcaster reported Thursday that a Hamas delegation was set to head to Cairo in the near future to discuss a potential deal.

According to a report late Wednesday, US President Joe Biden pressed Netanyahu in a call this week to immediately shift attention back to Gaza with the end of fighting in Lebanon. Meanwhile, Trump’s incoming administration was also reportedly being approached about pushing Israel toward a deal.

Hamas indicated on Wednesday that it was ready for a truce in Gaza after a ceasefire came into effect in Lebanon with the Iran-backed Hezbollah, which had attacked Israel in support of its ally Hamas starting October 8, 2023, prompting reprisals and later an intensified IDF military campaign that destroyed much of the group.

Officials had expressed hopes that taking the key Hamas ally off the battlefield could help push the Gazan terror group toward an agreement ending the war and freeing hostages in exchange for Palestinian security prisoners.

As negotiations for a ceasefire in Gaza gain momentum, Egyptian officials have been working to influence Hamas’s stance, according to recent reports. In an effort to push the group toward compromise, Egypt has conveyed to Hamas that its negotiating position has weakened since being “isolated” by the ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Egyptian officials told Hamas that insisting on a full Israeli withdrawal from Gaza would likely be untenable and could hinder the prospects of a deal. This development signals a shift in the diplomatic landscape as Egypt, alongside Turkey, has emerged as a key intermediary between Hamas and Israel, especially after Qatar withdrew from the mediation process and expelled Hamas leaders from Doha earlier this month.

The situation has prompted a Hamas delegation to prepare for talks in Cairo, where officials hope to negotiate terms for a potential ceasefire agreement. Reports from Kan Public Broadcasting indicated that the delegation is expected to head to Egypt in the near future to discuss possible terms for a deal that could end the conflict and address the ongoing hostage crisis in Gaza.

In addition to Egyptian and Turkish efforts, international pressure is mounting. US President Joe Biden reportedly urged Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in a recent call to shift focus back to Gaza following the cessation of fighting in Lebanon. The White House is pushing for renewed efforts toward a ceasefire, as officials believe that the weakening of Hezbollah, a key Hamas ally, could create an opportunity for Hamas to reconsider its position and accept a deal.

At the same time, the incoming Trump administration has also been approached, with some sources suggesting that Israel may be looking for support from the new US administration to help facilitate a ceasefire. This international involvement underscores the complex and high-stakes nature of the ongoing negotiations, which aim to bring an end to the conflict, free hostages, and address broader security concerns in the region.

Hamas indicated on Wednesday that it was prepared for a truce in Gaza, following the ceasefire agreement between Hezbollah and Israel. This shift in tone came after the IDF’s successful campaign against Hezbollah, which had escalated tensions in the region after supporting Hamas’s attacks on Israel in October 2023. With Hezbollah temporarily sidelined, there are hopes that this could provide a window for negotiations to secure a ceasefire, leading to the release of hostages in exchange for Palestinian security prisoners, a key demand in the discussions.

As the situation continues to evolve, it remains unclear whether Hamas will fully abandon its long-standing demands or agree to a more temporary resolution. However, the increasing diplomatic pressure and the shifting dynamics within the group suggest that a breakthrough could be on the horizon, particularly as Hamas faces growing challenges both militarily and politically.

Hamas is a designated terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several other countries. It is responsible for a range of violent actions, including suicide bombings, rocket attacks, and other assaults targeting civilians, and its ideology advocates for the establishment of an Islamic state in all of historic Palestine. Hamas’s actions and its refusal to recognize Israel’s right to exist have led to its classification as a terrorist group.

Hamas is a designated terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several other countries. This designation stems from its history of carrying out violent attacks, including suicide bombings and rocket strikes, targeting civilians. Hamas’s actions, as well as its charter calling for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in all of historic Palestine, have led to its classification as a terrorist group.

The ongoing hostage crisis stemming from Hamas’s brutal attacks on October 7, 2023, has drawn significant international attention. As of recent reports, it is believed that 97 hostages remain in Gaza, including the bodies of at least 34 individuals confirmed dead by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The hostages were abducted during Hamas’s rampage, which killed approximately 1,200 people in southern Israel, leading to the escalation of conflict. Among the hostages are civilians, soldiers, and foreign nationals, many of whom were captured or killed during the October 7 attacks.

During a weeklong truce in late November, Hamas released 105 hostages, and four more were freed prior to that. Eight hostages have been rescued alive by Israeli troops, while the bodies of 37 hostages have been recovered. Tragically, three of those deaths occurred as a result of Israeli military actions when the hostages attempted to escape from their captors.

In addition to the hostages taken during the October 7 assault, Hamas is also holding two Israeli civilians who entered the Gaza Strip in 2014 and 2015. Moreover, Hamas holds the remains of two IDF soldiers who were killed during the 2014 Gaza conflict.

On the humanitarian front, Israel has been working to dispel accusations that it is blocking aid from reaching Gaza. On Thursday, the IDF facilitated a media tour showcasing the aid entering Gaza through a key crossing. This effort aimed to address concerns that Israel is preventing crucial supplies from reaching those in need within the Gaza Strip, while simultaneously emphasizing its ongoing security concerns related to Hamas’s use of the territory.

The hostage situation remains one of the central points of tension in the broader conflict, with both sides holding firm to their respective positions. While Hamas has demanded the release of Palestinian prisoners in exchange for hostages, Israel’s focus is on securing the safe return of the captives, while continuing its military operations against Hamas. The international community remains hopeful that a negotiated ceasefire and prisoner exchange agreement may offer a path toward resolving the immediate crisis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a stark warning about the dire shortages of medicine, food, shelter, and fuel in Gaza, particularly in the northern areas. The situation has been described as “catastrophic,” with increasing demands for Israel to allow more aid into the territory and to facilitate humanitarian operations. The international community has frequently criticized Israel, claiming that aid shipments are lower than at any point since the war began in October 2023, following Hamas’s attack on southern Israel.

In contrast, Israel has defended its actions, blaming relief organizations for their inability to manage and distribute large quantities of aid effectively. During the first media tour of the Gazan side of the Kerem Shalom border crossing, which is the largest entry point for humanitarian aid, journalists witnessed trucks carrying assistance from Egypt, Jordan, the West Bank, and Israel.

Aid is being organized by international organizations such as UNICEF, Rahma Worldwide, and the World Food Kitchen. Local truck drivers are employed for the distribution. Colonel Abdullah Halabi, who oversees the Gaza division for COGAT (the Israeli military unit responsible for coordinating humanitarian efforts), reported that over 800 truckloads of food are currently waiting for distribution. He also noted that shipments often sit for months at the Gaza side of Kerem Shalom, and he rejected claims that Israel was blocking trucks or restricting the amount of aid entering Gaza.

These tensions highlight the complex and challenging humanitarian situation in Gaza amidst ongoing military operations and political negotiations.

The humanitarian situation in Gaza remains dire, with aid agencies continuing to call for increased access to the region. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international groups are especially concerned about the severe shortages of essential supplies, including food, medicine, fuel, and shelter materials. WHO has described the situation in Gaza, particularly in the northern regions, as “catastrophic,” highlighting the increasing difficulties civilians face as the war continues. The organization is urging Israel to allow more humanitarian assistance into Gaza and facilitate the operations of aid organizations.

Despite these calls, Israel maintains that there are no restrictions on the quantity of aid entering Gaza, but it blames the inability of relief organizations to manage and distribute the supplies effectively. Israel has repeatedly stated that it has facilitated the movement of aid through the Kerem Shalom crossing, the largest humanitarian gateway into Gaza. During a recent media visit organized by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), foreign journalists were shown trucks carrying humanitarian aid, which had arrived from Egypt, Jordan, the West Bank, and Israel.

Colonel Abdullah Halabi of COGAT, which is responsible for overseeing the coordination of humanitarian aid, emphasized that there are over 800 truckloads of food aid waiting for international groups to distribute inside Gaza. However, he explained that some aid shipments have been delayed for months at the Kerem Shalom crossing, largely due to logistical challenges and the need for coordination between various aid organizations. Halabi rejected accusations that Israel was preventing the trucks from entering Gaza, asserting that Israel had no intention of impeding the delivery of humanitarian supplies.

While Israel and international organizations disagree over the aid distribution, the focus on the humanitarian crisis in Gaza has grown. Aid organizations such as UNICEF, Rahma Worldwide, and the World Food Kitchen continue to provide critical supplies, but the situation remains grim, particularly as shortages deepen and essential services, such as healthcare and power, remain scarce in the region.

In addition to humanitarian concerns, Israel’s military operations in Gaza continue to raise questions about the future of the territory, with discussions ongoing regarding a potential ceasefire or temporary halt to the fighting. The prospect of such a pause has been complicated by the political leadership within Hamas, as the group faces internal divisions and external pressure to negotiate. In the midst of these discussions, the role of international actors like Egypt, Turkey, and the United States continues to be critical in mediating talks and attempting to secure a resolution to the ongoing conflict.

As the situation develops, both humanitarian needs and political negotiations will remain central to efforts aimed at addressing the crisis in Gaza and finding a way to end the ongoing violence.

Courtesy: Times Of India

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
2. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
3. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
5. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
6. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
7. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
8. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
9. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
10. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
11. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
12. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
13. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
14. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
15. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
16. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
17. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
18. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
19. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
20. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
21. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
22. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
23. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
24. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
25. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
26. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
27. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
28. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
29. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
30. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
31. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
32. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
33. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
34. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
35. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
36. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
37. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
38. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
39. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
40. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
41. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
42. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
43. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
44. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
45. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
46. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
47. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
48. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
49. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
50. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
51. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
52. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
53. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
54. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
55. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
56. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
57. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
58. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
59. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
60. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
61. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
62. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
63. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
64. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
65. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
66. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
67. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
68. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
69. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
70. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
71. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
72. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
73. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
74. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
75. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
76. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
77. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
78. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
79. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
80. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
81. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
82. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
83. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
84. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
85. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
86. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
87. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
88. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
89. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
90. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
91. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
92. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
93. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
94. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
95. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
96. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
97. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
98. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
99. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
100. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
101. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
102. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
103. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
104. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
105. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
106. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
107. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
108. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
109. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
110. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
111. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
112. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
113. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
114. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
115. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
116. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
117. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
118. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
119. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
120. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
121. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
122. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
123. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
124. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
125. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
126. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
127. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
128. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
129. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
130. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
131. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
132. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
133. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
134. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
135. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
136. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
137. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
138. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
139. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
140. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
141. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
142. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
143. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
144. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
145. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
146. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
147. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
148. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
149. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
150. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
151. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
152. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
153. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
154. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
155. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
156. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
157. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
158. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
159. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
160. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
161. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
162. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
163. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
164. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
165. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
166. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
167. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
168. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
169. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
170. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
171. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
172. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
173. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
174. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
175. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
176. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
177. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
178. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
179. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
180. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
181. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
182. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
183. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
184. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
185. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
186. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
187. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
188. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
189. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
190. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
191. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
192. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
193. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
194. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
195. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
196. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
197. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
198. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
199. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
200. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
201. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
202. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
203. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
204. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
205. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
206. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
207. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
208. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
209. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
210. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
211. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
212. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
213. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
214. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
215. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
216. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
217. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
218. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
219. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
220. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
221. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
222. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
223. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
224. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
225. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
226. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
227. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
228. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
229. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
230. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
231. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
232. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
233. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
234. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
235. ^ As per the 2006 census
236. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
237. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
238. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
239. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
240. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
241. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
242. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
243. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
244. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
245. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
246. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
247. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
248. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
249. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
250. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
251. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
252. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
253. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
254. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
255. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
256. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
257. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
258. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
259. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
260. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
261. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
262. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
263. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
264. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
265. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
266. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
267. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
268. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
269. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
270. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
271. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
272. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
273. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
274. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
275. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
276. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
277. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
278. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
279. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
280. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
281. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
282. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
283. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
284. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
285. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
286. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
287. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
288. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
289. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
290. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
291. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
292. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
293. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
294. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
295. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
296. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
297. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
298. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
299. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
300. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
301. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
302. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
303. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
304. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
305. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
306. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
307. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
308. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
309. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
310. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
311. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
312. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
313. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
314. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
315. References
316. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
317. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
318. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
319. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
320. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
321. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
322. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
323. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
324. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
325. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
326. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
327. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
328. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
329. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
330. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
331. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
332. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
333. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
334. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
335. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
336. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
337. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
338. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
339. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
340. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
341. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
342. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
343. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
344. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
345. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
346. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
347. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
348. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
349. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
350. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
351. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
352. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
353. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
354. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
355. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
356. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
357. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
358. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
359. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
360. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
361. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
362. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
363. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
364. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
365. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
366. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
367. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
368. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
369. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
370. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
371. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
372. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
373. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
374. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
375. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
376. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
377. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
378. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
379. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
380. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
381. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
382. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
383. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
384. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
385. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
386. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
387. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
388. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
389. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
390. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
391. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
392. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
393. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
394. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
395. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
396. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
397. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
398. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
399. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
400. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
401. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
402. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
403. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
404. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
405. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
406. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
407. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
408. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
409. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
410. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
411. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
412. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
413. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
414. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
415. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
416. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
417. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
418. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
419. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
420. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
421. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
422. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
423. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
424. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
425. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
426. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
427. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
428. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
429. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
430. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
431. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
432. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
433. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
434. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
435. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
436. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
437. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
438. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
439. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
440. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
441. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
442. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
443. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
444. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
445. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
446. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
447. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
448. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
449. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
450. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
451. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
452. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
453. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
454. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
455. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
456. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
457. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
458. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
459. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
460. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
461. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
462. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
463. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
464. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
465. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
466. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
467. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
468. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
469. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
470. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
471. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
472. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
473. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
474. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
475. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
476. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
477. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
478. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
479. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
480. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
481. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
482. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
483. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
484. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
485. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
486. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
487. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
488. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
489. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
490. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
491. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
492. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
493. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
494. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
495. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
496. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
497. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
498. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
499. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
500. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
501. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
502. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
503. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
504. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
505. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
506. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
507. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
508. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
509. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
510. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
511. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
512. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
513. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
514. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
515. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
516. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
517. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
518. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
519. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
520. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
521. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
522. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
523. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
524. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
525. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
526. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
527. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
528. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
529. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
530. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
531. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
532. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
533. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
534. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
535. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
536. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
537. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
538. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
539. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
540. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
541. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
542. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
543. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
544. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
545. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
546. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
547. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
548. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
549. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
550. ^ As per the 2006 census
551. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
552. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
553. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
554. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
555. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
556. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
557. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
558. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
559. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
560. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
561. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
562. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
563. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
564. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
565. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
566. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
567. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
568. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
569. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
570. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
571. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
572. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
573. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
574. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
575. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
576. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
577. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
578. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
579. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
580. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
581. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
582. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
583. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
584. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
585. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
586. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
587. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
588. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
589. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
590. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
591. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
592. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
593. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
594. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
595. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
596. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
597. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
598. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
599. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
600. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
601. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
602. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
603. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
604. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
605. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
606. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
607. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
608. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
609. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
610. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
611. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
612. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
613. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
614. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
615. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
616. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
617. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
618. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
619. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
620. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
621. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
622. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
623. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
624. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
625. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
626. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
627. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
628. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
629. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
630. References
631. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
632. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
633. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
634. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
635. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
636. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
637. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
638. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
639. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
640. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
641. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
642. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
643. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
644. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
645. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
646. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
647. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
648. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
649. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
650. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
651. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
652. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
653. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
654. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
655. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
656. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
657. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
658. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
659. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
660. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
661. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
662. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
663. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
664. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
665. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
666. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
667. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
668. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
669. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
670. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
671. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
672. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
673. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
674. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
675. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
676. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
677. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
678. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
679. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
680. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
681. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
682. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
683. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
684. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
685. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
686. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
687. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
688. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
689. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
690. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
691. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
692. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
693. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
694. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
695. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
696. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
697. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
698. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
699. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
700. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
701. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
702. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
703. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
704. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
705. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
706. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
707. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
708. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
709. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
710. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
711. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
712. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
713. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
714. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
715. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
716. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
717. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
718. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
719. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
720. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
721. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
722. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
723. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
724. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
725. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
726. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
727. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
728. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
729. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
730. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
731. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
732. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
733. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
734. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
735. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
736. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
737. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
738. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
739. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
740. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
741. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
742. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
743. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
744. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
745. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
746. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
747. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
748. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
749. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
750. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
751. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
752. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
753. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
754. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
755. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
756. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
757. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
758. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
759. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
760. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
761. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
762. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
763. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
764. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
765. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
766. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
767. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
768. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
769. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
770. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
771. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
772. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
773. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
774. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
775. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
776. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
777. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
778. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
779. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
780. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
781. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
782. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
783. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
784. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
785. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
786. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
787. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
788. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
789. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
790. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
791. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
792. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
793. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
794. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
795. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
796. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
797. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
798. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
799. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
800. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
801. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
802. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
803. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
804. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
805. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
806. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
807. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
808. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
809. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
810. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
811. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
812. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
813. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
814. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
815. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
816. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
817. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
818. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
819. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
820. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
821. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
822. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
823. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
824. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
825. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
826. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
827. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
828. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
829. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
830. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
831. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
832. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
833. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
834. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
835. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
836. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
837. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
838. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
839. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
840. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
841. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
842. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
843. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
844. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
845. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
846. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
847. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
848. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
849. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
850. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
851. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
852. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
853. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
854. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
855. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
856. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
857. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
858. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
859. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
860. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
861. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
862. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
863. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
864. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
865. ^ As per the 2006 census
866. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
867. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
868. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
869. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
870. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
871. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
872. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
873. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
874. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
875. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
876. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
877. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
878. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
879. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
880. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
881. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
882. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
883. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
884. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
885. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
886. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
887. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
888. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
889. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
890. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
891. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
892. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
893. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
894. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
895. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
896. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
897. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
898. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
899. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
900. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
901. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
902. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
903. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
904. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
905. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
906. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
907. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
908. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
909. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
910. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
911. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
912. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
913. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
914. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
915. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
916. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
917. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
918. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
919. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
920. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
921. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
922. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
923. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
924. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
925. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
926. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
927. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
928. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
929. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
930. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
931. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
932. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
933. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
934. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
935. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
936. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
937. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
938. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
939. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
940. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
941. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
942. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
943. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
944. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
945. References
946. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
947. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
948. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
949. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
950. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
951. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
952. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
953. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
954. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
955. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
956. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
957. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
958. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
959. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
960. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
961. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
962. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
963. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
964. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
965. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
966. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
967. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
968. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
969. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
970. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
971. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
972. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
973. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
974. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
975. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
976. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
977. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
978. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
979. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
980. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
981. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
982. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
983. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
984. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
985. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
986. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
987. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
988. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
989. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
990. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
991. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
992. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
993. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
994. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
995. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
996. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
997. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
998. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
999. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1000. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
1001. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1002. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
1003. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1004. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
1005. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
1006. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
1007. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
1008. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
1009. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
1010. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1011. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
1012. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
1013. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
1014. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
1015. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
1016. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1017. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1018. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1019. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
1020. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1021. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
1022. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1023. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1024. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
1025. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
1026. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
1027. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
1028. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
1029. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
1030. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1031. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1032. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1033. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1034. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1035. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1036. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1037. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1038. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1039. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1040. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1041. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1042. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1043. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
1044. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
1045. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1046. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1047. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
1048. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
1049. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
1050. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1051. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1052. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1053. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1054. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1055. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
1056. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
1057. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1058. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1059. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1060. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1061. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1062. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1063. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
1064. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
1065. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
1066. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
1067. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
1068. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
1069. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
1070. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
1071. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
1072. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
1073. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1074. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1075. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
1076. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
1077. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
1078. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1079. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1080. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1081. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
1082. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1083. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1084. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1085. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
1086. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
1087. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
1088. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
1089. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
1090. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
1091. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1092. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
1093. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1094. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
1095. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
1096. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
1097. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
1098. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1099. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
1100. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
1101. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1102. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1103. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1104. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1105. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1106. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1107. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1108. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
1109. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1110. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1111. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1112. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
1113. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1114. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1115. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
1116. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
1117. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
1118. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
1119. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1120. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
1121. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1122. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
1123. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
1124. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
1125. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
1126. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1127. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1128. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
1129. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1130. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1131. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1132. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1133. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1134. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1135. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1136. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1137. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
1138. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
1139. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
1140. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
1141. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
1142. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
1143. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
1144. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
1145. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
1146. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
1147. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
1148. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1149. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1150. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
1151. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
1152. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
1153. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
1154. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
1155. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1156. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1157. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
1158. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
1159. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1160. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1161. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1162. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1163. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
1164. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1165. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1166. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1167. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
1168. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
1169. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1170. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1171. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1172. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1173. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
1174. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1175. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
1176. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
1177. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
1178. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1179. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1180. ^ As per the 2006 census
1181. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
1182. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
1183. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
1184. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1185. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1186. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1187. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
1188. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
1189. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
1190. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
1191. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
1192. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
1193. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
1194. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
1195. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
1196. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
1197. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1198. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1199. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
1200. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
1201. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
1202. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
1203. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
1204. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
1205. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
1206. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
1207. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1208. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1209. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
1210. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1211. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1212. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1213. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
1214. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1215. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1216. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
1217. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
1218. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
1219. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
1220. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
1221. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
1222. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1223. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1224. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
1225. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
1226. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
1227. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1228. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1229. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
1230. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
1231. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
1232. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
1233. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1234. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1235. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
1236. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
1237. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
1238. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1239. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1240. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
1241. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1242. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1243. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1244. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
1245. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
1246. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
1247. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
1248. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
1249. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
1250. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
1251. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
1252. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
1253. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1254. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1255. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
1256. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
1257. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1258. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1259. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
1260. References
1261. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
1262. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1263. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
1264. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
1265. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
1266. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
1267. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
1268. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
1269. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
1270. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
1271. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
1272. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1273. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
1274. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
1275. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
1276. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
1277. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
1278. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
1279. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
1280. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
1281. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1282. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
1283. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
1284. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
1285. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
1286. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
1287. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
1288. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
1289. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
1290. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
1291. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
1292. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
1293. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
1294. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
1295. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1296. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
1297. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1298. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1299. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1300. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1301. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1302. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1303. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
1304. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
1305. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
1306. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
1307. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
1308. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
1309. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
1310. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1311. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
1312. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1313. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
1314. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1315. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
1316. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1317. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
1318. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1319. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
1320. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
1321. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
1322. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
1323. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
1324. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
1325. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1326. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
1327. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
1328. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
1329. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
1330. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
1331. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1332. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1333. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1334. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
1335. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1336. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
1337. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1338. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1339. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
1340. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
1341. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
1342. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
1343. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
1344. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
1345. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1346. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1347. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1348. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1349. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1350. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1351. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1352. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1353. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1354. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1355. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1356. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1357. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1358. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
1359. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
1360. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1361. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1362. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
1363. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
1364. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
1365. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1366. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1367. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1368. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1369. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1370. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
1371. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
1372. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1373. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1374. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1375. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1376. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1377. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1378. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
1379. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
1380. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
1381. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
1382. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
1383. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
1384. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
1385. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
1386. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
1387. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
1388. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1389. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1390. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
1391. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
1392. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
1393. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1394. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1395. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1396. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
1397. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1398. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1399. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1400. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
1401. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
1402. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
1403. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
1404. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
1405. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
1406. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1407. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
1408. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1409. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
1410. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
1411. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
1412. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
1413. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1414. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
1415. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
1416. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1417. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1418. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1419. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1420. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1421. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1422. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1423. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
1424. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1425. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1426. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1427. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
1428. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1429. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1430. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
1431. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
1432. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
1433. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
1434. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1435. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
1436. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1437. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
1438. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
1439. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
1440. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
1441. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1442. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1443. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
1444. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1445. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1446. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1447. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1448. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1449. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1450. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1451. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1452. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
1453. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
1454. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
1455. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
1456. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
1457. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
1458. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
1459. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
1460. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
1461. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
1462. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
1463. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1464. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1465. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
1466. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
1467. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
1468. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
1469. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
1470. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1471. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1472. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
1473. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
1474. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1475. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1476. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1477. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1478. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
1479. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1480. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1481. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1482. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
1483. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
1484. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1485. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1486. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1487. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1488. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
1489. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1490. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
1491. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
1492. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
1493. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1494. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1495. ^ As per the 2006 census
1496. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
1497. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
1498. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
1499. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1500. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1501. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1502. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
1503. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
1504. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
1505. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
1506. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
1507. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
1508. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
1509. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
1510. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
1511. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
1512. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1513. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1514. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
1515. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
1516. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
1517. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
1518. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
1519. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
1520. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
1521. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
1522. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1523. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1524. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
1525. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1526. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1527. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1528. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
1529. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1530. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1531. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
1532. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
1533. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
1534. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
1535. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
1536. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
1537. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1538. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1539. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
1540. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
1541. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
1542. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1543. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1544. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
1545. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
1546. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
1547. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
1548. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1549. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1550. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
1551. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
1552. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
1553. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1554. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1555. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
1556. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1557. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1558. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1559. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
1560. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
1561. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
1562. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
1563. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
1564. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
1565. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
1566. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
1567. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
1568. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1569. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1570. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
1571. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
1572. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1573. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1574. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
1575. References
1576. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
1577. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1578. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
1579. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
1580. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
1581. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
1582. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
1583. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
1584. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
1585. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
1586. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
1587. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1588. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
1589. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
1590. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
1591. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
1592. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
1593. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
1594. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
1595. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
1596. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1597. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
1598. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
1599. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
1600. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
1601. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
1602. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
1603. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
1604. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
1605. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
1606. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
1607. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
1608. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
1609. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
1610. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1611. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
1612. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1613. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1614. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1615. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1616. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1617. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1618. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
1619. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
1620. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
1621. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
1622. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
1623. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
1624. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
1625. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1626. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
1627. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1628. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
1629. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1630. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
1631. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1632. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
1633. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1634. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
1635. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
1636. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
1637. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
1638. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
1639. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
1640. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1641. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
1642. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
1643. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
1644. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
1645. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
1646. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1647. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1648. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1649. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
1650. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1651. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
1652. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1653. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1654. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
1655. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
1656. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
1657. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
1658. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
1659. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
1660. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1661. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1662. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1663. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1664. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1665. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1666. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1667. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1668. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1669. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1670. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1671. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1672. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1673. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
1674. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
1675. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1676. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1677. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
1678. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
1679. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
1680. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1681. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1682. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1683. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1684. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1685. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
1686. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
1687. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1688. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1689. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1690. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1691. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1692. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
1693. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
1694. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
1695. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
1696. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
1697. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
1698. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
1699. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
1700. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
1701. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
1702. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
1703. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1704. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1705. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
1706. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
1707. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
1708. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1709. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1710. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1711. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
1712. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1713. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1714. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1715. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
1716. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
1717. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
1718. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
1719. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
1720. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
1721. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1722. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
1723. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
1724. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
1725. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
1726. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
1727. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
1728. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1729. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
1730. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
1731. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1732. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1733. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1734. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1735. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1736. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1737. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
1738. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
1739. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1740. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1741. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1742. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
1743. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1744. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
1745. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
1746. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
1747. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
1748. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
1749. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
1750. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
1751. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
1752. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
1753. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
1754. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
1755. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
1756. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1757. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1758. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
1759. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1760. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1761. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1762. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1763. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1764. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1765. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1766. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1767. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
1768. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
1769. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
1770. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
1771. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
1772. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
1773. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
1774. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
1775. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
1776. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
1777. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
1778. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1779. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
1780. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
1781. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
1782. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
1783. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
1784. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
1785. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1786. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1787. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
1788. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
1789. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1790. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
1791. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1792. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
1793. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
1794. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1795. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1796. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1797. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
1798. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
1799. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1800. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1801. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1802. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1803. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
1804. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1805. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
1806. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
1807. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
1808. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1809. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
1810. ^ As per the 2006 census
1811. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
1812. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
1813. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
1814. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1815. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1816. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1817. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
1818. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
1819. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
1820. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
1821. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
1822. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
1823. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
1824. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
1825. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
1826. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
1827. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1828. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1829. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
1830. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
1831. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
1832. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
1833. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
1834. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
1835. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
1836. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
1837. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1838. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1839. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
1840. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1841. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
1842. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1843. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
1844. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1845. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
1846. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
1847. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
1848. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
1849. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
1850. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
1851. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
1852. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1853. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
1854. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
1855. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
1856. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
1857. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1858. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1859. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
1860. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
1861. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
1862. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
1863. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1864. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1865. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
1866. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
1867. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
1868. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1869. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1870. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
1871. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1872. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1873. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1874. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
1875. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
1876. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
1877. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
1878. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
1879. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
1880. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
1881. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
1882. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
1883. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
1884. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1885. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
1886. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
1887. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1888. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
1889. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
1890. References
1891. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
1892. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1893. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
1894. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
1895. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
1896. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
1897. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
1898. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
1899. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
1900. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
1901. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
1902. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1903. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
1904. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
1905. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
1906. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
1907. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
1908. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
1909. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
1910. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
1911. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1912. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
1913. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
1914. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
1915. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
1916. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
1917. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
1918. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
1919. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
1920. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
1921. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
1922. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
1923. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
1924. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
1925. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1926. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
1927. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
1928. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
1929. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1930. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1931. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
1932. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
1933. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
1934. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
1935. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
1936. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
1937. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
1938. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
1939. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
1940. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1941. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
1942. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1943. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
1944. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1945. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
1946. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1947. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
1948. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
1949. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
1950. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
1951. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
1952. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
1953. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
1954. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
1955. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1956. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
1957. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
1958. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
1959. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
1960. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
1961. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1962. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
1963. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1964. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
1965. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
1966. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
1967. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
1968. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1969. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
1970. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
1971. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
1972. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
1973. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
1974. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
1975. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1976. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1977. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1978. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1979. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1980. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1981. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1982. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1983. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
1984. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1985. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1986. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
1987. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
1988. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
1989. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
1990. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1991. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
1992. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
1993. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
1994. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
1995. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1996. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1997. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
1998. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1999. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2000. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
2001. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
2002. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2003. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2004. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2005. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2006. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2007. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2008. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
2009. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
2010. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
2011. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
2012. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
2013. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
2014. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
2015. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
2016. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
2017. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
2018. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2019. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2020. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
2021. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
2022. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
2023. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2024. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2025. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2026. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
2027. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2028. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2029. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2030. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
2031. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
2032. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
2033. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
2034. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
2035. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
2036. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2037. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
2038. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2039. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
2040. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
2041. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
2042. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
2043. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2044. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
2045. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
2046. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2047. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2048. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2049. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2050. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2051. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2052. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2053. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
2054. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2055. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2056. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2057. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
2058. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2059. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2060. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
2061. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
2062. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
2063. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
2064. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2065. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
2066. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2067. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
2068. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
2069. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
2070. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
2071. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2072. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2073. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
2074. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2075. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2076. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2077. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2078. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2079. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2080. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2081. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2082. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
2083. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
2084. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
2085. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
2086. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
2087. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
2088. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
2089. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
2090. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
2091. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
2092. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
2093. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2094. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2095. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
2096. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
2097. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
2098. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
2099. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
2100. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2101. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2102. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
2103. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
2104. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2105. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2106. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2107. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2108. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
2109. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2110. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2111. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2112. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
2113. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
2114. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2115. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2116. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2117. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2118. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
2119. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2120. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
2121. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
2122. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
2123. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2124. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2125. ^ As per the 2006 census
2126. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
2127. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
2128. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
2129. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2130. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2131. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2132. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
2133. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
2134. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
2135. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
2136. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
2137. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
2138. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
2139. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
2140. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
2141. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
2142. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2143. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2144. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
2145. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
2146. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
2147. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
2148. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
2149. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
2150. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
2151. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
2152. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2153. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2154. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
2155. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2156. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2157. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2158. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
2159. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2160. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2161. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
2162. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
2163. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
2164. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
2165. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
2166. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
2167. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2168. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2169. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
2170. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
2171. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
2172. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2173. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2174. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
2175. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
2176. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
2177. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
2178. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2179. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2180. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
2181. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
2182. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
2183. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2184. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2185. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
2186. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2187. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2188. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2189. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
2190. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
2191. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
2192. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
2193. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
2194. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
2195. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
2196. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
2197. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
2198. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2199. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2200. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
2201. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
2202. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2203. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2204. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
2205. References
2206. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
2207. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
2208. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
2209. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
2210. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
2211. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
2212. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
2213. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
2214. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
2215. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
2216. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
2217. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2218. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
2219. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
2220. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
2221. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
2222. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
2223. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
2224. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
2225. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
2226. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2227. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
2228. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
2229. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
2230. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
2231. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
2232. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
2233. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
2234. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
2235. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
2236. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
2237. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
2238. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
2239. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
2240. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2241. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
2242. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2243. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2244. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2245. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2246. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2247. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2248. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
2249. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
2250. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
2251. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
2252. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
2253. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
2254. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
2255. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2256. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
2257. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2258. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
2259. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2260. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
2261. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2262. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
2263. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2264. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
2265. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
2266. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
2267. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
2268. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
2269. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
2270. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2271. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
2272. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
2273. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
2274. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
2275. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
2276. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2277. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2278. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
2279. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
2280. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2281. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
2282. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2283. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2284. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
2285. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
2286. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
2287. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
2288. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
2289. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
2290. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2291. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2292. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2293. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2294. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2295. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2296. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2297. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2298. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2299. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2300. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2301. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2302. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2303. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
2304. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
2305. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2306. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2307. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
2308. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
2309. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
2310. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2311. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2312. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2313. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2314. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2315. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
2316. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
2317. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2318. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2319. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2320. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2321. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2322. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2323. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
2324. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
2325. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
2326. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
2327. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
2328. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
2329. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
2330. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
2331. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
2332. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
2333. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2334. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2335. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
2336. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
2337. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
2338. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2339. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2340. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2341. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
2342. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2343. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2344. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2345. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
2346. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
2347. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
2348. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
2349. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
2350. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
2351. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2352. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
2353. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2354. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
2355. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
2356. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
2357. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
2358. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2359. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
2360. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
2361. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2362. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2363. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2364. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2365. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2366. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2367. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2368. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
2369. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2370. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2371. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2372. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
2373. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2374. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2375. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
2376. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
2377. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
2378. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
2379. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2380. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
2381. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2382. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
2383. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
2384. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
2385. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
2386. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2387. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2388. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
2389. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2390. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2391. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2392. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2393. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2394. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2395. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2396. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2397. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
2398. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
2399. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
2400. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
2401. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
2402. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
2403. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
2404. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
2405. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
2406. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
2407. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
2408. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2409. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2410. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
2411. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
2412. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
2413. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
2414. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
2415. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2416. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2417. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
2418. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
2419. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2420. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2421. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2422. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2423. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
2424. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2425. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2426. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2427. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
2428. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
2429. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2430. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2431. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2432. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2433. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
2434. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2435. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
2436. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
2437. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
2438. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2439. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2440. ^ As per the 2006 census
2441. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
2442. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
2443. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
2444. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2445. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2446. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2447. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
2448. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
2449. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
2450. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
2451. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
2452. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
2453. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
2454. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
2455. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
2456. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
2457. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2458. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2459. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
2460. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
2461. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
2462. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
2463. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
2464. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
2465. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
2466. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
2467. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2468. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2469. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
2470. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2471. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2472. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2473. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
2474. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2475. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2476. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
2477. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
2478. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
2479. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
2480. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
2481. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
2482. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2483. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2484. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
2485. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
2486. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
2487. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2488. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2489. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
2490. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
2491. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
2492. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
2493. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2494. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2495. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
2496. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
2497. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
2498. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2499. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2500. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
2501. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2502. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2503. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2504. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
2505. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
2506. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
2507. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
2508. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
2509. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
2510. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
2511. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
2512. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
2513. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2514. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2515. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
2516. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
2517. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2518. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2519. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
2520. References
2521. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
2522. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
2523. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
2524. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
2525. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
2526. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
2527. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
2528. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
2529. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
2530. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
2531. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
2532. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2533. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
2534. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
2535. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
2536. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
2537. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
2538. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
2539. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
2540. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
2541. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2542. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
2543. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
2544. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
2545. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
2546. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
2547. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
2548. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
2549. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
2550. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
2551. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
2552. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
2553. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
2554. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
2555. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2556. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
2557. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2558. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2559. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2560. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2561. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2562. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2563. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
2564. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
2565. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
2566. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
2567. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
2568. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
2569. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
2570. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2571. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
2572. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2573. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
2574. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2575. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
2576. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2577. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
2578. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2579. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
2580. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
2581. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
2582. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
2583. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
2584. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
2585. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2586. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
2587. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
2588. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
2589. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
2590. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
2591. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2592. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2593. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
2594. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
2595. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2596. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
2597. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2598. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2599. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
2600. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
2601. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
2602. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
2603. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
2604. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
2605. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2606. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2607. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2608. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2609. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2610. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2611. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2612. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2613. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2614. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2615. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2616. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2617. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2618. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
2619. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
2620. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2621. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2622. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
2623. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
2624. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
2625. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2626. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2627. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2628. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2629. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2630. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
2631. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
2632. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2633. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2634. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2635. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2636. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2637. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2638. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
2639. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
2640. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
2641. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
2642. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
2643. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
2644. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
2645. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
2646. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
2647. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
2648. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2649. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2650. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
2651. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
2652. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
2653. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2654. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2655. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2656. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
2657. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2658. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2659. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2660. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
2661. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
2662. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
2663. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
2664. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
2665. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
2666. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2667. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
2668. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2669. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
2670. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
2671. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
2672. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
2673. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2674. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
2675. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
2676. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2677. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2678. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2679. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2680. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2681. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2682. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2683. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
2684. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2685. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2686. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2687. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
2688. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2689. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
2690. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
2691. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
2692. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
2693. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
2694. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2695. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
2696. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2697. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
2698. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
2699. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
2700. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
2701. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2702. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2703. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
2704. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2705. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2706. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2707. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2708. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2709. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2710. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2711. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2712. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
2713. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
2714. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
2715. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
2716. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
2717. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
2718. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
2719. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
2720. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
2721. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
2722. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
2723. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2724. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
2725. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
2726. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
2727. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
2728. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
2729. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
2730. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2731. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2732. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
2733. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
2734. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2735. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2736. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2737. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
2738. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
2739. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2740. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2741. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2742. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
2743. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
2744. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2745. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2746. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2747. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
2748. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
2749. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2750. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
2751. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
2752. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
2753. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2754. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
2755. ^ As per the 2006 census
2756. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
2757. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
2758. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
2759. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2760. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2761. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2762. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
2763. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
2764. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
2765. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
2766. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
2767. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
2768. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
2769. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
2770. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
2771. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
2772. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2773. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2774. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
2775. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
2776. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
2777. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
2778. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
2779. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
2780. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
2781. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
2782. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2783. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2784. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
2785. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2786. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2787. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2788. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
2789. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2790. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
2791. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
2792. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
2793. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
2794. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
2795. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
2796. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
2797. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2798. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
2799. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
2800. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
2801. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
2802. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2803. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2804. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
2805. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
2806. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
2807. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
2808. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2809. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2810. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
2811. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
2812. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
2813. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2814. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2815. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
2816. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2817. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2818. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2819. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
2820. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
2821. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
2822. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
2823. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
2824. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
2825. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
2826. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
2827. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
2828. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2829. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2830. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
2831. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
2832. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2833. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
2834. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
2835. References
2836. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
2837. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
2838. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
2839. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
2840. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
2841. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
2842. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
2843. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
2844. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
2845. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
2846. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
2847. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2848. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
2849. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
2850. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
2851. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
2852. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
2853. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
2854. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
2855. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
2856. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2857. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
2858. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
2859. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
2860. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
2861. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
2862. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
2863. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
2864. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
2865. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
2866. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
2867. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
2868. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
2869. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
2870. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2871. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
2872. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2873. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
2874. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2875. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2876. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2877. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
2878. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
2879. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
2880. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
2881. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
2882. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
2883. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
2884. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
2885. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2886. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
2887. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2888. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
2889. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2890. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
2891. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2892. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
2893. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
2894. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
2895. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
2896. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
2897. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
2898. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
2899. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
2900. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2901. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
2902. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
2903. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
2904. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
2905. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
2906. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2907. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
2908. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
2909. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
2910. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2911. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
2912. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
2913. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2914. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
2915. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
2916. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
2917. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
2918. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
2919. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
2920. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2921. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2922. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2923. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2924. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2925. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2926. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2927. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2928. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2929. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2930. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2931. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
2932. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
2933. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
2934. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
2935. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2936. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2937. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
2938. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
2939. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
2940. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2941. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2942. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
2943. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2944. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2945. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
2946. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
2947. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
2948. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2949. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2950. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2951. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2952. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
2953. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
2954. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
2955. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
2956. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
2957. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
2958. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
2959. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
2960. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
2961. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
2962. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
2963. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2964. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2965. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
2966. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
2967. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
2968. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
2969. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2970. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2971. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
2972. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
2973. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2974. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
2975. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
2976. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
2977. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
2978. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
2979. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
2980. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
2981. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2982. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
2983. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
2984. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
2985. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
2986. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
2987. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
2988. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2989. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
2990. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
2991. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
2992. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2993. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2994. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
2995. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
2996. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2997. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
2998. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
2999. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3000. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3001. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3002. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
3003. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3004. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3005. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
3006. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
3007. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
3008. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
3009. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3010. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
3011. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3012. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
3013. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
3014. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
3015. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
3016. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3017. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3018. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
3019. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3020. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3021. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3022. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3023. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3024. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3025. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3026. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3027. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
3028. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
3029. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
3030. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
3031. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
3032. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
3033. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
3034. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
3035. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
3036. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
3037. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
3038. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3039. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3040. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
3041. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
3042. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
3043. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
3044. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
3045. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3046. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3047. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
3048. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
3049. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3050. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3051. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3052. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3053. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
3054. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3055. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3056. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3057. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
3058. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
3059. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3060. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3061. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3062. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3063. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
3064. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3065. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
3066. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
3067. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
3068. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3069. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3070. ^ As per the 2006 census
3071. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
3072. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
3073. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
3074. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3075. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3076. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3077. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
3078. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
3079. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
3080. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
3081. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
3082. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
3083. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
3084. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
3085. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
3086. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
3087. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3088. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3089. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
3090. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
3091. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
3092. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
3093. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
3094. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
3095. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
3096. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
3097. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3098. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3099. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
3100. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3101. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3102. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3103. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
3104. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3105. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3106. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
3107. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
3108. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
3109. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
3110. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
3111. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
3112. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3113. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3114. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
3115. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
3116. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
3117. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3118. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3119. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
3120. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
3121. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
3122. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
3123. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3124. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3125. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
3126. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
3127. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
3128. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3129. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3130. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
3131. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3132. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3133. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3134. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
3135. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
3136. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
3137. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
3138. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
3139. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
3140. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
3141. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
3142. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
3143. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3144. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3145. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
3146. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
3147. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3148. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3149. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
3150. References
3151. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
3152. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
3153. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
3154. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
3155. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
3156. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
3157. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
3158. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3159. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
3160. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
3161. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
3162. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3163. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
3164. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
3165. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
3166. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
3167. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
3168. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
3169. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
3170. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
3171. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3172. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
3173. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
3174. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
3175. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
3176. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
3177. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
3178. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
3179. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
3180. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
3181. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
3182. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
3183. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
3184. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
3185. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3186. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
3187. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3188. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3189. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3190. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3191. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3192. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3193. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
3194. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
3195. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
3196. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
3197. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
3198. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
3199. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
3200. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3201. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
3202. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3203. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
3204. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3205. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
3206. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3207. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
3208. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3209. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
3210. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
3211. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
3212. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
3213. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
3214. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
3215. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3216. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
3217. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
3218. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
3219. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
3220. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
3221. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3222. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3223. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
3224. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
3225. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3226. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
3227. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3228. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3229. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
3230. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
3231. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
3232. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
3233. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
3234. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
3235. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3236. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3237. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3238. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3239. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3240. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3241. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3242. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3243. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3244. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3245. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3246. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3247. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3248. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
3249. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
3250. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3251. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3252. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
3253. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
3254. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
3255. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3256. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3257. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3258. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3259. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3260. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
3261. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
3262. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3263. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3264. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3265. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3266. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3267. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3268. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
3269. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
3270. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
3271. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
3272. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
3273. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
3274. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
3275. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
3276. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
3277. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
3278. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3279. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3280. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
3281. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
3282. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
3283. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3284. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3285. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3286. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
3287. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3288. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3289. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3290. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
3291. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
3292. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
3293. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
3294. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
3295. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
3296. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3297. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
3298. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3299. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
3300. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
3301. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
3302. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
3303. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3304. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
3305. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
3306. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3307. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3308. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3309. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3310. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3311. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3312. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3313. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
3314. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3315. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3316. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3317. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
3318. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3319. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3320. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
3321. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
3322. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
3323. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
3324. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3325. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
3326. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3327. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
3328. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
3329. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
3330. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
3331. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3332. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3333. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
3334. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3335. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3336. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3337. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3338. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3339. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3340. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3341. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3342. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
3343. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
3344. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
3345. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
3346. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
3347. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
3348. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
3349. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
3350. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
3351. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
3352. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
3353. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3354. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3355. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
3356. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
3357. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
3358. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
3359. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
3360. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3361. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3362. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
3363. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
3364. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3365. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3366. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3367. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3368. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
3369. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3370. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3371. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3372. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
3373. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
3374. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3375. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3376. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3377. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3378. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
3379. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3380. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
3381. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
3382. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
3383. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3384. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3385. ^ As per the 2006 census
3386. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
3387. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
3388. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
3389. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3390. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3391. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3392. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
3393. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
3394. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
3395. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
3396. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
3397. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
3398. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
3399. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
3400. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
3401. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
3402. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3403. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3404. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
3405. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
3406. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
3407. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
3408. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
3409. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
3410. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
3411. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
3412. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3413. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3414. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
3415. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3416. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3417. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3418. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
3419. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3420. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3421. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
3422. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
3423. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
3424. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
3425. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
3426. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
3427. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3428. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3429. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
3430. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
3431. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
3432. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3433. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3434. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
3435. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
3436. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
3437. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
3438. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3439. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3440. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
3441. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
3442. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
3443. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3444. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3445. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
3446. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3447. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3448. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3449. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
3450. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
3451. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
3452. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
3453. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
3454. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
3455. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
3456. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
3457. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
3458. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3459. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3460. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
3461. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
3462. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3463. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3464. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
3465. References
3466. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
3467. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
3468. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
3469. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
3470. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
3471. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
3472. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
3473. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3474. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
3475. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
3476. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
3477. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3478. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
3479. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
3480. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
3481. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
3482. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
3483. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
3484. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
3485. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
3486. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3487. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
3488. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
3489. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
3490. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
3491. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
3492. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
3493. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
3494. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
3495. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
3496. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
3497. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
3498. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
3499. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
3500. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3501. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
3502. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3503. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3504. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3505. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3506. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3507. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3508. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
3509. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
3510. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
3511. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
3512. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
3513. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
3514. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
3515. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3516. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
3517. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3518. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
3519. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3520. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
3521. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3522. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
3523. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3524. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
3525. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
3526. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
3527. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
3528. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
3529. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
3530. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3531. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
3532. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
3533. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
3534. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
3535. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
3536. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3537. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3538. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
3539. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
3540. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3541. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
3542. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3543. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3544. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
3545. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
3546. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
3547. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
3548. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
3549. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
3550. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3551. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3552. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3553. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3554. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3555. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3556. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3557. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3558. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3559. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3560. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3561. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3562. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3563. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
3564. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
3565. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3566. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3567. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
3568. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
3569. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
3570. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3571. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3572. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3573. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3574. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3575. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
3576. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
3577. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3578. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3579. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3580. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3581. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3582. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3583. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
3584. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
3585. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
3586. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
3587. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
3588. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
3589. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
3590. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
3591. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
3592. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
3593. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3594. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3595. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
3596. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
3597. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
3598. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3599. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3600. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3601. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
3602. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3603. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3604. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3605. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
3606. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
3607. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
3608. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
3609. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
3610. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
3611. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3612. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
3613. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3614. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
3615. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
3616. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
3617. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
3618. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3619. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
3620. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
3621. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3622. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3623. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3624. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3625. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3626. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3627. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3628. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
3629. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3630. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3631. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3632. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
3633. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3634. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3635. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
3636. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
3637. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
3638. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
3639. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3640. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
3641. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3642. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
3643. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
3644. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
3645. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
3646. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3647. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3648. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
3649. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3650. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3651. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3652. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3653. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3654. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3655. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3656. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3657. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
3658. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
3659. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
3660. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
3661. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
3662. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
3663. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
3664. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
3665. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
3666. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
3667. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
3668. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3669. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3670. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
3671. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
3672. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
3673. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
3674. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
3675. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3676. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3677. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
3678. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
3679. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3680. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3681. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3682. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3683. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
3684. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3685. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3686. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3687. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
3688. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
3689. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3690. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3691. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3692. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
3693. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
3694. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3695. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
3696. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
3697. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
3698. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3699. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3700. ^ As per the 2006 census
3701. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
3702. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
3703. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
3704. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3705. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3706. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3707. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
3708. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
3709. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
3710. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
3711. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
3712. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
3713. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
3714. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
3715. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
3716. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
3717. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3718. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3719. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
3720. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
3721. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
3722. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
3723. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
3724. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
3725. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
3726. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
3727. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3728. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3729. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
3730. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3731. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3732. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3733. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
3734. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3735. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
3736. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
3737. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
3738. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
3739. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
3740. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
3741. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
3742. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3743. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
3744. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
3745. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
3746. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
3747. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3748. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3749. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
3750. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
3751. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
3752. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
3753. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3754. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3755. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
3756. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
3757. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
3758. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3759. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3760. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
3761. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3762. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3763. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3764. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
3765. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
3766. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
3767. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
3768. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
3769. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
3770. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
3771. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
3772. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
3773. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3774. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3775. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
3776. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
3777. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3778. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
3779. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
3780. References
3781. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
3782. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
3783. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
3784. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
3785. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
3786. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
3787. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
3788. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3789. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
3790. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
3791. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
3792. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3793. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
3794. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
3795. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
3796. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
3797. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
3798. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
3799. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
3800. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
3801. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3802. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
3803. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
3804. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
3805. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
3806. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
3807. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
3808. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
3809. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
3810. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
3811. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
3812. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
3813. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
3814. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
3815. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3816. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
3817. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
3818. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3819. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3820. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3821. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3822. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
3823. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
3824. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
3825. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
3826. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
3827. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
3828. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
3829. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
3830. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3831. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
3832. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3833. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
3834. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3835. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
3836. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3837. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
3838. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
3839. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
3840. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
3841. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
3842. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
3843. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
3844. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
3845. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3846. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
3847. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
3848. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
3849. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
3850. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
3851. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3852. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
3853. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
3854. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
3855. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3856. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
3857. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
3858. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3859. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
3860. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
3861. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
3862. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
3863. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
3864. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
3865. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3866. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3867. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3868. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3869. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3870. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3871. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3872. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3873. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3874. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3875. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3876. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
3877. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
3878. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
3879. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
3880. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3881. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3882. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
3883. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
3884. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
3885. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3886. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3887. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
3888. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3889. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3890. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
3891. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
3892. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
3893. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3894. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3895. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3896. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3897. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
3898. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
3899. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
3900. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
3901. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
3902. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
3903. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
3904. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
3905. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
3906. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
3907. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
3908. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3909. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3910. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
3911. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
3912. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
3913. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
3914. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3915. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
3916. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
3917. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
3918. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3919. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
3920. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
3921. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
3922. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
3923. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
3924. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
3925. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
3926. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3927. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
3928. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
3929. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
3930. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
3931. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
3932. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
3933. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3934. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
3935. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
3936. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
3937. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
3938. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3939. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3940. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3941. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3942. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
3943. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
3944. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3945. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3946. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3947. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
3948. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3949. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3950. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
3951. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
3952. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
3953. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
3954. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
3955. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
3956. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
3957. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
3958. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
3959. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
3960. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
3961. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3962. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3963. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
3964. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3965. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3966. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3967. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3968. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3969. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3970. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
3971. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
3972. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
3973. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
3974. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
3975. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
3976. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
3977. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
3978. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
3979. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
3980. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
3981. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
3982. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
3983. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3984. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
3985. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
3986. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
3987. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
3988. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
3989. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
3990. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3991. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
3992. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
3993. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
3994. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3995. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
3996. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3997. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
3998. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
3999. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4000. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4001. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4002. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
4003. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
4004. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4005. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4006. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4007. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4008. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
4009. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4010. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
4011. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
4012. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
4013. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4014. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4015. ^ As per the 2006 census
4016. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
4017. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
4018. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
4019. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4020. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4021. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4022. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
4023. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
4024. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
4025. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
4026. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
4027. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
4028. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
4029. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
4030. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
4031. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
4032. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4033. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4034. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
4035. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
4036. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
4037. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
4038. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
4039. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
4040. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
4041. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
4042. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4043. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4044. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
4045. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4046. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4047. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4048. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
4049. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4050. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4051. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
4052. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
4053. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
4054. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
4055. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
4056. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
4057. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4058. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4059. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
4060. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
4061. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
4062. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4063. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4064. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
4065. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
4066. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
4067. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
4068. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4069. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4070. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
4071. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
4072. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
4073. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4074. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
4075. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
4076. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4077. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4078. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4079. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
4080. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
4081. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
4082. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
4083. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
4084. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
4085. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
4086. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
4087. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
4088. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
4089. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4090. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
4091. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
4092. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4093. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4094. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
4095. References
4096. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
4097. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
4098. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
4099. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
4100. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
4101. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
4102. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
4103. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
4104. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
4105. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
4106. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
4107. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4108. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
4109. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
4110. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
4111. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
4112. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
4113. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
4114. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
4115. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
4116. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4117. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
4118. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
4119. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
4120. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
4121. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
4122. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
4123. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
4124. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
4125. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
4126. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
4127. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
4128. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
4129. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
4130. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4131. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
4132. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4133. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4134. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
4135. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4136. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4137. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
4138. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
4139. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
4140. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
4141. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
4142. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
4143. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
4144. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
4145. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4146. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
4147. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4148. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
4149. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4150. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
4151. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4152. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
4153. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4154. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
4155. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
4156. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
4157. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
4158. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
4159. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
4160. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
4161. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
4162. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
4163. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
4164. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
4165. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
4166. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
4167. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
4168. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
4169. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
4170. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
4171. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
4172. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
4173. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4174. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
4175. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
4176. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
4177. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
4178. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
4179. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
4180. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4181. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4182. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4183. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4184. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4185. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4186. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4187. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4188. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4189. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4190. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
4191. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
4192. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4193. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
4194. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
4195. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
4196. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4197. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
4198. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
4199. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
4200. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4201. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4202. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4203. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4204. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4205. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
4206. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
4207. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
4208. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4209. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4210. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4211. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4212. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4213. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
4214. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
4215. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
4216. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
4217. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
4218. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
4219. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
4220. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
4221. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
4222. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
4223. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4224. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4225. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
4226. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
4227. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
4228. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4229. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4230. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4231. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
4232. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4233. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
4234. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
4235. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
4236. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
4237. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
4238. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
4239. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
4240. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
4241. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
4242. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
4243. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
4244. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
4245. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
4246. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
4247. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
4248. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4249. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
4250. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
4251. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
4252. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4253. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4254. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4255. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4256. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
4257. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
4258. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
4259. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4260. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4261. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4262. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
4263. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
4264. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
4265. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
4266. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
4267. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
4268. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
4269. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4270. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
4271. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4272. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
4273. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
4274. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
4275. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
4276. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4277. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4278. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
4279. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4280. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4281. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4282. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4283. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4284. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4285. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4286. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4287. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
4288. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
4289. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
4290. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
4291. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
4292. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
4293. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
4294. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
4295. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
4296. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
4297. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
4298. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
4299. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
4300. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
4301. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
4302. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
4303. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
4304. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
4305. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
4306. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
4307. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
4308. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
4309. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
4310. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
4311. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
4312. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
4313. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
4314. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4315. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4316. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4317. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
4318. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
4319. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4320. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4321. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4322. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4323. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
4324. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4325. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
4326. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
4327. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
4328. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4329. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4330. ^ As per the 2006 census
4331. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
4332. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
4333. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
4334. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4335. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4336. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4337. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
4338. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
4339. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
4340. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
4341. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
4342. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
4343. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
4344. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
4345. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
4346. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
4347. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4348. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4349. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
4350. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
4351. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
4352. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
4353. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
4354. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
4355. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
4356. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
4357. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4358. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4359. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
4360. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4361. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4362. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4363. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
4364. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4365. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4366. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
4367. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
4368. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
4369. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
4370. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
4371. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
4372. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4373. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4374. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
4375. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
4376. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
4377. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4378. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4379. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
4380. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
4381. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
4382. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
4383. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4384. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4385. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
4386. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
4387. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
4388. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4389. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
4390. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
4391. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4392. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4393. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4394. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
4395. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
4396. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
4397. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
4398. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
4399. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
4400. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
4401. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
4402. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
4403. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
4404. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4405. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
4406. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
4407. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4408. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4409. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
4410. References
4411. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014” (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
4412. ^ “Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People”. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
4413. ^ “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
4414. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Alhram Online (19 November 2017). “Egypt’s Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo”. Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
4415. ^ “Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics”. english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
4416. ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). “Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime”. The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
4417. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). “Egypt’s Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
4418. ^ “Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule”. Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
4419. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). “Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
4420. ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). “Hosni Mubarak’s legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
4421. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world’s oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
4422. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4423. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. … on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo …
4424. ^ “Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)”. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
4425. ^ “Total area km2, pg.15” (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
4426. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
4427. ^ “الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء” (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
4428. ^ “Gini Index coefficient”. The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
4429. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
4430. ^ Map, Egypt’s Projects. “محافظة الأسكندرية”. www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
4431. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4432. ^ “Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?”. International Studies Review. 9.
4433. ^ Breyer, Fr. A. K. “Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter Archived 9 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine“. In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. ISBN 9783447051750.
4434. ^ Åke Engsheden (2018), “An etymological safari to Aigyptos”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, JSTOR 26863322, retrieved 31 July 2024
4435. ^ Z., T. (1928). “Il-Belt (Valletta)” (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
4436. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), Civilizations and World Order, Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739186077, retrieved 31 July 2024
4437. ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) “dual” ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any “two-ness” about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as “water” (“מַיִם”), “noon” (“צָהֳרַיִם”), “sky/heaven” (“שָׁמַיִם”), and in the qere – but not the original “ketiv” – of “Jerusalem” (“ירושל[י]ם”). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in “Mitzráyim” actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky (“Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim” in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na’aman (“Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah” in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
4438. ^ Izre&#39, Shlomo. “On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru”. www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
4439. ^ Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
4440. ^ As in inscriptions such as the Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur [1] Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
4441. ^ Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.
4442. ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Currey. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-85255-092-2. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
4443. ^ Antonio Loprieno, “Egyptian and Coptic Phonology”, in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449
4444. ^ “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
4445. ^ “A Brief History of Alchemy”. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4446. ^ Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. ISBN 978-0-252-06975-8.
4447. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4448. ^ “The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic”. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4449. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
4450. ^ “The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4451. ^ “The Kushite Conquest of Egypt”. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4452. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
4453. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
4454. ^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
4455. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
4456. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on “Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire”
4457. ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
4458. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.
4459. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. “The Mideast Heartland”. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
4460. ^ “Egypt – Major Cities”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4461. ^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
4462. ^ “Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows”. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4463. ^ Jump up to:^a b Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86199-012-2.
4464. ^ Jump up to:^a b Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4465. ^ Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-0-521-56007-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
4466. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 “Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries”, based on Prayon and Baten (2013). ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4467. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2.
4468. ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: “Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)” and 225. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0.
4469. ^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.
4470. ^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.
4471. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.
4472. ^ “Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive”. wwi.lib.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
4473. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.
4474. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85820-5. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
4475. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Egypt”. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
4476. ^ “ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية”. modernegypt.bibalex.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
4477. ^ Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968” (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
4478. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, the Last Arab. New York City: St. Martin’s Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
4479. ^ Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: Verso Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1.
4480. ^ Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106
4481. ^ Samir A. Mutawi (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
4482. ^ “The Emergency Law in Egypt”. International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
4483. ^ “Egypt – Emergency Law No. 162/1958”. www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
4484. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120
4485. ^ Jesse Ferris (2013). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-691-15514-2. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
4486. ^ Amin, Galal. Egypt’s Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990, 1995
4487. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
4488. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Egypt. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4489. ^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Simon Ingram p. 8, Per Gahrton p.20
4490. ^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4
4491. ^ “Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt’s main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year.” (in 2005) … concerns over tourism’s future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
4492. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-674-01090-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
4493. ^ “Evaluating Egyptian REfoRm” (PDF). Carnegie P a P e R S.
4494. ^ Dunne, Michele (January 2006). “Evaluating Egyptian Reform”. Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.
4495. ^ “Mubarak throws presidential race wide open”. Business Today Egypt. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4496. ^ “Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt’s problematic attempt at free elections”. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4497. ^ Gomez, Edward M (12 September 2005). “Hosni Mubarak’s pretend democratic election”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4498. ^ “Egyptian vote marred by violence”. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4499. ^ “United States “Deeply Troubled” by Sentencing of Egypt’s Nour”. U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4500. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: Events of 2005”. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4501. ^ “Egypt torture centre, report says”. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4502. ^ “Egypt rejects torture criticism”. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4503. ^ “Anger over Egypt vote timetable”. BBC News. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4504. ^ “Mubarak Resigns As Egypt’s President, Armed Forces To Take Control”. Huffington Post. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4505. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). “Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
4506. ^ “Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader”. BBC. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
4507. ^ Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). “WikiLeaks: Egypt’s new man at the top ‘was against reform'”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4508. ^ “The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation”. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally.
4509. ^ “Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended”. BBC. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
4510. ^ Harris, Marty. “The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning”. www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
4511. ^ Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). “Egypt’s Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections”. NPR. Npr.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4512. ^ “Egypt’s new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet”. CNN. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
4513. ^ “Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt’s president”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
4514. ^ “Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post”. 3 August 2012.
4515. ^ “Rallies for, against Egypt president’s new powers”. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4516. ^ “Egypt’s President Mursi assumes sweeping powers”. BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4517. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). “Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi’s constitutional ‘coup'”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
4518. ^ “Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution”. Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4519. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). “Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt’s vote on constitution”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4520. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood”. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
4521. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 July 2013). “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Denounces ‘Military Coup'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
4522. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). “Egypt’s interim president sworn in – Thursday 4 July”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
4523. ^ “Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps”. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4524. ^ “Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months”. The Independent. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4525. ^ “Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents”. The Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4526. ^ “Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death”. The Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4527. ^ “Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison”. Reuters. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
4528. ^ “Egypt constitution ‘approved by 98.1 percent'”. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
4529. ^ “Egypt’s new constitution gets 98% ‘yes’ vote”. the Guardian. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
4530. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
4531. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi sworn in as president”. the Guardian. 8 June 2014.
4532. ^ “Egypt’s War against the Gaza Tunnels”. Israel Defense. 4 February 2018.
4533. ^ “Egypt’s Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition”. Reuters. 2 April 2018.
4534. ^ “Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years”. www.aa.com.tr.
4535. ^ Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). “Egypt’s Return to Authoritarianism”. Modern Diplomacy.
4536. ^ “Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims”. the Guardian. 23 April 2019.
4537. ^ “Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt’s parliamentary polls”. Reuters. 14 December 2020.
4538. ^ “World Factbook area rank order”. Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4539. ^ “Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4540. ^ Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-57647-2. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
4541. ^ “Egypt to build new administrative and business capital”. BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
4542. ^ Soliman, KH. Rainfall over Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 80, issue 343, p. 104.
4543. ^ “Marsa Matruh, Egypt”. Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
4544. ^ Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). “Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4545. ^ “Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt | IRIN News, March 2008”. Irinnews.org. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4546. ^ El Deeb and Keath, Sarah and Lee. “Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote”. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
4547. ^ “List of Parties”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
4548. ^ “Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
4549. ^ “The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation”. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
4550. ^ A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).
4551. ^ Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). Grasses of Egypt. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
4552. ^ “Who’s Who: Members of Egypt’s 50-member constitution committee”. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
4553. ^ “Timetable for Egypt’s parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct”. Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
4554. ^ “Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President”. Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
4555. ^ “El-Sisi wins Egypt’s presidential race with 96.91%”. English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
4556. ^ “Egypt”. Freedom in the World 2024. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
4557. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). “The V-Dem Dataset”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
4558. ^ “Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2024. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
4559. ^ Jankowski, James. “Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism” in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45
4560. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 267.
4561. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brown, Nathan J. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World”. Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
4562. ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). “Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
4563. ^ Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4564. ^ Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). “Egypt to launch first spy satellite”. The Jerusalem Post.
4565. ^ Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). “Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz”. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
4566. ^ “Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns”. The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
4567. ^ “The U.S. gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”. The Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4568. ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. (5 June 2014). “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4569. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). “Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4570. ^ Iqbal, Jawad (7 May 2015). “Business as usual for Egypt and the West”. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4571. ^ “Egypt ‘has key role’ in fight against Islamic State – Kerry”. BBC. 13 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
4572. ^ Adler, Stephen; Mably, Richard (15 May 2014). “Exclusive: Egypt’s Sisi asks for U.S. help in fighting terrorism”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
4573. ^ Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). “Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
4574. ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (13 August 2014). “Russia, Egypt draw closer”. Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4575. ^ “Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency”. Reuters. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4576. ^ Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). “Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban”. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4577. ^ “China’s Egypt Opportunity Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Diplomat. 24 December 2014
4578. ^ Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). “Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost”. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
4579. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 August 2013). “Saudi King Offers Support to Egyptian Military”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
4580. ^ “Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt’s Sisi Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.
4581. ^ “Massive Israel protests hit universities” (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) “According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country”
4582. ^ Maddy-Weitzmann, Bruce (1997). Middle East Contemporary Survey: 1995, Volume 19; Volume 1995. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8133-3411-0.
4583. ^ “This time, Gaza fighting is ‘proxy war’ for entire Mideast Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine“. CNN News. 1 August 2014.
4584. ^ Hanna, Michael W. (13 August 2014). “The Sisi Doctrine”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
4585. ^ Shama, Nael (2013). Egyptian Foreign Policy: Against the National Interest. Routledge. pp. 129–131.
4586. ^ Cagaptay, Soner; Sievers, Marc (8 March 2015). “Turkey and Egypt’s Great Game in the Middle East”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
4587. ^ Soussi, Alasdair (9 November 2008). “Desperate on the Border”. Jerusalem Report. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
4588. ^ “Incorporating Sharia into legal systems”. BBC News. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
4589. ^ “Egypt Gender Equality Profile” (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
4590. ^ “Egyptian constitution ‘approved’ in referendum”. BBC News. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
4591. ^ “Legislation Egypt”. Lexadin.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4592. ^ “7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film”. Fox News. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4593. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} BBC (18 January 2014). “BBC News – Egypt referendum: ‘98% back new constitution'”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
4594. ^ “Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights”. Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4595. ^ “Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs”. EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4596. ^ “The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree”. ANHRI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4597. ^ “Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says”. Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4598. ^ “Global Restrictions on Religion” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4599. ^ “USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF”. Uscirf.gov. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4600. ^ “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4601. ^ “Christianity’s Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam – Rising Islamic Extremism Is Putting Pressure on Christians in Muslim Nations”. Abcnews.go.com. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4602. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008”. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
4603. ^ Jump up to:^a b Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). “Egypt Baha’is win court fight over identity papers”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
4604. ^ Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). “Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday’s clashes to 638”. Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
4605. ^ “Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
4606. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt: More than 500 sentenced to death in ‘grotesque’ ruling – Amnesty International”. amnesty.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
4607. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). “U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
4608. ^ “Egypt: Shocking Death Sentences Follow Sham Trial – Human Rights Watch”. hrw.org. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
4609. ^ “Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death”. Washington Post. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
4610. ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box Archived 5 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, economist.com.
4611. ^ “Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
4612. ^ “Egypt’s interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
4613. ^ “My brother is one of Egypt’s 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail”. The Independent. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
4614. ^ “No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid”. Al-Jazeera. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
4615. ^ “Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years”. BBC News. 20 December 2021.
4616. ^ “Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death”. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
4617. ^ “The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013.
4618. ^ “The world’s most dangerous megacities for women 2017”. poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
4619. ^ Gehlen, M. (2015) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt Archived 30 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 29 August 2015
4620. ^ “Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists”. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
4621. ^ “Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus”. The Globe and Mail. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
4622. ^ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe’s Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
4623. ^ Egypt Country Profile Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Undp.org.eg (11 February 2011). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
4624. ^ “To save Egypt’s economy, get the army out of it”. The Economist. 26 January 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
4625. ^ “Egypt’s army seems to want to make pasta as well as war”. The Economist. 13 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
4626. ^ Shan, Lee Ying (5 April 2023). “Egypt’s pound is among the worst performing currencies in 2023. And it’s expected to plummet further”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
4627. ^ “Egypt’s annual core inflation records 39.5% in March 2023: CBE – Dailynewsegypt”. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
4628. ^ Enders, Klaus. “Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth”. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011. In its most recent review of Egypt’s economy, the IMF has said the expansion has broadened from energy, construction, and telecommunications to labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.
4629. ^ “IRIN Middle East | Egypt: Corruption hampering development, says opposition report | Breaking News”. Irinnews.org. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4630. ^ Rania Al Malky. “et — Full Story”. Egypttoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4631. ^ Fatima El Saadani (August 2006). “Etisalat Wins Third License”. Business Today. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4632. ^ “Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale”. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
4633. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures” (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
4634. ^ Saifur Rahman (April 2013). “Global remittance flow grows 10.77% to $514 billion in 2012: World Bank”. Gulf News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4635. ^ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 February 2011). “Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman”. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4636. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (20 October 2009). “Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared”. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4637. ^ Farouk, Dalia (27 December 2012). “Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
4638. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Egypt”. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
4639. ^ “Egypt to reduce natural gas exports to avoid energy crisis”. AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4640. ^ “Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant”. Reuters. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
4641. ^ “Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal”. Voice of America. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
4642. ^ “Egypt’s New Suez Canal to Be Completed for Aug. 6 Ceremony”. The New York Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
4643. ^ “Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion”. BBC News. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4644. ^ Tadros, Sherine (6 August 2015). “Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
4645. ^ As per the 2006 census
4646. ^ National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
4647. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
4648. ^ “Population Clock”. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
4649. ^ “The limits of a Green Revolution?”. BBC News. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4650. ^ admin (8 April 2000). “Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy”. Foodfirst.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4651. ^ “Egypt – Population”. Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4652. ^ “Urban population (% of total population) – Egypt, Arab Rep”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
4653. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). “Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967” (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 159943632. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
4654. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). “Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt” (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 73675854.^{[permanent dead link]}
4655. ^ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
4656. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
4657. ^ “Constitutional Declaration 2011”. Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
4658. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, “When did Coptic become extinct?” in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87.
4659. ^ “Daily News Egypt – Full Article”. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
4660. ^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
4661. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). “Global Christianity”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
4662. ^ Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). “How many Christians are there in Egypt?”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4663. ^ “Background Note: Egypt”. US Department of State. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
4664. ^ “Egypt”. CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
4665. ^ “Egypt”. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
4666. ^ Egypt. Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
4667. ^ “Mapping The Global Muslim Population” (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
4668. ^ “Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt”. www.coptic.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
4669. ^ Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821678-0.
4670. ^ “Egypt”. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
4671. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
4672. ^ Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). “Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4673. ^ Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). “Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4674. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-994541-2.
4675. ^ Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). “What is Salafism and should we be worried?”. Theweek.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4676. ^ Robin Barton (19 February 2001). “Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4677. ^ “Egypt – Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4678. ^ Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.
4679. ^ Kristin Deasy (October 2012). “The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card”. World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4680. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). “Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
4681. ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press.
4682. ^ Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt’s Deadliest Terrorist Attack Archived 26 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 2017
4683. ^ Who are the Christians in the Middle East?. Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
4684. ^ “Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church’s Rich and Varied Traditions”. L’Osservatore Romano. 1 March 2000. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
4685. ^ al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). “Shahat: Baha’is threaten Egypt’s national security”. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
4686. ^ “Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group”. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
4687. ^ “Egypt – Literacy rate 2022”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4688. ^ “Egypt: youth literacy rate”. Statista. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
4689. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Education in Egypt: Key Challenges” (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.
4690. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Higher education in Egypt (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. ISBN 978-92-64-08434-6. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
4691. ^ “Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship”. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
4692. ^ “Demography”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4693. ^ “Health”. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4694. ^ “Egypt Health Insurance”. globalsurance.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
4695. ^ “Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices”. WHO. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
4696. ^ “Egypt’s parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties”. Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
4697. ^ “SIS”. State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
4698. ^ “Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)”. Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4699. ^ Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). “The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?”. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4700. ^ El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 29.
4701. ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
4702. ^ Edwards, Amelia, The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007
4703. ^ “Global influence of Egyptian culture”. Egypt State Information Service. 4 February 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
4704. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-297-82034-5.
4705. ^ “Culture of Egypt”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
4706. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Country profiles: Egypt”. BBC News. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4707. ^ “Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt’s First Contested Presidential Elections”. Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
4708. ^ “Freedom House 2007 report”. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4709. ^ Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.
4710. ^ Houissa, Ali. “LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film”. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
4711. ^ Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). “Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World”. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/001654928002600202. ISSN 0016-5492. S2CID 144015456.
4712. ^ “The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus”. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
4713. ^ “Cairo International Film Festival information”. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
4714. ^ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
4715. ^ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
4716. ^ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
4717. ^ Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). “Marketplace: Egypt’s next big thing”. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
4718. ^ “Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent”. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
4719. ^ “BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek”. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
4720. ^ “Al-Ahly – master of the world”. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
4721. ^ “Mo Salah’s late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990”. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
4722. ^ “1950 World Championship for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4723. ^ “Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men”. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
4724. ^ “Continental Cup Finals start in Africa”. FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.