In a recent interview with Sky News, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky suggested that the areas of Ukraine under Kyiv’s control should be brought “under the NATO umbrella” in order to halt the “hot phase” of the ongoing war with Russia. Zelensky was asked about the possibility of Ukraine accepting NATO membership, but only for the territories currently held by Ukraine, excluding those regions under Russian control.

Zelensky indicated that he would be willing to consider NATO membership for the parts of Ukraine that are under Ukrainian control. However, he emphasized that this would only be possible if NATO were to first offer membership for the entire country, including all of its internationally recognized borders.

The Ukrainian leader also expressed hope that a diplomatic solution could be reached regarding the territories currently occupied by Russia. Zelensky suggested that Ukraine could negotiate the return of these regions through peaceful means, once NATO membership was secured for the country as a whole.

This proposal highlights Ukraine’s ongoing push for greater international support amid the Russian invasion, with NATO membership seen as a key factor in securing the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

While this suggestion may offer a potential pathway to de-escalating the conflict, it also signals Ukraine’s ongoing determination to regain control over its occupied territories, underscoring the strategic importance of NATO membership for the nation’s security and future.

In a recent interview, President Volodymyr Zelensky discussed Ukraine’s position on NATO membership, clarifying that while he is open to the possibility of NATO offering membership for the territories currently under Ukrainian control, this would only be feasible if the alliance extends membership to the entire country, including areas occupied by Russia. He argued that granting NATO membership to only part of Ukraine would imply recognition of Russian control over the rest of the country, something Kyiv cannot accept.

Zelensky stressed that NATO’s role is crucial for Ukraine’s long-term security, dismissing ceasefires without guarantees as too risky, as they would leave Ukraine vulnerable to further Russian aggression. While some Western discussions have touched on a potential “West German model” for NATO membership, which could involve a divided Ukraine, no formal proposal has been made.

Zelensky also noted that he remains willing to engage with any potential peace initiatives, including those under President-elect Donald Trump, who is expected to push for a ceasefire and peace talks. However, Zelensky emphasized that without NATO membership, Ukraine cannot secure true independence, as he believes Russia will continue to threaten Ukrainian sovereignty.

For now, the prospect of any NATO involvement in Ukraine remains highly theoretical, as Russia has shown no willingness to allow any part of Ukraine to join the alliance. Despite Zelensky’s openness to dialogue, the stark differences between his vision for Ukraine’s future and Russia’s goals are clear.

Zelensky’s comments on NATO membership were made in a context where peace proposals, including a potential ceasefire, have been floated, but he remains wary of such options without concrete security guarantees. He warned that without NATO’s protection, any ceasefire would likely be short-lived, as Russia would retain the ability to resume hostilities. “A ceasefire without a mechanism to prevent Russian aggression is just a temporary pause,” Zelensky stated, reinforcing his belief that NATO membership is the only true security guarantee for Ukraine’s sovereignty and independence.

The “West German model” of NATO membership for a divided nation has been a topic of discussion in Western diplomatic circles for some time, but no formal proposal has been presented to Ukraine. This model would involve offering NATO membership to Ukraine, potentially while some regions remain under Russian control, akin to the way West Germany joined NATO during the Cold War despite the division of Germany. However, Zelensky has been clear that any NATO offer must cover the entire nation, rejecting partial membership as a nonstarter.

Zelensky has also indicated a willingness to engage with President-elect Donald Trump’s proposed peace plan, which includes a freeze on front lines and incentivizes both sides to negotiate. However, Zelensky raised concerns about the long-term viability of any deal that does not include NATO membership, questioning what kind of security guarantees the U.S. would offer if NATO membership is delayed or withheld.

With Russia’s stance on NATO remaining firmly opposed—especially considering their annexation of Crimea and continued occupation of parts of eastern Ukraine—the idea of NATO involvement in Ukraine seems increasingly remote. Zelensky’s remarks underline the complexity of Ukraine’s situation: navigating the diplomatic and military pressures while balancing the need for immediate security and long-term sovereignty, with NATO membership seen as the ultimate safeguard.

Courtesy: WION

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Works cited

• Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
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Further reading

Library resources about
NATO

---

• Resources in your library
• Resources in other libraries

• Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
• Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
• Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
• Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
• Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
• “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
• NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
• Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
• Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
• Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
• References
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)
• References
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  Works cited
  Art, Robert J. (1998). “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy”. Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.
  
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  van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  
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  Further reading
  Library resources about
  NATO
  Resources in your library
  Resources in other libraries
  Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). “Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance’s Future” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.
  
  Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. “NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.” Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online
  Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).
  Hendrickson, Ryan C. “NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.
  Ismay, Hastings (1954). “NATO: The First Five Years”. Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  
  “NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security”, Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.
  NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2
  Pedlow, Gregory W. “Evolution of NATO’s Command Structure 1951–2009” (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  
  Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review
  Stevenson, Tom, “Ill-Suited to Reality” (review of Sten Rynning, NATO: From Cold War to Ukraine, A History of the World’s Most Powerful Alliance, Yale, March 2024, ISBN 978 0 300 27011 2, 345 pp.; Peter Apps, Deterring Armageddon: A Biography of NATO, Wildfire, February 2024, ISBN 978 1 03 540575 6, 624 pp.; Grey Anderson, ed., Natopolitanism: The Atlantic Alliance since the Cold War, Verso, July 2023, ISBN 978 1 80429 237 2, 356 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 15–16, 18. “The most egregious cases of international aggression since the founding of the [NATO] alliance have all involved the US: Korea, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq. Yet thanks to the alliance, US-led wars have usually been defended in Europe by appealing to their righteousness…. Triumphalism about Nato has also tended to conceal the extent of US covert activity inside Europe throughout the Cold War, including… in Italy… Denmark… and France… as well as in West Germany and the Netherlands…. The CIA was heavily involved in securing the takeover of Greece by a military junta in 1967…. It might be cosier to imagine a world without CIA torture sites in Poland, Lithuania and Romania, but that isn’t the world we live in…. The conditions for the creation of [NATO] were established by Britain’s survival in 1940 and its role as a springboard for Eisenhower‘s ‘Crusade in Europe’. [Discussions about founding NATO began in] 1948, leading to… the ‘Pentagon proposals’. Nato’s founding treaty was [signed in] April 1949… [Today, t]hirty-five years after the end of the Cold War, almost a hundred thousand US military… are stationed across Europe… Another 12,500 are with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean…. Tactical nuclear weapons are deployed… in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands… Only US officials can… order… their use.” [p. 15.] “It isn’t a law of nature that Dutch pilots should fly [US-made] F-35s and carry US nuclear bombs on orders from Washington.” (p. 18.)