16,000 laborers have come to Israel from India in the last year, but analysts say it still does not make up the shortfall caused when most Palestinians were barred after Oct. 7

 Wearing a safety belt, helmet and work boots, Raju Nishad navigates the scaffolding, hammering blocks that will form part of a building in a new neighborhood in central Israel’s town of Beer Yaakov.

While he and other Indians working alongside him do not look out of place on the expansive construction site, they are relative newcomers to Israel’s building industry.

They are part of an Israeli government effort to fill a void left by tens of thousands of Palestinian construction workers barred from entering Israel since Hamas’s unprecedented October 7, 2023 attack.

If that attack had not happened, this site, with its slowly emerging high-rise towers, homes, roads and pavements, would have teemed with laborer’s speaking Arabic — unlike the Hindi, Hebrew and even Mandarin of today.

The Hamas attack, which saw terrorists kill some 1,200 people, mostly civilians, in southern Israel and take 251 hostages, triggered the deadliest war yet between Israel and the Hamas terrorist organization in the Gaza Strip.

It later spread to include other Iran-backed groups including Hezbollah in Lebanon and Houthi rebels in Yemen, and even direct confrontation with the Islamic Republic itself.

None of this deterred Nishad, 35, from coming to Israel.

“There’s nothing to be afraid of here,” he said, despite several air raid warnings that have sent him running for the shelters.

“Once it (the siren) stops, we just resume our work,”

High earnings in Israel, where some workers can make three times what they would back home, are the key to why people like Nishad flock here, thousands of kilometers (miles) away.

“I’m saving for the future, planning to make wise investments and do something meaningful for my family,” Nishad said.

He is just one of around 16,000 workers who have come from India over the past year – and Israel has plans to bring thousands more.

New recruitment drive

India is the world’s fifth-largest economy and one of the fastest growing, but it has also struggled to generate enough full-time jobs for millions of people.

Indians have been employed in Israel for decades, thousands as caregivers looking after elderly Israelis, while others work as diamond traders and IT professionals.

But since the war in Gaza escalated, recruiters have launched a drive to bring Indians in for Israel’s construction sector also.

Samir Khosla, chairman of Delhi-based Dynamic Staffing Services, which has sent about 500,000 Indians to work in more than 30 countries, has so far brought more than 3,500 workers to Israel, a new market for him.

Khosla himself arrived for the first time a month after the October 7 attack, after the authorities appealed for foreign workers in the construction industry, which ground to a halt when the Gaza war broke out.

“We didn’t know much about the market, and there wasn’t an incumbent workforce from India here,” Khosla said.

“We really had to move around and understand the needs,” he said, adding that he believed India was a natural choice for Israel given their “excellent relations.”

He now hopes to bring in up to 10,000 Indian laborer’s, as he has a large pool of skilled Indian workers across all trades.

Long-term effects possible

In nearby Tel Aviv, a group of Indians live in a small flat where, in addition to the construction skills they brought with them, they have also learned to cook the familiar spicy dishes they miss from home.

“In a short time, one can earn more money” in Israel, said Suresh Kumar Verma, 39. Like Nishad, he is from India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh. Verma works on a construction site north of Israel’s commercial capital.

“Making money is also necessary… It’s important to continue working hard for the family’s future.”

Israeli researchers believe the number of Indians working in construction still does not match the number of Palestinians who did so before the war, and this is hampering the sector’s overall growth.

Before the Hamas attack, around 80,000 Palestinians, mostly from the West Bank, were employed in construction, along with some 26,000 foreigners, Eyal Argov of the central Bank of Israel said.

Now there are about 30,000 foreigners employed, far fewer than the previous overall workforce figures, he said, adding that activity in the current quarter of 2024 is about 25 percent below pre-war levels.

“These numbers (of Indians) are still very low,”  Argov said.

While this does not create an immediate “shortage of housing, it may cause delays in the supply of new housing,” he said.

“Israel has a growing population, increasing by two percent annually, and this delay might lead to some shortage in the future.”

COURTESY: Voice of America

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6. ^ /ˈɪzri.əl, -reɪ-/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Yīsrāʾēl [jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل, romanized: ʾIsrāʾīl
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92. ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
93. ^ Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). “The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era”. In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-8010-9861-1. OCLC 961153992. The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty… Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus’) primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains
94. ^ Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6. The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain… The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus… it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border… and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.
95. ^ Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity. Univ of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-29360-1. OCLC 1103519319. From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus’s prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.
96. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schwartz, Seth (2014). The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1. OCLC 863044259. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. The year 70 ce marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. […] The Revolt’s failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. […] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes.
97. ^ Werner Eck, “Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen”, Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21
98. ^ Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). “Cassius Dio’s figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?”. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio’s account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio’s figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136 CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio’s demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
99. ^ Jump up to:^a b Mor, Menahem (18 April 2016). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
100. ^ Oppenheimer, A’haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
101. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: “In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.”
102. ^ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. “It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.” ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6
103. ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History. 4:6.3-4
104. ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-415-08800-8.
105. ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). “Palestine”. Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
106. ^ Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, Brill, 2001, p. 155
107. ^ הר, משה דוד (2022). “היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית” [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים [Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 210–212. ISBN 978-965-217-444-4.
108. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ehrlich, Michael (2022). The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800. Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC 1302180905. The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.
109. ^ David Goodblatt (2006). “The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638”. In Steven Katz (ed.). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–430. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city… had lasting repercussions. […] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong […] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority
110. ^ Bar, Doron (2003). “The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity”. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54 (3): 401–421. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN 0022-0469. The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine’s position and unique status as the Christian ‘Holy Land’ became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.
111. ^ Kohen, Elli (2007). History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire. University Press of America. pp. 26–31. ISBN 978-0-7618-3623-0. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
112. ^ “Roman Palestine”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
113. ^ Jump up to:^a b לוי-רובין, מילכה; Levy-Rubin, Milka (2006). “The Influence of the Muslim Conquest on the Settlement Pattern of Palestine during the Early Muslim Period / הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה”. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (121): 53–78. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23407269.
114. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ellenblum, Ronnie (2010). Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58534-0. OCLC 958547332. From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period […] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized
115. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
116. ^ Broshi, Magen (1979). “The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.
117. ^ “crusades”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
118. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kramer, Gudrun (2008). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
119. ^ Jump up to:^a b Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. “In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned….”
120. ^ D. Tamar, “On the Jews of Safed in the Days of the Ottoman Conquest” Cathedra 11 (1979), cited Dan Ben Amos, Dov Noy (eds.),Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands), Jewish Publication Society 2011 p.61, n.3: Tamar . .challenges David’s conclusion concerning the severity of the riots against the Jews, arguing that the support of the Egyptian Jews saved the community of Safed from destruction’.
121. ^ The Solomon Goldman lectures. Spertus College of Judaica Press. 1999. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-935982-57-2. The Turks’ conquest of the city in 1517, was marked by a violent pogrom of murder, rape, and plunder of Jewish homes. The surviving Jews fled to the “land of Beirut“, not to return until 1533.
122. ^ Toby Green (2007). Inquisition; The Reign of Fear. Macmillan Press ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2 pp. xv–xix.
123. ^ Alfassá, Shelomo (17 August 2007). “Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel” (PDF). Alfassa.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
124. ^ Cane, Peter; Conaghan, Joanne (2008). Millet system – Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199290543.001.0001. ISBN 9780199290543.
125. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (27 October 2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-757-3.
126. ^ H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)
127. ^ “EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire”. jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
128. ^ Akbar, M. J. (2003), The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity, p. 89
129. ^ L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)
130. ^ Jump up to:^a b Avineri 2017.
131. ^ Shimoni 1995.
132. ^ Eisen, Yosef (2004). Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present. Targum Press. p. 700. ISBN 978-1-56871-323-6.
133. ^ Morgenstern, Arie (2006). Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-530578-4.
134. ^ Barnai, Jacob (1992). The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine. University Alabama Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7.
135. ^ “Palestine – Ottoman rule”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
136. ^ Macalister, R. A. Stewart; Masterman, E. W. G. (1906). “The Modern Inhabitants of Palestine”. Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund: 40.
137. ^ Halpern, Ben (1998). Zionism and the creation of a new society. Reinharz, Jehuda. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-585-18273-5. OCLC 44960036.
138. ^ Mandel, Neville J. (1974). “Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881–1908: Part I” (PDF). Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (3): 312–332. doi:10.1080/00263207408700278. ISSN 0026-3206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
139. ^ Levine, Aaron (2014). Russian Jews and the 1917 Revolution (PDF). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
140. ^ Herzl 1946, p. 11.
141. ^ Stein 2003, p. 88. “As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews …”
142. ^ Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679744757. Many of these newcomers possessed a mixture of socialist and nationalist values, and they eventually succeeded in setting up a separate Jewish economy, based wholly on Jewish labor.
143. ^ Romano 2003, p. 30.
144. ^ Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679744757. Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv’s leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor… But, in reality, rather than “meshing,” the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos… There were other reasons for the “conquest of labor.” The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews’ traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the “new Jews”; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.
145. ^ Gelvin, James (2014) [2002]. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
146. ^ Macintyre, Donald (26 May 2005). “The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
147. ^ Yapp, M.E. (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923. Longman. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3.
148. ^ Avi Shlaim (2001). “PROLOGUE: THE ZIONIST FOUNDATIONS”. The Iron Wall. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32112-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
149. ^ Schechtman, Joseph B. (2007). “Jewish Legion”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11. Macmillan Reference. p. 304. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
150. ^ “The Covenant of the League of Nations”. Article 22. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
151. ^ “Mandate for Palestine,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972
152. ^ Scharfstein 1996, p. 269. “During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements … In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah (“The Defense”) was established.”
153. ^ “League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922”. Modern History Sourcebook. 24 July 1922. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
154. ^ Shaw, J. V. W. (1991) [1946]. “Chapter VI: Population”. A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. I (Reprint ed.). Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-88728-213-3. OCLC 311797790. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013.
155. ^ “Report to the League of Nations on Palestine and Transjordan, 1937”. British Government. 1937. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
156. ^ Walter Laqueur (2009). A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-53085-1. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
157. ^ Hughes, M (2009). “The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39” (PDF). English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2016.
158. ^ Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3439-5, pp. 74–76
159. ^ Khalidi, Walid (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-155-6
160. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945.
161. ^ Fraser 2004, p. 27.
162. ^ Motti Golani (2013). Palestine Between Politics and Terror, 1945–1947. UPNE. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-61168-388-2. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
163. ^ Cohen, Michael J (2014). Britain’s Moment in Palestine:Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-415-72985-7. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
164. ^
     • Smith, Paul J. (2007). The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First. M. E. Sharpe. p. 27.
     • Louis, William Roger (1986). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford University Press. p. 430.
     • Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE Publications. p. 181.
165. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine article on the Irgun Zvai Leumi
166. ^ Jump up to:^a b Clarke, Thurston. By Blood and Fire, G.P. Puttnam’s Sons, 1981
167. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bethell, Nicholas (1979). The Palestine Triangle. Andre Deutsch.
168. ^ “A/RES/106 (S-1)”. General Assembly resolution. United Nations. 15 May 1947. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
169. ^ “A/364”. Special Committee on Palestine. United Nations. 3 September 1947. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
170. ^ “Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)”. United Nations. 20 April 1949. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
171. ^ Hoffman, Bruce: Anonymous Soldiers (2015)
172. ^ “British Colonial Office Statement upon Termination of the Mandate for Palestine – English (1948)”. ecf.org.il. p. 10. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
173. ^ “Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine”. United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
174. ^
     • Avneri, Aryeh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87855-964-0. Retrieved 2 May 2009, p. 224.
     • Stein, Kenneth W. (1987) [Original in 1984]. The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4178-5. pp. 3–4, 247
     • Imseis 2021, pp. 13–14: “As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country. In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine’s 16 sub-districts. Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour. UNSCOP reported that under its majority plan “[t]he Jews will have the more economically developed part of the country embracing practically the whole of the citrus-producing area”—Palestine’s staple export crop—even though approximately half of the citrus-bearing land was owned by the Arabs. In addition, according to updated British records submitted to the ad hoc committee’s two sub-committees, “of the irrigated, cultivable areas” of the country, 84 per cent would be in the Jewish State and 16 per cent would be in the Arab State”.”
     • Morris 2008, p. 75: “The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.”
175. ^ Jump up to:^a b Morris 2008, p. 396: “The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal.”
176. ^ Matthews, John: Israel-Palestine land division Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine
177. ^ Imseis 2021, pp. 14–15: ‘Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II). Although they were of the view that the Jewish national home promised in the Mandate was equivalent to a Jewish state, they well understood that such a claim could not be maintained under prevailing international law..Based on its own terms, it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of Palestine’s indigenous people and, as such, was an embodiment of the Eurocentricity of the international system that was allegedly a thing of the past. For this reason, the Arabs took a more principled position in line with prevailing international law, rejecting partition outright . .This rejection has disingenuously been presented in some of the literature as indicative of political intransigence,69 and even hostility towards the Jews as Jews’
178. ^ Morris 2008, p. 66: at 1946 “The League demanded independence for Palestine as a “unitary” state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.”, p. 67: at 1947 “The League’s Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called “aggression,” “without mercy.” The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance “in manpower, money and equipment” should the United Nations endorse partition.”, p. 72: at December 1947 “The League vowed, in very general language, “to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.””
179. ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 40–41.
180. ^ Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-902210-67-4.
181. ^ Morris 2008, p. 77–78.
182. ^ Tal, David (2003). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. Routledge. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-7146-5275-7.
183. ^ Clifford, Clark, “Counsel to the President: A Memoir”, 1991, p. 20.
184. ^ Ben-Sasson 1985, p. 1058.
185. ^ Morris 2008, p. 205.
186. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar; Reinharz, Jehuda (2007). Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present. Brandeis. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87451-962-4.
187. ^ David Tal (2004). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. Routledge. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-135-77513-1. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018. some of the Arab armies invaded Palestine in order to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state, Transjordan…
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332. ^ “The History of Drip Irrigation”.
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336. ^ In 1996, direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated, but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated. See “Israel’s election process explained”. BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
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338. ^ סגל, עמית (2021). סיפורה של הפוליטיקה הישראלית: מבן גוריון ועד בנט (in Hebrew). Hotsaʼat ʻAmit Segal. ISBN 978-965-599-597-8.
339. ^ Jewish settlers can vote in Israeli elections, though West Bank is officially not Israel, Fox News, February 2015: “When Israelis go to the polls next month, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers in the West Bank will also be casting votes, even though they do not live on what is sovereign Israeli territory. This exception in a country that doesn’t allow absentee voting for citizens living abroad is a telling reflection of Israel’s somewhat ambiguous and highly contentious claim to the territory, which has been under military occupation for almost a half century.”
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345. ^ Charbit, Denis (2014). “Israel’s Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present”. In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora (eds.). Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1-137-38115-6. The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel’s neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. … It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.
346. ^ Sharot, Stephen (2007). “Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict”. In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay (eds.). The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5. It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.
347. ^ Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel. McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-7735-2993-9. Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. … Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the ‘status quo,’ an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The ‘status quo’ has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. … On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.
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360. ^ Jump up to:^a b OECD 2011.
361. ^ Quarterly Economic and Social Monitor Archived 9 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: “When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the ‘Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’… some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights.”
362. ^ See for example:
     * Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-24194-7. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
     * Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). “Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem”. New Left Review. 10. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2015. longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
     * Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7. longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
     * Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). “The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel” (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. S2CID 32105258. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
     * Alexandrowicz, Ra’anan (24 January 2012). “The Justice of Occupation”. The New York Times (opinion). Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
     * Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation’s history has already entered its fifth decade.
     * Azarova, Valentina. 2017, Israel’s Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework, European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: “June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel’s belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history.”
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364. ^ Yiftachel, O. (1999). “‘Ethnocracy’: The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine” (PDF). Constellations. 6 (3): 364–390. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.00151. Israel’s political structure and settlement activity have […] in effect undermined the existence of universal suffrage (as Jewish settlers in the Occupied Territories can vote to the parliament that governs them, but their Palestinian neighbours cannot).^{[permanent dead link]}
365. ^ Ghanem, A. A.; Rouhana, N.; Yiftachel, O. (1998). “Questioning” ethnic democracy”: A response to Sammy Smooha”. Israel Studies. 3 (2): 253–267. doi:10.2979/ISR.1998.3.2.253. JSTOR 30245721. S2CID 3524173. settlers remain fully enfranchised Israeli citizens while their Palestinian neighbors have no voting rights and no impact on Israeli policies
366. ^ “Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip”. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012.
367. ^ “The occupied Palestinian territories: Dignity Denied”. International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 December 2007.
368. ^ “World Report 2013: Israel/Palestine”. Israel/Palestine. Human Rights Watch. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
369. ^ “Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict” (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 15 September 2009. p. 85.
370. ^ “Israel/Occupied Territories: Road to nowhere”. Amnesty International. 1 December 2006.
371. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip”. B’Tselem. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
372. ^ “Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza”. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
373. ^ Jerome Slater (1 October 2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-045909-3. It is now clear that Israel is a true democracy in its broadest sense only for its Jewish citizens. The Arab-Israeli (or, as some prefer, the Palestinian-Israeli) peoples, roughly 20 percent of the total population of Israel its pre-1967 boundaries, are citizens and have voting rights, but they face political, economic, and social discrimination. And, of course, Israeli democracy is inapplicable to the nearly 4 million Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza, conquered by Israel in June 1967, who are occupied, repressed, and in many ways, directly and indirectly, effectively ruled by Israel.
374. ^ Ben White (15 January 2012). Palestinians in Israel: Segregation, Discrimination and Democracy. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3228-4.
375. ^ “Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”. NBC News. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
376. ^ “Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”. Ynetnews. 16 December 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
377. ^ “Syria ready to discuss land for peace”. The Jerusalem Post. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
378. ^ “Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”. The Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
379. ^ “A/RES/36/147. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories”. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
380. ^ Rudoren, Jodi; Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2015). “U.N. Report on Gaza Finds Evidence of War Crimes by Israel and by Palestinian Militants”. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
381. ^ “Human Rights Council establishes Independent, International Commission of Inquiry for the Occupied Palestinian Territory”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
382. ^ “UN condemns Israel’s West Bank settlement plans”. BBC News. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
383. ^ “The Avalon Project: United Nations Security Council Resolution 605”. avalon.law.yale.edu. 22 December 1987. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
384. ^ “Faced with Israeli denial of access to Occupied Palestinian Territory, UN expert resigns”. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016.
385. ^ “Human Rights Council adopts six resolutions and closes its thirty-first regular session”. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
386. ^ ‘Significant human rights issues included credible reports of: unlawful or arbitrary killings; arbitrary detention, often extraterritorial detention of Palestinians from the occupied territories in Israel; restrictions on Palestinians residing in Jerusalem including arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, and home; substantial interference with the freedom of association; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; harassment of nongovernmental organizations; significant restrictions on freedom of movement within the country; violence against asylum seekers and irregular migrants; violence or threats of violence against national, racial, or ethnic minority groups; and labor rights abuses against foreign workers and Palestinians from the West Bank.’ Israel 2021 Human Rights Report, United States Department of State 17 April 2021.
387. ^ ‘With respect to Israeli security forces in the West Bank: credible reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings due to unnecessary or disproportionate use of force by Israeli officials; torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by Israeli officials; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; restrictions on free expression and media, including violence, threats of violence, unjustified arrests and prosecutions against journalists, and censorship; restrictions on internet freedom; restrictions on Palestinians residing in Jerusalem, including arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, and home; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, including harassment of nongovernmental organizations; and restrictions on freedom of movement and residence.’ 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel, West Bank and Gaza, United States Department of State 12 April 2022
388. ^ Heyer, Julia Amalia (7 October 2014). “Kids Behind Bars: Israel’s Arbitrary Arrests of Palestinian Minors”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
389. ^ “Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories 2016/2017”. Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
390. ^ Isfahan, Ali (11 August 2014). “Why Israel’s Impunity Goes Unpunished by International Authorities”. Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
391. ^ Barghouti, Marwan (16 April 2017). “Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel’s Prisons”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
392. ^ Dorfman, Zach. “George Mitchell wrote ‘A Path to Peace’ about Israel and Palestine. Is there one?”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
393. ^ “Outrage over Maimane’s visit to Israel”. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
394. ^ “The subordination of Palestinian rights must stop”. The National. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
395. ^ “Palestine-Israel Journal: Settlements and the Palestinian Right to Self-Determination”. pij.org. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
396. ^ Hammond, Jeremy R. “The Rejection of Palestinian Self Determination” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
397. ^ “Top US senator clashes with Netanyahu over Israeli rights record”. Politico. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
398. ^ “Allegations of Israeli Human Rights Violations Closely Scrutinized, Says U.S. State Department”. Haaretz. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
399. ^ Barak-Erez, Daphne (1 July 2006). “Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review”. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (3): 548. doi:10.1093/icon/mol021. The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation.
400. ^ “Choosing not to veto, Obama lets anti-settlement resolution pass at UN Security Council”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
401. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (9 July 2021). “Israeli settlements amount to war crime – U.N. rights expert”. Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
402. ^ “Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law”. Amnesty International. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
403. ^ Siddique, Haroon (19 July 2024). “UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
404. ^ “ICJ says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal”. BBC News. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
405. ^ “LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ARISING FROM THE POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF ISRAEL IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, INCLUDING EAST JERUSALEM” (PDF). icj-cij.org. 19 July 2024.
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407. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel committing crimes of apartheid and persecution – HRW”. BBC News. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
408. ^ “Here’s how experts on the Middle East see the region’s key issues, our new survey finds”. The Washington Post. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021.
409. ^ “Academic experts believe that Middle East politics are actually getting worse”. The Washington Post. 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021.
410. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rosenfeld, Arno (27 April 2021). “Israel is committing ‘crime of apartheid,’ Human Rights Watch says”. The Forward. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
411. ^ “U.S. State Department Rejects Amnesty’s Apartheid Claim Against Israel”. Haaretz. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
412. ^ Elgot, Jessica (28 April 2022). “Keir Starmer hosts Israeli Labor party in charm offensive ahead of local elections”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
413. ^ “Parliamentary question E-000932/2022(ASW) | Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Borrell i Fontelles on behalf of the European Commission”. European Parliament. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
414. ^ Andrew Tillett (2 February 2022). “PM, Labor defend Israel over apartheid claim”. Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
415. ^ “Netherlands rejects Amnesty report accusing Israel of apartheid”. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
416. ^ “Germany rejects use of word ‘apartheid’ in connection with Israel”. Reuters. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
417. ^ “Israeli policies against Palestinians amount to apartheid – Amnesty”. BBC News. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
418. ^ “Arab League, OIC welcome Amnesty’s report on Israel’s ‘apartheid’ against Palestinians”. Arab News. 3 February 2022.
419. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (23 March 2022). “U.N. Investigator Accuses Israel of Apartheid, Citing Permanence of Occupation”. The New York Times.
420. ^ Berman, Lazar (23 March 2022). “UN Human Rights Council report accuses Israel of apartheid”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
421. ^ “UN report urges plan to ‘end Israeli colonialism, apartheid'”. The New Arab. 19 October 2022.
422. ^ Tress, Luke (28 October 2022). “UN commission says it will investigate ‘apartheid’ charges against Israel”. The Times of Israel.
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679. ^ התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה (in Hebrew). Habima National Theatre. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
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683. ^ “Alexandre FRENEL”. Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
684. ^ “Chaim Soutine – From Russia to Paris by Ben Uri Research Unit”. issuu.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
685. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel Studies An Anthology: Art in Israel”. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
686. ^ “Israel – Art, Music, Dance”. britannica.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
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