Prominent Tanzanian activist Maria Sarungi Tsehai, who was abducted by armed men in Kenya, has been released just hours after the incident. Tsehai, a strong critic of Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan, was forcibly taken into a vehicle in Nairobi on Sunday afternoon. Amnesty International Kenya spokesperson Roland Ebole confirmed the abduction to the BBC, but the activist was freed later that day.

In a video shared with her 1.3 million followers on X, a visibly shaken and emotional Tsehai expressed her relief, saying, “I have been saved.” Her release came after efforts from the Law Society of Kenya, led by president Faith Odhiambo, who said they had arranged for her freedom. Odhiambo emphasized the importance of protecting individuals from being abducted in Kenya, stating, “We are sending a warning. We will not allow our country to be used as a haven for picking up individuals.”

Despite her release, neither Kenyan nor Tanzanian officials have commented on the situation. Tsehai, an outspoken advocate for land rights and freedom of expression in Tanzania, has previously accused President Hassan’s government of resurrecting “tyranny” in the country.

The incident has raised concerns over the potential return to the repressive rule of late President John Magufuli, despite Hassan’s promises to restore competitive politics and lift bans on opposition gatherings. Tsehai’s advocacy and her abduction highlight the ongoing tensions in Tanzania regarding political freedoms and human rights.

Last year, Tanzania witnessed a disturbing rise in the arrests and brutal killings of opposition figures, with one senior opposition leader tragically dying after being doused in acid. Human Rights Watch condemned this escalation, calling it a “bad sign” for the upcoming 2025 presidential elections scheduled for October.

Maria Sarungi Tsehai, a fierce critic of the Tanzanian government and founder of the Change Tanzania movement, was abducted in Nairobi by what her supporters believe were Tanzanian security agents operating beyond the country’s borders. They accused the agents of attempting to silence legitimate government criticism. In a statement shared on X, Change Tanzania expressed concern over Tsehai’s abduction, stating that her “courage in standing up for justice has made her a target.”

Tsehai herself had recently voiced concerns about her safety, including an incident where two unidentified men were reportedly seen searching for her at her home while she was away. The abduction has raised alarm among human rights groups, as Kenya has been criticized for allowing foreign governments to abduct citizens for extradition, a violation of international law.

In a similar case, Ugandan opposition leader Kizza Besigye was kidnapped in Nairobi by Ugandan security officials last year and taken across the border for trial by a court martial. The Ugandan government claimed Kenya assisted in the operation, though the Kenyan government denied involvement.

Amnesty International’s Roland Ebole warned that Tsehai’s abduction could be a “repeat” of the Besigye case. The issue of disappearances has also become a growing concern in Kenya, where a state-funded rights group reported over 80 abductions in the past six months. Many of these victims were taken during the youth-led protests against planned tax rises last year, and there have been increasing calls for their release.

Tsehai’s abduction, along with the ongoing wave of disappearances in Kenya, highlights the ongoing challenges faced by activists and political opposition in East Africa, raising serious questions about the protection of human rights in the region.

Courtesy: SABC News

References

• ^ Jump up to:^a b “World Population Prospects 2022”. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100” (XSLX) (“Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)”). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
• ^ “GDP PPP, current prices”. International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
• ^ “GDP Nominal, current prices”. International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
• ^ “Nominal GDP per capita”. International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
• ^ “Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020”. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
• ^ Mbiti, John S (1992). Introduction to African religion. East African Publishers. ISBN 9780435940027. When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs
• ^ Riggs, Thomas (2006). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations. Thomson Gale. p. 1. ISBN 9780787666125. Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
• ^ Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015). “5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
• ^ Harry, Njideka U. (11 September 2013). “African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society”. The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
• ^ Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). “item, 4 of the provisional agenda – General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth” (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
• ^ “Population by world region”. Our World in Data. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (1 August 1999). “Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.13.3.3. ISSN 0895-3309.
• ^ Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). “Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development” (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. S2CID 140806396. Gale A306596751. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
• ^ Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015). “The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states”. International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences. 2 (2): 89–93. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. S2CID 198939744.
• ^ “Africa. General info”. Visual Geography. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
• ^ Studies, the Africa Center for Strategic. “African Biodiversity Loss Raises Risk to Human Security”. Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
• ^ Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). “19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities”. In Parry, M.L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
• ^ Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, “2014: Africa”. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf, Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
• ^ “One of Africa’s best kept secrets – its history”. BBC News. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
• ^ Mouralis, Bernard (2022). “Orality”. Encyclopedia of African Religions and Philosophy. Springer. pp. 537–539. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2068-5_296. ISBN 978-94-024-2066-1.
• ^ Vansina, Jan (1981). “Oral tradition and its methodology”. General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ “Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: 16 February 2005”. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017). “Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago”. Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci…358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). “Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). “Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity’s Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). “Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species”. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
• ^ Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022). “Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa”. Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
• ^ “The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world”. 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
• ^ “New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin”. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
• ^ “Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows”. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
• ^ The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). “From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940”. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Hargreaves, John D. (1996). Decolonization in Africa (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-24917-1. OCLC 33131573.
• ^ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). “Afri”. In Georges, Heinrich (ed.). Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (in German) (8th ed.). Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
• ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). “Afer”. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
• ^ Vycichl, W. (1 November 1985). “Africa”. Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (2): 216–217. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.888. ISSN 1015-7344. Etymology: The Latin designation (Africa) originally meant the land of the Afri, an indigenous tribe of present-day northern Tunisia, often confused with the Carthaginians, but Livy clearly distinguishes the Afri from the Carthaginians:- “Hasdrubal placed the Carthaginians on the right wing and the Afri on the left”- “the Carthaginians and the African veterans”- “the Carthaginians had Afri and Numidians as mercenaries”- “the horsemen of the Libyphoenicians, a Carthaginian tribe mixed with Afri
• ^ Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16.
• ^ Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011). “The Names of Countries”. michel-desfayes.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri ‘cave’. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodytēs an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and ‘Ifriqiyeh‘ is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Babington Michell, Geo (1903). “The Berbers”. Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193. JSTOR 714549. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
• ^ Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
• ^ “Africa African Africanus Africus”. Consultos.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
• ^ “Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey”. Gerald-massey.org.uk. 29 October 1907. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
• ^ Fruyt, M. (1976). “D’Africus ventus a Africa terrain”. Revue de Philologie. 50: 221–238.
• ^ Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). “Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East”. The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (3): 134–142. doi:10.2307/3209914. JSTOR 3209914. S2CID 130072563.
• ^ Hallikan, ‘Abu-l-‘Abbas Sams-al-din ‘Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1842). Kitab Wafayat Ala’yan. Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Benjamin Duprat. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
• ^ al-Andalusi, Sa’id (2010). Science in the Medieval World. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292792319. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
• ^ Upton, Roger D. (1881). Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree. C.K. Paul & Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
• ^ Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung, Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.
• ^ Serge Losique: Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples, Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.
• ^ Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral tradition as history. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10214-2.
• ^ Hama, Boubou; Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1981). “The place of history in African society”. General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ Wiredu, Kwasi (2005), Wiredu, Kwasi (ed.), “Introduction: African Philosophy in Our Time”, A Companion to African Philosophy (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–27, doi:10.1002/9780470997154.ch1, ISBN 978-0-631-20751-1, retrieved 14 September 2024
• ^ Jimoh, Anselm Kole (2017), Ukpokolo, Isaac E. (ed.), “An African Theory of Knowledge”, Themes, Issues and Problems in African Philosophy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 121–136, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40796-8_8, ISBN 978-3-319-40796-8, retrieved 28 November 2024
• ^ Bâ, Amadou (1981). “The living tradition”. General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ Isichei, Elizabeth (13 April 1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2.
• ^ Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (2018). Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations. Elsevier Science. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-12-804128-4. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
• ^ Kimbel, William H. and Yoel Rak and Donald C. Johanson. (2004) The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-515706-0.
• ^ Tudge, Colin. (2002) The Variety of Life., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2
• ^ Mokhtar, G. (1990) UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa, University of California Press. ISBN 0-85255-092-8.
• ^ Eyma, A. K. and C. J. Bennett. (2003) Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists’ Electronic Forum No. 1, Universal Publishers. p. 210. ISBN 1-58112-564-X.
• ^ Wells, Spencer (December 2002) The Journey of Man, Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. National Geographic.
• ^ Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Gates of Grief, Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. bradshawfoundation.com.
• ^ “15. Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea”. lpi.usra.edu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
• ^ Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). “Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
• ^ Derricourt, Robin (2005). “Getting “Out of Africa”: Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations” (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z. S2CID 28059849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
• ^ Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Routledge. pp. 2–20. ISBN 978-1-134-72354-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
• ^ Keenan, Jeremy (2013). The Sahara: Past, Present and Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97001-9. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
• ^ Mercier, Norbert; et al. (2012). “OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)”. Quaternary Geochronology. 10: 367–373. Bibcode:2012QuGeo..10..367M. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010.
• ^ “Sahara’s Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth’s Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks”, Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily.
• ^ Diamond, Jared. (1999) Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton, p. 167. ISBN 978-0813498027.
• ^ Jesse, Friederike (2010). “Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview”. Journal of African Archaeology. 8 (2): 219–238. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10171. JSTOR 43135518.
• ^ Simon Bradley, A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC, Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007.
• ^ Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018). “Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan”. Plants and People in the African Past. pp. 503–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22. ISBN 978-3-319-89838-4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Ehret, Christopher (2002). The civilizations of Africa : a history to 1800.
• ^ Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017). “Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group”. Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1086/693898. S2CID 149402650. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
• ^ “Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered”. Sci.News. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
• ^ “Katanda Bone Harpoon Point”. The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c O’Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0199746538
• ^ Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot, François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018). “The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes”. Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. Bibcode:2018CBio…28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. PMID 29983312. S2CID 51600014.
• ^ Murray, Shawn Sabrina (January 2004). “Searching for the Origins of African Rice Domestication”. Antiquity (78) – via researchgate.net.
• ^ Martin and O’Meara, “Africa, 3rd Ed.”, Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995.
• ^ Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
• ^ Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.
• ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Abu Bakr, Abdel (1981). “Pharoanic Egypt”. General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ Anderson, J. R. (2012). “Kerma”. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224. ISBN 9781444338386. She states, “To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract.”
• ^ Buzon, Michele (2011). “Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation”. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
• ^ “Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt’s Humiliating Secrets”. Daily Times. 29 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.
• ^ Elayi, Josette (2018). Sennacherib, King of Assyria. SBL Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-88414-318-5.
• ^ Riad, Henry (1981). “Egypt in the Hellenistic era”. General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ “We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts”. New Scientist. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
• ^ Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0313378577.
• ^ Dalal, Roshen (2011). The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. ISBN 978-1448847976.
• ^ Pankhurst, Richard K. P. Addis Tribune, “Let’s Look Across the Red Sea I“, January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy).
• ^ Eric Herbert Warmington, The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India, p. 187.
• ^ George Hatke, Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa, (New York University Press, 2013), pp. 44. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6.
• ^ “The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes”. Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
• ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C. p. 175.
• ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0748601066.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Warmington, Brian (1981). “The Carthaginian Period”. General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Mahjoubi, Ammar; Salama, Pierre (1981). “The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa”. General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
• ^ Duncan E. Miller and N. J. Van Der Merwe, ‘Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa’ Journal of African History 35 (1994), pp. 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N. J. Van Der Merwe, ‘Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa’ Current Anthropology 1968.
• ^ Collins & Burns (2007), pp. 79–80.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Holl, Augustine (1985). “Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 73–115. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4.
• ^ Anquandah, James (1995). The Kintampo Complex: a case study of early sedentism and food production in sub-Sahelian west Africa, pp. 255–259 in Shaw, Thurstan, Andah, Bassey W and Sinclair, Paul (1995). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11585-X.
• ^ Eggert, Manfred (2014). “Early iron in West and Central Africa”. In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.
• ^ “The Evolution of Ogieship or Kingship Institution in Edo Society and the Rise of Ogiso Igodo (About 40.B.C -16 A.D)”. Benin Kingdom. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.
• ^ Peavy, Daryl (2010). Kings, Magic, and Medicine. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0557183708.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Gestrich, Nikolas (2019). “Ghana Empire”. Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.
• ^ Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). “The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources”. History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.
• ^ Abbou, Tahar (August 2020). “The Origins of the Empire of Ghana” (PDF). Vitaminedz.com.
• ^ McIntosh, Susan (2008). “Reconceptualizing Early Ghana”. Canadian Journal of African Studies. 43 (2). Taylor and Francis: 347–373. JSTOR 40380172.
• ^ Posnansky, Merrick (1981). “The societies of Africa south of the Sahara in the Early Iron Age”. General History of Africa: Volume 2 (PDF). UNESCO. p. 729.
• ^ “The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
• ^ “Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana”. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
• ^ “5.2 Historischer Überblick”. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
• ^ “Mbuti, Twa, and Mbenga”. In Stokes (ed.) 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1
• ^ “The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People”. south-africa-tours-and-travel.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
• ^ Fage, John (23 October 2013). A History of Africa. Routledge. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1317797272. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Fanso, Verkijika G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges. Vol. 1. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-47121-0.
• ^ Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (1999). The Rough Guide to West Africa (3rd ed.). Rough Guides.
• ^ “Ikom Monoliths of Cross River State”. World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
• ^ Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005). A world history of art (7th ed.). London: Laurence King. ISBN 978-1856694513.
• ^ Meredith, Martin (20 January 2006). “The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
• ^ “Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
• ^ Glick, Thomas F. (2005). Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Brill Academic Publishers, p. 37. ISBN 978-9004147713.
• ^ “Mauritania – Arab Invasions”. countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
• ^ Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010). “Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
• ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge.
• ^ Historical survey: Slave societies. Archived 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica.
• ^ Swahili Coast Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic
• ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica’s Guide to Black History. Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica.
• ^ “Focus on the slave trade”. BBC News. 3 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
• ^ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6.
• ^ Rees Davies, “British Slaves on the Barbary Coast”. Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 1 July 2003.
• ^ Jo Loosemore, Sailing against slavery. Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.
• ^ “The West African Squadron and slave trade”. Pdavis.nl. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
• ^ Simon, Julian L. (1995) State of Humanity, Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 1-55786-585-X.
• ^ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). “From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940”. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664.
• ^ Hadaway, Stuart (2014). Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914–1916). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5808-0.
• ^ Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). “Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese”. The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. ISBN 9789982030069.
• ^ Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
• ^ Fokkens, Andries (2023). “The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume”. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (2): 382–421. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.
• ^ Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203.
• ^ Robinson, Gallagher & Denny 1961, p. 175.
• ^ Shillington 2005, p. 301.
• ^ Touval, Saadia (1967). “The Organization of African Unity and African Borders”. International Organization. 21 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR 2705705.
• ^ Bély, Lucien (2001). The History of France. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 118. ISBN 978-2-87747-563-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
• ^ Aryeetey, Ernest; Harrigan, Jane; Machiko, Nissanke (2000). Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage. Africa World Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86543-844-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
• ^ Lührmann, Anna; Grahn, Sandra; Morgan, Richard; Pillai, Shreeya; Lindberg, Staffan I. (18 August 2019). “State of the world 2018: democracy facing global challenges”. Democratization. 26 (6): 895–915. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980. ISSN 1351-0347.
• ^ “BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia”. BBC News. 6 April 2000. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
• ^ Robert G. Patman, The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa, 1990, ISBN 0-521-36022-6, pp. 295–296.
• ^ Steven Varnis, Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief, 1990, ISBN 0-88738-348-3, p. 38.
• ^ Woldemeskel, Getachew (1989). “The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia”. African Affairs. 88 (352): 359–374. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187. JSTOR 722691. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
• ^ Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). “Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
• ^ “Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study”. Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c Malia Politzer, “China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration”. Archived 29 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Migration Information Source. August 2008.
• ^ “GDP (Constant 2015 US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa | Data”. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
• ^ Onyishi, Augustine; Solomon, Ogbonna (2019). “The African Continental Free Trade Zone (AFCFTZ): Economic Tsunami Or Development Opportunities In Sub-Sahara Africa”. Journal of Development and Administrative Studies. (1): 133–149.
• ^ Jenny Aker, Isaac Mbiti, “Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa”. Archived 30 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine SSRN.
• ^ Frankema, Ewout; Van Waijenburg, Marlous (October 2018). “Africa rising? A historical perspective”. African Affairs. 117 (469): 543–568. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
• ^ “Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn”. Africa Renewal. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
• ^ Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) The Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
• ^ “Atlas – Xpeditions”. National Geographic Society. 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary (Index) (1998), Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
• ^ Lewin, Evans. (1924) Africa, Clarendon press.
• ^ Hoare, Ben. (2002) The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia, Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
• ^ “Somali Plate”. Ashten Sawitsky. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
• ^ Chu, D.; Gordon, R.G. (1999). “Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge”. Nature. 398 (6722): 64–67. Bibcode:1999Natur.398…64C. doi:10.1038/18014. S2CID 4403043.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08.” Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine African Studies Center Archived 31 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.
• ^ El Fadli, K. I.; et al. (September 2012). “World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS…94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by ‘Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
• ^ “World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive”. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
• ^ Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). “19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities”. In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
• ^ Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). “Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale”. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
• ^ “More Extreme Weather in Africa’s Future, Study Says”. The Weather Channel. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
• ^ United Nations, UNEP (2017). “Responding to climate change”. UNEP – UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
• ^ Boko, M. (2007). “Executive summary”. In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: Africa. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
• ^ IPCC (2018). “Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty”. IPCC. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
• ^ European Investment Bank (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
• ^ “Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa”. public.wmo.int. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
• ^ “Global warming: severe consequences for Africa”. Africa Renewal. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
• ^ Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN. Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008.
• ^ Forests and deforestation in Africa – the wasting of an immense resource. Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. afrol News.
• ^ World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). “Madagascar subhumid forests”. WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
• ^ “Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa” Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 11 June 2008.
• ^ “Types of Environmental Issues: Meaning, Pollution, Videos, Examples”. Toppr-guides. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
• ^ Obi, Cyril (2005). Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa: a political ecology of power and conflict. UN Research Institute for Social Development. OCLC 153316952.
• ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs. Paris: UNESCO. 2016. ISBN 978-92-3-100146-8.  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)”. The World Bank. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
• ^ Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002). “Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki”. ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
• ^ Kodjo, Tchioffo. “OAU Charter, Addis Ababa, 25 May 1963-African Union – Peace and Security Department”. African Union, Peace and Security Department.
• ^ Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). “War and the State in Africa”. International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. doi:10.2307/2538753. JSTOR 2538753. S2CID 153804691.
• ^ The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 7, “The forever wars“.
• ^ Sandbrook, Richard (1985). The Politics of Africa’s Economic Stagnation, Cambridge University Press. passim.
• ^ “Human Development Reports”. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2005.
• ^ “World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World”. World Bank. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
• ^ “The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
• ^ Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa’s potential in the global economy. Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Substantive session 28 June–23 July 2004), United Nations.
• ^ “Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa”. Globalpolitician.com. 19 December 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
• ^ “The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All”. Turkish Weekly. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
• ^ “Zambia’s looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa”. The Economist. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
• ^ Tausch, Arno (2018). “Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data” (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
• ^ “World Economic Outlook Database April 2024”. IMF. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
• ^ “World Bank Open Data”. World Bank Open Data.
• ^ “World Bank Open Data”. World Bank Open Data.
• ^ “World Bank Open Data”. World Bank Open Data.
• ^ “Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya”. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
• ^ “Africa: Developed Countries’ Leverage On the Continent. Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine“. AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008.
• ^ Africa, China’s new frontier. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 10 February 2008.
• ^ “DR Congo poll crucial for Africa”. BBC News. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
• ^ China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta. The Times. 13 October 2009 (subscription required). Archived 29 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• ^ The African Decade? Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.
• ^ “Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say”. Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily, 3 December 2010.
• ^ “An inside look at Kainji Dam”. 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
• ^ “Africa Population Dynamics”. overpopulation.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
• ^ Past and future population of Africa. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013).
• ^ Gladstone, Rick (29 July 2015). “India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
• ^ “What to do about Africa’s dangerous baby boom”. The Economist. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
• ^ “Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Sub-Saharan Africa”. The World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
• ^ “Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019”. The Lancet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
• ^ United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results (PDF). New York. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
• ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. PUQ. p. 204. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5.
• ^ Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine. Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 16 December 2004.
• ^ “Q&A: The Berbers”. BBC News. 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
• ^ Blench, Roger (2019). “The Linguistic Prehistory of the Sahara”. Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. pp. 431–463. doi:10.1017/9781108634311.014. ISBN 978-1-108-63431-1. S2CID 197854997.
• ^ “We Want Our Country” (3 of 10). Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time, 5 November 1965.
• ^ Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). Migration and development co-operation.. Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Council of Europe, p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
• ^ “Jungle Shipwreck”. Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time, 25 July 1960.
• ^ “Flight from Angola”. Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 16 August 1975.
• ^ Portugal – Emigration. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington, D. C.: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
• ^ Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: References survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
• ^ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups., Archived 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, CIA World Factbook.
• ^ “Africa”. World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: World Book, Incorporated. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7166-1289-6.
• ^ Naomi Schwarz, “Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce”, Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Maddison (27 July 2016). “Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Africa Population (LIVE)”. worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects”. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
• ^ “World Population Day: July 11, 2018”. United States Census Bureau. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
• ^ Cilluffo, Anthony; Ruiz, Neil G. (17 June 2019). “World’s population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
• ^ “African Religion on the Internet”. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006.
• ^ Onishi, Normitsu (1 November 2001). “Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere”. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
• ^ “Algeria”, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 April 2024, archived from the original on 4 January 2021, retrieved 16 April 2024.
• ^ Center, Pew Research (8 November 2017). “Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century”. Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
• ^ “Africa”. UNESCO. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
• ^ Wolff, Ekkehard. Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as ‘Nilo-Saharan’. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–381. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
• ^ Güldemann, Tom (29 August 2014). Beyond ‘Khoisan’: Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin. pp. 1–40. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
• ^ “Khoisan Languages”. The Language Gulper. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
• ^ Oluwole, Victor (12 September 2021). “A comprehensive list of all the English-speaking countries in Africa”. Business Insider Africa. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
• ^ Stein-Smith, Kathleen (17 March 2022). “Africa and the French language are growing together in global importance”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
• ^ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. “How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken?”. Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
• ^ Kofi-Tsekpo, Mawuli (11 February 2005). “Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa”. African Journal of Health Sciences. 11 (1): i–ii. doi:10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772. PMID 17298111.
• ^ Dunlop, David W. (November 1975). “Alternatives to ‘modern’ health delivery systems in Africa: Public policy issues of traditional health systems”. Social Science & Medicine. 9 (11–12): 581–586. doi:10.1016/0037-7856(75)90171-7. PMID 817397.
• ^ “World Population by continents and countries – Nations Online Project”. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
• ^ “”Global Fact Sheet”, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, 20 November 2012″ (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
• ^ “UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012” (PDF). Retrieved 13 May 2013.
• ^ Stearns PN (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 556.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Pearsonhighered.com” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015.
• ^ Freeborn, Odiboh (2005). “The Crisis of Appropriating Identity for African Art and Artists: The Abayomi Barber School Responsorial Paradigm”. Gefame. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Fraser, Douglas; Cole, Herbert M. (2004). African Art and Leadership. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-299-05824-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
• ^ Okeke-Agulu, Chika (2015). Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria. Duke University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8223-7630-9. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
• ^ Gikandi, Simon (2000). “African literature and the colonial factor”. The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature. pp. 379–397. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521832755.021. ISBN 978-1-139-05463-8.
• ^ Chikowero, Mhoze (2015). African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe. Indiana University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0253018090. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
• ^ “Africa”. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
• ^ Suzanne Blier: “Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction”, A History of Art in Africa, pp. 15–19
• ^ Ross, Emma George (October 2002). “African Christianity in Ethiopia”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• ^ Kino, Carol (26 October 2012). “When Artifact ‘Became’ Art”. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
• ^ Breunig, Peter (2014), Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag, ISBN 978-3-937248-46-2.
• ^ Mitchell, Peter and Lane, Paul (2013) The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 0191626147
• ^ Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). “A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa”. Science. 334 (6053): 219–222. Bibcode:2011Sci…334..219H. doi:10.1126/science.1211535. PMID 21998386. S2CID 40455940.
• ^ McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). “The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior”. Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (5): 453–563. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435. PMID 11102266.
• ^ Honour & Fleming, 557
• ^ Murrell, Denise. “African Influences in Modern Art”, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 2008. Retrieved on 31 January 2013.
• ^ Mark, Peter (1999). “Is There Such a Thing as African Art?”. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. 58 (1/2): 7–15. doi:10.2307/3774788. JSTOR 3774788.
• ^ Honour & Fleming, 556–561
• ^ Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2613-3.
• ^ Hayward, Susan. “Third World Cinemas: African Continent” in Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Collins, Professor John (2002). “African Popular Music”. University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
• ^ “Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music”. CBMR. Columbia University. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
• ^ Klah Mensah, Robert (24 April 2019). “Ghana Celebrates World Dance Day With Azonto Afrodance”. Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
• ^ Kawalik, Tracy (23 January 2023). “Get to know the pioneers at the forefront of Nigeria’s Afro Dance scene”. Redbull. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
• ^ Malekmian, Shamim (3 May 2023). “In the north-inner city, two dancers gear up for a new Afro dance camp”. Dublin Inquirer. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
• ^ Cyusa, Alexandre (26 July 2023). “Think Global; Act Local: The All-Star Afro Dancers”. Fargo Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
• ^ Moss-McNeill, Greg (22 March 2022). “Shadwell dancer Patience J on taking Afro-dance into the mainstream”. East London Advertiser. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
• ^ Malone 1996, p. 9.
• ^ Welsh-Asante 2009, p. 28.
• ^ Welsh-Asante 2009, p. 35.
• ^ “Getting to know Africa’s flashy basketball arenas”. FIBA. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
• ^ Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). “Basketball’s next frontier is Africa”. New Frame. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
• ^ “RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa”. Rugby World Cup 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
• ^ Cora, Burnett (2018). “Traditional sports and games in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa”. Sport in the African World. Routledge. pp. 121–145. doi:10.4324/9781351212755-8. ISBN 978-1-351-21275-5.
• ^ Keim, Marion; Coning, Christo de (26 March 2014). Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. ISBN 978-1-920689-20-9.
• ^ “IDB: Countries Ranked by Population”. 28 November 1999. Archived from the original on 28 November 1999.