China vs. Taiwan: Key Facts Explained Simply

Er Mukesh Singh

China views Taiwan as a breakaway province that will eventually be reunited with the mainland, potentially by force if necessary. Beijing has maintained that reunification is inevitable. However, Taiwan sees itself as a separate entity with its own constitution and democratically-elected government, asserting its independence from China.

Despite the political differences, Taiwan and China share strong economic ties, with China being Taiwan’s largest trading partner. Many people in Taiwan have personal and business connections across the Taiwan Strait. However, public sentiment in Taiwan has evolved over time. Surveys show an increasing number of Taiwanese people identify primarily as Taiwanese, rather than Chinese, signaling growing support for maintaining their distinct identity.

Has Taiwan always been separate from China?

Taiwan, located about 100 miles off the southeast coast of China, has been home to various indigenous tribes for centuries. Historical records indicate that the island first came under full control of a Chinese empire in the 17th century. After the Qing Empire lost the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Taiwan became a Japanese colony.

Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, Taiwan was handed over to China. However, by this time, a nationalist government led by General Chiang Kai-shek was in power in China. This period coincided with a long-standing civil war between Chiang’s forces and Mao Zedong’s Communist Party. When the communists emerged victorious in 1949, Chiang and the remnants of the nationalist party, the Kuomintang (KMT), retreated to Taiwan. There, they established a government and continued to refer to the island as the Republic of China, a title that Taiwan still uses today.

The Chinese Communist Party uses historical claims to assert Taiwan as part of China. However, Taiwan’s supporters argue that the island was never a part of the modern Chinese state formed after the 1911 revolution or the People’s Republic of China established in 1949 under Mao Zedong.

Currently, only 12 countries, in addition to the Vatican, officially recognize Taiwan. A pivotal moment came in 1979 when the United States switched its diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, marking a significant shift in international relations. Since then, a wealthier and more powerful China has pressured countries to avoid recognizing Taiwan or offering it support.

Despite this, the United States remains Taiwan’s strongest ally, supplying arms to the island and vowing to assist in the event of a Chinese attack, maintaining a delicate balance in its support for Taiwan’s self-governance.

Can Taiwan defend itself?

China has repeatedly emphasized its goal of “peaceful reunification” with Taiwan, seeking to win over the island’s population through soft power, including CCP-sponsored messaging that portrays unification in a positive light. However, Beijing has also used threats to achieve this objective. President Xi Jinping has insisted that reunification must happen, and there are reports suggesting he may have set a timeline for this goal.

In a military conflict, China’s armed forces would significantly outweigh those of Taiwan, creating a stark disparity in military capabilities. While Taiwan has made efforts to bolster its defenses, the imbalance in military strength raises concerns about the potential for conflict, should tensions escalate further.

China is the second-largest spender on defense globally, following the United States, and possesses a vast range of military capabilities, including naval power, missile technology, advanced aircraft, and cyber warfare capabilities. These advantages would likely give China a significant upper hand in any military confrontation with Taiwan.

Experts suggest that Taiwan’s best strategy would be to slow down a Chinese assault, prevent an amphibious landing, and engage in guerrilla tactics while awaiting potential external support. That external help could come from the United States, which has historically been Taiwan’s strongest ally.

However, for decades, the U.S. has navigated a delicate diplomatic balance between Beijing and Taipei, maintaining ambiguity about whether or how it would defend Taiwan in the event of an attack. This strategic ambiguity is part of Washington’s approach to avoid escalating tensions with China. Over the years, U.S.-China relations have deteriorated, with Beijing accusing Washington of undermining the “One-China” policy, which recognizes only the government in Beijing as legitimate. The U.S. maintains that its position has not changed, insisting that the status quo remains in place.

What is the strategic importance of Taiwan?

Taiwan is strategically positioned in the “first island chain,” a series of U.S.-friendly territories that are vital to Washington’s foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region. This chain includes islands and territories such as Japan, the Philippines, and Guam, all of which serve as key military and economic allies to the United States.

China’s growing assertiveness in the South China Sea, where it has made territorial claims and engaged in military expansion, has further heightened Taiwan’s importance in U.S. strategic calculations. Taiwan’s location is seen as critical to the U.S. maintaining its influence and presence in the Indo-Pacific, as it helps to counterbalance China’s growing military reach and ambitions in the region. As a result, Taiwan has become an increasingly focal point in the geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and China.

Taiwan’s economy plays a crucial role in global technology and industry. The island is a major hub for semiconductor manufacturing, with the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) dominating the global market. TSMC controls over half of the world’s supply of advanced computer chips, which power everything from smartphones to electric cars and countless other electronic devices. The economic significance of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry means that its control would provide China with immense leverage over a critical component of the global supply chain.

If China were to take control of Taiwan, it could not only strengthen its regional influence but also control an industry that drives the modern global economy. This would enhance China’s ability to challenge the United States in technological and military spheres, as Taiwan’s position is vital to both economic and strategic calculations.

Despite these geopolitical concerns, China maintains that its intentions towards Taiwan are peaceful. It accuses the U.S. of encircling China with military bases that stretch from Australia in the south to Japan in the north, suggesting that the growing U.S. military presence in the region is provocative and part of an effort to contain China’s rise. Beijing argues that Taiwan’s status is an internal issue and that any foreign interference undermines Chinese sovereignty.

COURTESY: Miki Rai

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