Keep your dogs warm and cozy this winter with these expert tips on clothing, diet, and care.

Winter’s cold makes us huddle and tremble, snuggling in blankets and cozy woolen clothes. But what about your dogs? Just like humans, dogs feel the winter chill and need to be protected. By providing them with the right care and warmth, you can ensure they stay healthy and happy throughout the season. In an interview with HT, Dr. Deepak Saraswat, Head Vet at Zigly, elaborates on the essential winter care for dogs.

1. Winter Apparel for Dogs

Just as we wear warm clothing to protect ourselves from the cold, dogs too need protection against winter’s chill. Small or short-haired breeds, in particular, are more susceptible to the cold and may need a cozy sweater or coat when venturing outdoors. Dr. Saraswat recommends choosing warm, breathable materials that won’t restrict their movement. A well-fitted jacket will not only keep them warm but also prevent discomfort from the cold air and wet ground.

2. Diet and Hydration

Maintaining a healthy diet and hydration is crucial during winter. While your dog might not be as active in colder months, they still require proper nutrition to keep their energy levels up and their body warm. Dr. Saraswat advises feeding dogs a balanced diet with adequate protein and healthy fats, which help to regulate body temperature. Don’t forget to ensure they always have access to fresh water, as hydration is just as important in winter as it is in the summer.

3. Regular Exercise

Although it’s tempting to stay indoors, exercise is still important for your dog’s overall health and well-being. Dr. Saraswat suggests adjusting the exercise routine to accommodate the weather—keeping walks shorter but more frequent. For older or smaller dogs, avoid long periods outside in freezing temperatures, as they can be more susceptible to frostbite or hypothermia.

4. Protect Their Paws

Snow, ice, and salt can damage your dog’s paws, leading to discomfort or injury. Dr. Saraswat recommends checking your dog’s paws regularly for any cracks or irritation. Consider applying paw balm to protect their feet or using dog booties for outdoor walks. If your dog isn’t fond of wearing booties, be sure to clean their paws after every walk to remove any salt, ice, or debris that could cause harm.

5. Maintain a Comfortable Sleeping Environment

During the winter months, make sure your dog has a warm and comfortable place to sleep. Create a cozy spot in your home away from drafts, and ensure their bedding is warm and dry. Dr. Saraswat also advises adjusting the temperature in their sleeping area to keep them comfortable through the night, as colder indoor environments can also affect their health.

6. Regular Health Checkups

Winter can sometimes exacerbate underlying health conditions such as arthritis, especially in older dogs. Dr. Saraswat recommends scheduling a regular vet checkup to ensure your dog is in good health. Keeping a close eye on their joints, coat condition, and overall behavior will help catch any issues early, allowing for timely treatment.

7. Watch for Winter Hazards

During winter, it’s essential to be cautious of certain winter hazards like frozen lakes, snow piles, or icy patches where your dog could slip and hurt themselves. Always supervise your dog when they’re outdoors, and be mindful of any changes in behavior, such as reluctance to walk or signs of discomfort, which may indicate they’re too cold.

By following these simple yet essential winter care tips, you can ensure that your dog stays safe, warm, and healthy throughout the season. Dr. Saraswat emphasizes the importance of watching for any signs of distress and adjusting your dog’s care routine as needed, ensuring they enjoy winter just as much as you do.

Winter Apparel

Winter clothes keep dogs warm and comfortable, protecting them from the biting winter cold, whether at home or while going out for a walk. Dr. Deepak Saraswat emphasized that materials like fleece, wool blends, or thermal cotton are ideal for dog sweaters as they provide warmth, insulation, and comfort. These materials trap heat close to the body, keeping dogs cozy even in freezing temperatures. For dogs with sensitive skin, hypoallergenic fabrics such as bamboo blends are a great alternative, as they are gentle on the skin while offering warmth and protection from the cold.

When selecting winter apparel for your dog, it’s essential to ensure a proper fit—too tight and it can restrict movement; too loose, and it won’t provide effective warmth. Additionally, consider getting jackets with water-resistant outer layers to protect against snow and rain, as wet conditions can quickly lead to discomfort or health issues like hypothermia. By choosing the right materials and ensuring a good fit, your dog will be ready to brave the winter weather in comfort and style.

Dr. Saraswat also recommended dog boots for winter walks, highlighting their importance in protecting paws from frostbite, salt, and de-icing chemicals. He advised opting for waterproof, insulated boots with anti-slip soles to provide traction and prevent slipping on icy surfaces. Adjustable straps are essential to ensure a secure fit and keep the boots in place during walks. It’s important to introduce the boots gradually indoors to allow your dog to get used to the new sensation and prevent irritation or discomfort. By taking these precautions, you can help your dog stay safe and comfortable during winter outings.

When it comes to coats, Dr. Saraswat explained that small or short-haired breeds, such as Chihuahuas or Dachshunds, often require full-body coats for extra warmth during the winter. These breeds have less natural insulation and are more vulnerable to the cold, so a snug, full-body coat can help keep them warm. In contrast, double-coated breeds like Huskies are better equipped to handle cold temperatures due to their thick fur. However, even for these breeds, waterproof raincoats are beneficial, particularly in snowy or slushy conditions, as they help keep their fur dry and prevent them from getting too cold or wet. The right coat ensures your dog stays comfortable and protected, regardless of their breed or coat type.

Bedding and blanket

For chilly winter nights, providing warm bedding and blankets is essential to keep your dog comfortable and well-protected. Dr. Saraswat emphasized that a cozy, insulated bed can help regulate your dog’s body temperature, allowing them to rest peacefully without feeling the cold. Soft, warm blankets can also provide an extra layer of comfort, ensuring they stay snug throughout the night. Choosing a bed with raised edges or a thermal liner will add additional warmth and support, making it easier for your dog to sleep soundly through the winter chill.

Dr. Deepak Saraswat advised selecting thickly padded dog beds with memory foam or orthopedic features to provide optimal warmth and comfort for your dog during the winter months. “Beds with raised edges are particularly useful for retaining heat,” he added. These beds help maintain your dog’s body temperature by providing extra insulation and support, especially for older dogs or those with joint issues. A well-chosen bed ensures that your dog stays cozy and rested, improving their overall well-being during the colder season.

He further explained, “Place the bed away from drafts, doors, or windows, and avoid putting it too close to heaters to prevent overheating or burns. Position the bed in a warm yet safe area for the dog’s comfort.” This ensures your dog can enjoy the perfect balance of warmth and safety, avoiding the discomfort of cold air or the potential risks of direct heat sources. A well-placed bed in a calm, sheltered area provides an ideal retreat for your dog to relax and stay comfortable throughout the winter.

When it comes to blanket material, Dr. Saraswat suggested blankets made from fleece, sherpa, or wool. These materials are ideal for winter as they are lightweight, cozy, and excellent at trapping warmth. By carefully selecting and positioning your dog’s bedding and blankets, you can ensure they sleep comfortably on winter nights. These soft and insulating fabrics provide a snug environment, allowing your dog to rest peacefully and stay warm even on the coldest evenings.

Diet

Much like how we adjust our diets in winter to boost immunity and stay healthy, dogs too need dietary modifications to cope with the colder months. Dr. Deepak Saraswat recommended including foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon oil or flaxseed, to help keep your dog’s skin healthy and coat shiny. Additionally, antioxidants like carrots and blueberries can help boost your dog’s immune system. Dr. Saraswat emphasized that foods high in Vitamin E and C, such as sweet potatoes and spinach, also contribute to strengthening the immune system and keeping your dog healthy throughout the winter.

Dr. Deepak Saraswat also emphasized the importance of tailoring your dog’s diet based on their breed size. He explained, “Small breeds often require higher-calorie diets in winter due to their fast metabolism, helping them maintain energy and warmth. On the other hand, large breeds can benefit from glucosamine-rich foods to support their joints, as colder weather can put extra strain on their joints and bones.” By adjusting the diet to meet the specific needs of your dog’s size and breed, you can ensure they remain healthy, comfortable, and well-nourished during the winter months.

Furthermore, to keep dogs hydrated during the winter, Dr. Deepak Saraswat advised, “Offer lukewarm water and incorporate moisture-rich foods like wet food or broths into their meals.” This is especially important during colder months, as dogs may be less inclined to drink cold water. Ensuring they stay hydrated helps maintain their overall health, boosts their energy levels, and supports proper digestion and skin health throughout the winter.

Fur care and grooming

Dr. Saraswat also highlighted the grooming essentials during winter, which are crucial to ensure your dog’s comfort and health:

Paw Care: Clean your dog’s paws after every walk with a warm, damp cloth to remove salt, de-icing chemicals, and debris that may be stuck to their paws. Additionally, apply a paw balm to prevent cracks and dryness, which can occur due to the cold and harsh conditions.

Brushing: Regular brushing, about two to three times a week, is important in winter to remove dead hair and distribute natural oils that help with insulation. Depending on your dog’s breed, you should use tools like slicker brushes or undercoat rakes to manage their coat effectively.

Bathing: Use lukewarm water and moisturizing shampoos specifically designed for winter care. After bathing, it’s important to dry your pet thoroughly using a towel or a pet-safe dryer on a low heat setting, as damp fur can cause chills and discomfort.

COURTESY: Bhaiya Choudhary

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111. ^ “Pets Are Good For Us—But Not in the Ways We Think They Are”. National Geographic. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
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115. ^ Bos, E.H.; Snippe, E.; de Jonge, P.; Jeronimus, B.F. (2016). “Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources”. PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0150867. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150867B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150867. PMC 4786317. PMID 26963923.
116. ^ Asp, Karen (2005). “Volunteer Pets”. Prevention. 57 (4): 176–78. Retrieved 5 November 2006. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh
117. ^ Allen, Karen; Shykoff, Barbara E.; Izzo, Joseph L. Jr (1 October 2001). “Pet ownership, but not ace inhibitor therapy, blunts home blood pressure responses to mental stress”. Hypertension. 38 (4): 815–20. doi:10.1161/hyp.38.4.815. ISSN 0194-911X. PMID 11641292.
118. ^ Kingwell, Ba; Lomdahl, A; Anderson, Wp (October 2001). “Presence of a pet dog and human cardiovascular responses to mild mental stress”. Clinical Autonomic Research. 11 (5): 313–7. doi:10.1007/BF02332977. ISSN 0959-9851. PMID 11758798. S2CID 40206732.
119. ^ Wilson, Cc (October 1987). “Physiological responses of college students to a pet”. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 175 (10): 606–12. doi:10.1097/00005053-198710000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 3655768. S2CID 2188860.
120. ^ Koivusilta, Leena K.; Ojanlatva, A; Baune, Bernhard (2006). Baune, Bernhard (ed.). “To Have or Not To Have a Pet for Better Health?”. PLOS ONE. 1 (1): e109. Bibcode:2006PLoSO…1..109K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000109. PMC 1762431. PMID 17205113.
121. ^ Vormbrock, Jk; Grossberg, Jm (October 1988). “Cardiovascular effects of human–pet dog interactions”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 11 (5): 509–17. doi:10.1007/BF00844843. ISSN 0160-7715. PMID 3236382. S2CID 25544682.
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123. ^ Jodee (8 July 2010). “Want to Reduce Risk of Heart Disease? Get a Pet”. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
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157. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possession: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 48.
158. ^ Philo, Chris (1989). Animal Space, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations. Routledge. pp. 38–389.
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161. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possession: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 10.
162. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 104.
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166. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 104.
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209. ^ Jodee (8 July 2010). “Want to Reduce Risk of Heart Disease? Get a Pet”. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
210. ^ Friedmann E, Galik E, Thomas SA, Hall PS, Chung SY, McCune S. Evaluation of a Pet-Assisted Living Intervention for improving functional status in assisted living residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias.2015:30(3):276-289
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236. ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). “Origins of the dog: domestication and early history”. In Serpell, James (ed.). The domestic dog: its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-521-42537-7.
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258. References
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293. ^ Vormbrock, Jk; Grossberg, Jm (October 1988). “Cardiovascular effects of human–pet dog interactions”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 11 (5): 509–17. doi:10.1007/BF00844843. ISSN 0160-7715. PMID 3236382. S2CID 25544682.
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295. ^ Jodee (8 July 2010). “Want to Reduce Risk of Heart Disease? Get a Pet”. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
296. ^ Friedmann E, Galik E, Thomas SA, Hall PS, Chung SY, McCune S. Evaluation of a Pet-Assisted Living Intervention for improving functional status in assisted living residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias.2015:30(3):276-289
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301. ^ Bruck, Laura (1996). “Today’s Ancillaries, Part 2: Art, music and pet therapy”. Nursing Homes: Long-Term Care Management. 45 (7): 36. Retrieved 5 November 2006. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh.
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303. ^ Irvine, Leslie (2013). My Dog Always Eats First: Homeless People and Their Animals. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
304. ^ “In the Home, a Four-Legged Tripwire”. The New York Times. 27 March 2009.
305. ^ “Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125. European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals”. Council of Europe. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
306. ^ Garner, Robert. “A Defense of a Broad Animal Protectionism,” in Francione and Garner 2010, pp. 120–121.
307. ^ Francione, Gary Lawrence (1996). Rain without thunder: the ideology of the animal rights movement. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-461-1.
308. ^ Francione, Gary. Animals, Property, and the Law. Temple University Press, 1995.
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327. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possessions: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 6.
328. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 86.
329. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possession: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 48.
330. ^ Philo, Chris (1989). Animal Space, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations. Routledge. pp. 38–389.
331. ^ Philo, Chris (1989). Animal Space, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations. Routledge. p. 41.
332. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possession: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 55.
333. ^ Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possession: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 10.
334. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 104.
335. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 7–8.
336. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 98.
337. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 66.
338. ^ Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 104.
339. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, J. W. S.; Paul, E. S. (2010). “Could empathy for animals have been an adaptation in the evolution of Homo sapiens?” (PDF). Animal Welfare. 19 (S): 107–112. doi:10.1017/s096272860000230x. S2CID 55412536. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
340. ^ Jump up to:^a b Herzog, Hal (18 June 2010). “Are Humans the Only Animals That Keep Pets?”. Psychology Today. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
341. ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (30 October 2014). The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation. Routledge. pp. 16, 19. ISBN 978-1-317-59838-1.
342. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Salmon, Catherine; Shackelford, Todd K. (27 May 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Family Psychology. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-19-539669-0.
343. ^ Gray, Peter B.; Young, Sharon M. (1 March 2011). “Human–Pet Dynamics in Cross-Cultural Perspective”. Anthrozoös. 24 (1): 18, 27. doi:10.2752/175303711X12923300467285. ISSN 0892-7936. S2CID 144313567.
344. References
345. ^ “Position Statement on Ownership/Guardianship”. ASPCA. 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
346. ^ Jump up to:^a b Leslie, Be; Meek, Ah; Kawash, Gf; Mckeown, Db (April 1994). “An epidemiological investigation of pet ownership in Ontario” (Free full text). The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 35 (4): 218–22. ISSN 0008-5286. PMC 1686751. PMID 8076276.
347. ^ McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (1 August 2017). “Should we stop keeping pets? Why more and more ethicists say yes”. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
348. ^ Tang, Ailin; Bradsher, Keith (22 October 2018). “The Trade War’s Latest Casualties: China’s Coddled Cats and Dogs”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
349. ^ “China Pet population and ownership 2019 update”. China Pet Market. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
350. ^ “Main_Page45 milioni gli animali domestici in Italia: 150.000 ogni anno vengono abbandonati”. Il Messaggero. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013.
351. ^ “UK domestic cat and dog population larger than thought”. University of Bristol. 6 February 2010.
352. ^ “More cat owners ‘have degrees’ than dog-lovers”. BBC News. 6 February 2010.
353. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Animals in Healthcare Facilities: Recommendations to Minimize Potential Risks” (PDF). shea-online.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
354. ^ The Humane Society of the United States. “U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics”. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
355. ^ “U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook (2012)”. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
356. ^ Daniel Halper (1 February 2013). “Animal Planet: Pets Outnumber Children 4 to 1 in America”. The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
357. ^ Susan Hayes. “What are the most popular pets around the world?”. PetQuestions.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
358. ^ “Industry Statistics & Trends”. American Pet Product Association. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
359. ^ “Plants and Your Cat”. Cat Fanciers’ Association. Archived from the original on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
360. ^ Langston, Cathy E. (1 January 2002). “Acute Renal Failure Caused by Lily Ingestion in Six Cats”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 220 (1): 49–52, 36. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.49. PMID 12680447.
361. ^ “These plants can be poisonous to dogs”. Sunset Magazine. 12 July 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
362. ^ Klein, Jerry (10 December 2018). “Are Poinsettias Poisonous to Dogs?”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
363. ^ Neff, David (19 June 2023). “What Human Foods Can Birds Eat?”. BirdBonica. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
364. ^ “Overweight Dogs”. Pet Care. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Retrieved 17 October 2013.
365. ^ “Overweight Cats”. Pet Care. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Retrieved 17 October 2013.
366. ^ Zelman, Joanna (23 February 2011). “Pet Obesity: Over Half of U.S. Dogs And Cats Are Overweight, Study Says”. Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
367. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Pets are a kid’s best friend, right? Maybe not, study says”. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
368. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “The Health Benefits of Pets”. US Government National Institute of Health. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
369. ^ “Pets Are Good For Us—But Not in the Ways We Think They Are”. National Geographic. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
370. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Largest-Ever Study of Pets and Kids’ Health Finds No Link; Findings Dispute Widely Held Beliefs About Positive Effects of Pet Ownership”. RAND. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
371. ^ Jump up to:^a b Reiman, Steve. “Therapy Dogs in the Long-Term Health Care Environment” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
372. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Whiteley, Ellen H. (1986). “The Healing Power of Pets”. The Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 258, no. 7. pp. 2–102. Retrieved 5 November 2006. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh
373. ^ Bos, E.H.; Snippe, E.; de Jonge, P.; Jeronimus, B.F. (2016). “Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources”. PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0150867. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150867B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150867. PMC 4786317. PMID 26963923.
374. ^ Asp, Karen (2005). “Volunteer Pets”. Prevention. 57 (4): 176–78. Retrieved 5 November 2006. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh
375. ^ Allen, Karen; Shykoff, Barbara E.; Izzo, Joseph L. Jr (1 October 2001). “Pet ownership, but not ace inhibitor therapy, blunts home blood pressure responses to mental stress”. Hypertension. 38 (4): 815–20. doi:10.1161/hyp.38.4.815. ISSN 0194-911X. PMID 11641292.
376. ^ Kingwell, Ba; Lomdahl, A; Anderson, Wp (October 2001). “Presence of a pet dog and human cardiovascular responses to mild mental stress”. Clinical Autonomic Research. 11 (5): 313–7. doi:10.1007/BF02332977. ISSN 0959-9851. PMID 11758798. S2CID 40206732.
377. ^ Wilson, Cc (October 1987). “Physiological responses of college students to a pet”. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 175 (10): 606–12. doi:10.1097/00005053-198710000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 3655768. S2CID 2188860.
378. ^ Koivusilta, Leena K.; Ojanlatva, A; Baune, Bernhard (2006). Baune, Bernhard (ed.). “To Have or Not To Have a Pet for Better Health?”. PLOS ONE. 1 (1): e109. Bibcode:2006PLoSO…1..109K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000109. PMC 1762431. PMID 17205113.
379. ^ Vormbrock, Jk; Grossberg, Jm (October 1988). “Cardiovascular effects of human–pet dog interactions”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 11 (5): 509–17. doi:10.1007/BF00844843. ISSN 0160-7715. PMID 3236382. S2CID 25544682.
380. ^ Dembicki, D and Anderson, J. 1996. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. Volume 15 Issue 3, pages 15-31.
381. ^ Jodee (8 July 2010). “Want to Reduce Risk of Heart Disease? Get a Pet”. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
382. ^ Friedmann E, Galik E, Thomas SA, Hall PS, Chung SY, McCune S. Evaluation of a Pet-Assisted Living Intervention for improving functional status in assisted living residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias.2015:30(3):276-289
383. ^ Parslow, Ruth; Jorm, Anthony; Christensen, Helen; Rodgers, Bryan; Jacomb, Patricia (January–February 2005). “Pet Ownership and Health in Older Adults”. Gerontology. 40. 51 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1159/000081433. PMID 15591755. S2CID 21851049.
384. ^ Farlex. “The Free Dictionary By Farlex”. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
385. ^ Reinman, Steve. “Therapy Dogs in the Long-Term Health Care Environment” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
386. ^ Huculak, Chad (4 October 2006). “Super Furry Animals”. Edmonton: W7.. LexisNexis. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh. 5 November 2006.
387. ^ Bruck, Laura (1996). “Today’s Ancillaries, Part 2: Art, music and pet therapy”. Nursing Homes: Long-Term Care Management. 45 (7): 36. Retrieved 5 November 2006. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Polk Library, UW Oshkosh.
388. ^ Wood L, Martin K, Christian H, Nathan A, Lauritsen C, Houghton S, Kawachi I, McCune S. The pet factor – Companion animals as a conduit for getting to know people, friendship formation, and social support. PLoS One. 2015:10(4):e0122085
389. ^ Irvine, Leslie (2013). My Dog Always Eats First: Homeless People and Their Animals. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
390. ^ “In the Home, a Four-Legged Tripwire”. The New York Times. 27 March 2009.
391. ^ “Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125. European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals”. Council of Europe. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
392. ^ Garner, Robert. “A Defense of a Broad Animal Protectionism,” in Francione and Garner 2010, pp. 120–121.
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