Tokyo to Introduce 4-Day Workweek in April to Address Low Fertility Rates

Tokyo Government to Implement 4-Day Workweek to Address Low Fertility Rates

The Tokyo government has announced plans to introduce a four-day workweek for its employees starting in April. This initiative aims to tackle Japan’s historically low fertility rates by encouraging work-life balance and creating a more family-friendly environment.

By reducing the workweek, the government hopes to provide young families with more time to focus on childcare, parenting, and personal well-being. The policy also aligns with broader efforts to improve quality of life, reduce workplace stress, and support the nation’s declining population trend.

This bold move reflects Tokyo’s commitment to fostering a society that prioritizes family growth while maintaining productivity. It is expected to set an example for other regions in Japan and beyond to address similar demographic challenges.

Tokyo Governor Announces 3-Day Weekend Policy for Government Employees Starting April

Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike has revealed that the metropolitan government will implement a four-day workweek policy, allowing employees to take three days off each week starting in April.

This initiative aims to address Japan’s low fertility rates by promoting work-life balance and providing employees with more time for personal and family commitments. The policy is part of broader efforts to combat the nation’s declining population and support young families in balancing career and childcare responsibilities.

Governor Koike expressed hope that the new workweek structure would encourage a more sustainable and fulfilling lifestyle for workers, setting an example for other sectors to follow.

Tokyo Governor Highlights Flexible Work Policies to Support Careers Amid Life Events

In a policy speech at the fourth regular session of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, Governor Yuriko Koike emphasized the importance of flexibility in work styles to ensure that life events such as childbirth or childcare do not force individuals to abandon their careers.

“With flexibility, we will review work styles to ensure that no one has to give up their career due to life events like childbirth or childcare,” stated Governor Koike.

This initiative aligns with Tokyo’s new four-day workweek policy for metropolitan government employees, set to begin in April. The move aims to create a supportive environment for working families, enhance work-life balance, and address Japan’s historically low fertility rates.

Tokyo’s 4-Day Workweek Targets Fertility Crisis Amid Declining Birth Rates

As Japan faces an all-time low fertility rate, the Tokyo government is implementing a four-day workweek policy for metropolitan employees to encourage couples to start families. The initiative aims to provide young families with the time and flexibility needed to balance career and parenting.

According to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan’s fertility rate dropped to a predicted 1.2 children per woman last year—far below the 2.1 required for population stability. Despite intensified governmental efforts to promote family growth, the declining birth rate remains a significant concern.

Tokyo’s move to adopt family-friendly policies highlights the urgent need for structural changes to support parents and reverse the demographic crisis.

Tokyo Introduces Policy for Early Work Departure to Support Parents

Governor Yuriko Koike has unveiled an additional policy aimed at assisting parents of primary school-aged children. Under this initiative, parents will have the option to exchange a portion of their salary for the opportunity to leave work early, allowing them more time to care for their children.

This measure is part of Tokyo’s broader efforts to address Japan’s declining birth rate and promote work-life balance. By providing greater flexibility to working parents, the policy seeks to reduce the pressures of balancing career and family responsibilities, encouraging more people to consider parenthood.

Combined with the upcoming four-day workweek policy, these initiatives reflect the Tokyo government’s commitment to fostering a family-friendly workplace culture.

Governor Koike Pledges Action to Support Lives and Economy Amid Challenges

“In these difficult times for the country, Tokyo must take the initiative to safeguard and improve the lives, livelihoods, and economy of our people,” stated Governor Yuriko Koike during her policy speech.

Her remarks highlight Tokyo’s proactive approach to addressing Japan’s pressing demographic and economic challenges. The implementation of family-friendly policies, including a four-day workweek and flexible working hours for parents, underscores the metropolitan government’s commitment to fostering a supportive environment for residents.

Governor Koike’s vision reflects a broader strategy to ensure long-term social and economic stability while enhancing the quality of life for Tokyo’s citizens.

Tokyo Targets Work Culture Reform Amid Record Low Birth Rates in Japan

Japan recorded only 727,277 births last year, according to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, marking another alarming low in the country’s declining population trend. Experts suggest that Japan’s culture of overtime labor, which often forces women to choose between careers and parenthood, significantly contributes to this crisis.

In response, the Tokyo government is introducing progressive policies, such as a four-day workweek and flexible working arrangements for parents. These measures aim to reform workplace culture, promote work-life balance, and encourage young couples to start families.

Governor Yuriko Koike’s initiatives underscore the urgency of addressing systemic challenges to reverse the declining birth rate and support Japan’s economic and social stability.

Japan’s Gender Disparity in Workforce Participation Highlights Need for Reform

According to the World Bank, Japan’s gender disparity in labor force participation remains significant, with 72% of men and only 55% of women in the workforce last year. This gap is notably higher than in other high-income countries, reflecting ongoing challenges for women in balancing career and family responsibilities.

The Tokyo government’s new policies, including the four-day workweek and flexible work options for parents, aim to address these gender imbalances by creating a more inclusive and supportive work environment. These initiatives seek to empower women to stay in the workforce while managing family responsibilities, ultimately contributing to a more balanced and sustainable society.

Governor Yuriko Koike’s efforts reflect a broader push to close the gender gap and foster equality in Japan’s labor market.

Tokyo’s Four-Day Workweek Aims to Support Working Parents and Gender Equality

The Tokyo government’s new four-day workweek policy is designed to offer government employees, particularly working parents, more time to spend with their families. The initiative aims to help parents, especially women, strike a better balance between their professional and childcare responsibilities.

In addition to the shorter workweek, the policy introduces a mechanism that allows parents of young children to reduce their working hours by up to two hours each day. This added flexibility is expected to ease the challenges parents face in managing both their careers and family life, encouraging greater participation in the workforce while supporting family growth.

Governor Yuriko Koike’s measures reflect a broader strategy to create a more inclusive, family-friendly work culture, addressing Japan’s demographic challenges and gender disparities in the labor market.

Tokyo to Offer Fridays Off for Over 160,000 Metropolitan Government Workers

Starting in April, more than 160,000 workers of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government will benefit from a new arrangement that gives them Fridays off, as part of the city’s four-day workweek initiative.

This move aims to provide government employees with more time to spend with their families, particularly supporting working parents in balancing their careers and childcare responsibilities. By introducing this policy, the Tokyo government hopes to promote work-life balance, address the country’s declining fertility rate, and reduce gender disparities in the workforce.

The initiative is part of a broader effort to create a more family-friendly and inclusive work culture while tackling Japan’s demographic challenges.

Businesses Join Global Four-Day Workweek Trial, Paving the Way for Wider Adoption

Several businesses in Japan participated in a four-day workweek pilot program in 2022, as part of a global trial series organized by the NGO 4 Day Week Global. The trial aimed to explore the benefits and challenges of reducing the workweek to four days while maintaining productivity and employee well-being.

The success of these trials has sparked interest among organizations worldwide, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which is now set to implement its own four-day workweek policy. This shift is part of broader efforts to promote work-life balance, support working parents, and address Japan’s low fertility rates.

The global trial has provided valuable insights into the potential of a shorter workweek, with early results showing improvements in employee satisfaction and productivity.

Over 90% of Employees in Four-Day Workweek Trial Want to Keep the Schedule

In a global trial organized by the NGO 4 Day Week Global, over 90% of employees who participated expressed a strong desire to continue working four days a week. Participants reported significant improvements in their happiness, work-life balance, and both physical and mental health.

These positive results have encouraged businesses and governments, including Tokyo, to explore the benefits of a four-day workweek. The trial’s success has highlighted the potential of shorter workweeks to boost employee well-being and productivity, paving the way for broader adoption of this progressive work model.

Four-Day Workweek Trial Shows Dramatic Reduction in Work-Family Conflict and Stress

Employees who participated in the global four-day workweek trial reported significant reductions in work-family conflict, burnout, stress, and fatigue. On average, participants rated their experience an impressive 9.1 out of 10.

The trial highlighted the positive impact of a shorter workweek on overall well-being, with many workers citing improvements in their mental and physical health, as well as enhanced work-life balance. These encouraging results have led to growing support for the four-day workweek model, which is now being considered by organizations and governments worldwide, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

COURTESY: AnewZ

References

1. ^ Lewallen, Ann-Elise (November 1, 2008). “Indigenous at last! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir”. The Asia Pacific Journal (Japan Focus). No. 11. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023.
2. ^ Martin, Kylie (2011). “Aynu itak: On the Road to Ainu Language Revitalization” (PDF). Media and Communication Studies メディア·コミュニケーション研究. 60: 57–93. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2015.
3. ^ “Surface water and surface water change”. OECD. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b 令和元年全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 (10月1日時点) [Reiwa 1 nationwide area survey by prefectures and municipalities (as of October 1)] (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. December 26, 2019. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020.
5. ^ “Population estimates by age (five-year groups) and sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
6. ^ “2020 Population Census: population by sex, age (single years), month of birth and all nationality or Japanese”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Japan)”. www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
8. ^ “Inequality – Income inequality”. OECD. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
9. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/2024” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
10. ^ “Official Names of Member States (UNTERM)” (PDF). UN Protocol and Liaison Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Schreiber, Mark (November 26, 2019). “You say ‘Nihon’, I say ‘Nippon’, or let’s call the whole thing ‘Japan’?”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b Carr, Michael (March 1992). “Wa Wa Lexicography”. International Journal of Lexicography. 5 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1093/ijl/5.1.1.
13. ^ Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The Emergence of Japanese Kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-8047-2832-4.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b Batchelor, Robert K. (2014). London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689. University of Chicago Press. pp. 76, 79. ISBN 978-0-226-08079-6.
15. ^ Hoffman, Michael (July 27, 2008). “Cipangu’s landlocked isles”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018.
16. ^ Lach, Donald (2010). Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. I. University of Chicago Press. p. 157.
17. ^ Mancall, Peter C. (2006). “Of the Ilande of Giapan, 1565”. Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: an anthology. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–157.
18. ^ Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). “Geology and Quaternary environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, central Japan”. Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012.
19. ^ Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.
20. ^ “Jōmon Culture (ca. 10,500–ca. 300 B.C.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
21. ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 4, 2011). “Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018.
22. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017). “Origins of the Japanese Language”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b Watanabe, Yusuke; Naka, Izumi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Sawai, Hiromi; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun (June 17, 2019). “Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period”. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z.
24. ^ “Road of rice plant”. National Science Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
25. ^ “Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
26. ^ “Yayoi Culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
27. ^ Hendry, Joy (2012). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-27918-8.
28. ^ Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149, 275. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
29. ^ Beasley, William Gerald (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-22560-2.
30. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
31. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 57, 68. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
32. ^ Jump up to:^a b Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
33. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 64–79. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
34. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Of Courtiers and Warriors: Early and Medieval History (710–1600)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–52. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
35. ^ Hays, J.N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
36. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 79–87, 122–123. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
37. ^ Leibo, Steven A. (2015). East and Southeast Asia 2015–2016. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-4758-1875-8.
38. ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 616.
39. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 106–112. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
40. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-231-15730-8.
41. ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 42, 217. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
42. ^ Lidin, Olof (2005). Tanegashima. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-47957-2.
43. ^ Brown, Delmer (May 1948). “The impact of firearms on Japanese warfare, 1543–98”. The Far Eastern Quarterly. 7 (3): 236–253. doi:10.2307/2048846.
44. ^ “Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1603)”. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
45. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2011). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84603-960-7.
46. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Closed Country: the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–74. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
47. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
48. ^ Toby, Ronald P. (1977). “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”. Journal of Japanese Studies. 3 (2): 323–363. doi:10.2307/132115. JSTOR 132115.
49. ^ Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Hurst & Company. pp. 58ff. ISBN 978-1-85065-538-1.
50. ^ Ohtsu, M.; Imanari, Tomio (1999). “Japanese National Values and Confucianism”. Japanese Economy. 27 (2): 45–59. doi:10.2753/JES1097-203X270245.
51. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 289–296. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
52. ^ Jump up to:^a b Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Building a Modern Nation: the Meiji Period (1868–1912)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 75–107. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
53. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
54. ^ Baran, Paul (1962). The Political Economy of Growth. Monthly Review Press. p. 160.
55. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 312–314. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
56. ^ Matsusaka, Y. Tak (2009). “The Japanese Empire”. In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). Companion to Japanese History. Blackwell. pp. 224–241. ISBN 978-1-4051-1690-9.
57. ^ Yi Wei (October 15, 2019). “Japanese Colonial Ideology In Korea (1905–1945)”. The Yale Review of International Studies.
58. ^ Hiroshi, Shimizu; Hitoshi, Hirakawa (1999). Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan’s economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-19236-1.
59. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Excesses of Ambition: the Pacific War and its Lead-Up”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108–141. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
60. ^ Tsuzuki, Chushichi (2011). “Taisho Democracy and the First World War”. The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-820589-0.
61. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ramesh, S (2020). “The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy”. China’s Economic Rise. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173–209. ISBN 978-3-030-49811-5.
62. ^ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 20.
63. ^ Weber, Torsten (2018). Embracing ‘Asia’ in China and Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268.
64. ^ Young, Louise (2024). “The Breakdown in Democracy in 1930s Japan”. When Democracy Breaks. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–141. ISBN 0-19-776078-3.
65. ^ “The Japanese Nation: It has a history of feudalism, nationalism, war and now defeat”. LIFE. Vol. 19, no. 12. September 17, 1945. pp. 109–111.
66. ^ Paine, S. C. M. (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–125. ISBN 978-1-139-56087-0.
67. ^ Worth, Roland H. Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. pp. 56, 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-0141-3.
68. ^ Bailey, Beth; Farber, David (2019). “Introduction: December 7/8, 1941”. Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History. University Press of Kansas. pp. 1–8.
69. ^ Yōko, Hayashi (1999–2000). “Issues Surrounding the Wartime “Comfort Women””. Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 11/12 (Special Issue): 54–65. JSTOR 42800182.
70. ^ Pape, Robert A. (1993). “Why Japan Surrendered”. International Security. 18 (2): 154–201. doi:10.2307/2539100.
71. ^ Watt, Lori (2010). When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-674-05598-8.
72. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “A Phoenix from the Ashes: Postwar Successes and Beyond”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142–180. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
73. ^ Frank, Richard (August 26, 2020). “The Fate of Emperor Hirohito”. The National WWII Museum. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024.
74. ^ Coleman, Joseph (March 6, 2007). “’52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
75. ^ Saxonhouse, Gary; Stern, Robert (2003). “The bubble and the lost decade”. The World Economy. 26 (3): 267–281. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00522. hdl:2027.42/71597.
76. ^ Jump up to:^a b Fackler, Martin; Drew, Kevin (March 11, 2011). “Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022.
77. ^ “Japan’s emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication”. Nikkei Asian Review. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020.
78. ^ McCurry, Justin (February 16, 2023). “Japan sees its number of islands double after recount”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023.
79. ^ “Water Supply in Japan”. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
80. ^ Iwashita, Akihiro (2011). “An Invitation to Japan’s Borderlands: At the Geopolitical Edge of the Eurasian Continent”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 279–282. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686969.
81. ^ Kuwahara, Sueo (2012). “The development of small islands in Japan: An historical perspective”. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. 1 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.imic.2012.04.004.
82. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
83. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “World Factbook: Japan”. CIA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
84. ^ Yamada, Yoshihiko (2011). “Japan’s New National Border Strategy and Maritime Security”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 357–367. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686972.
85. ^ “Natural environment of Japan: Japanese archipelago”. Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
86. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2017). “Relationship between population density and population movement in inhabitable lands”. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. 14: 117–130. doi:10.1007/s40844-016-0064-z.
87. ^ “List of countries by population density”. Statistics Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
88. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2015). Geographic Dependency of Population Distribution. International Conference on Social Modeling and Simulation, plus Econophysics Colloquium 2014. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. pp. 151–162. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20591-5_14. ISBN 978-3-319-20590-8.
89. ^ 総務省｜住基ネット [Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Resident Registration net]. soumu.go.jp. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
90. ^ Hua, Yang (2014). “Legal Regulation of Land Reclamation in China’s Coastal Areas”. Coastal Management. 42 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1080/08920753.2013.865008.
91. ^ Tabata, Ryoichi; Kakioka, Ryo; Tominaga, Koji; Komiya, Takefumi; Watanabe, Katsutoshi (2016). “Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: The ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan”. Ecology and Evolution. 6 (8): 2601–2623. doi:10.1002/ece3.2070. PMC 4798153. PMID 27066244.
92. ^ Israel, Brett (March 14, 2011). “Japan’s Explosive Geology Explained”. Live Science. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019.
93. ^ “World Risk Report 2016”. UNU-EHS. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
94. ^ Fujita, Eisuke; Ueda, Hideki; Nakada, Setsuya (July 2020). “A New Japan Volcanological Database”. Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 205. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00205.
95. ^ “Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan”. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
96. ^ Hammer, Joshua (May 2011). “The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923”. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021.
97. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Gilbreath, Dick (2005). Japan in the 21st century. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 18–21, 41. ISBN 978-0-8131-2342-4.
98. ^ “Climate of Hokuriku district”. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
99. ^ “Overview of Japan’s climate”. Japan Meteorological Association. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
100. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ito, Masami. “Japan 2030: Tackling climate issues is key to the next decade”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
101. ^ “Record High in Japan as Heat Wave Grips the Region”. The New York Times. Associated Press. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
102. ^ Ogura, Junko; Regan, Helen (August 18, 2020). “Japan’s heat wave continues, as temperatures equal highest record”. CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020.
103. ^ “Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness”. Embassy of Japan in the USA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
104. ^ Sakurai, Ryo (2019). Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Japan: From Asia to the World. Springer. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-981-13-6332-0.
105. ^ “The Wildlife in Japan” (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2016.
106. ^ “Japan”. Ramsar. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
107. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
108. ^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史 [Historical Air Pollution in Japan] (in Japanese). Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
109. ^ Sekiyama, Takeshi. “Japan’s international cooperation for energy efficiency and conservation in Asian region” (PDF). Energy Conservation Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
110. ^ “Environmental Performance Index: Japan”. Yale University. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
111. ^ “Japan sees extra emission cuts to 2020 goal – minister”. Reuters. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017.
112. ^ Davidson, Jordan (October 26, 2020). “Japan Targets Carbon Neutrality by 2050”. Ecowatch. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
113. ^ “Environmental Performance Review of Japan” (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
114. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Japan’s Parliament and other political institutions”. European Parliament. June 9, 2020. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021.
115. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The Constitution of Japan”. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. November 3, 1946. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
116. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japan”. US Securities and Exchange Commission. August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020.
117. ^ “Japan Youth Can Make Difference with New Voting Rights: UN Envoy”. UN Envoy on Youth. July 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
118. ^ Ninivagi, Gabriele (September 27, 2024). “Ishiba wins: An unusual result for an unusual election”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024.
119. ^ Crespo, José Antonio (April 1995). “The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan: Conservative Domination”. International Political Science Review. 16 (2): 199–209. doi:10.1177/019251219501600206. JSTOR 1601459.
120. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dean, Meryll (2002). Japanese legal system: text, cases & materials (2nd ed.). Cavendish. pp. 55–58, 131. ISBN 978-1-85941-673-0.
121. ^ Kanamori, Shigenari (January 1, 1999). “German influences on Japanese Pre-War Constitution and Civil Code”. European Journal of Law and Economics. 7 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1023/A:1008688209052.
122. ^ McElwain, Kenneth Mori (August 15, 2017). “The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019.
123. ^ “The Japanese Judicial System”. Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. July 1999. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
124. ^ “Regions of Japan” (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
125. ^ “Japan’s Efforts at the United Nations (UN)”. Diplomatic Bluebook 2017. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
126. ^ Terada, Takashi (2011). “The United States and East Asian Regionalism”. In Borthwick, Mark; Yamamoto, Tadashi (eds.). A Pacific Nation (PDF). Japan Center for International Exchange. ISBN 978-4-88907-133-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020.
127. ^ “Statistics from the Development Co-operation Report 2015”. OECD. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
128. ^ “Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank”. Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
129. ^ Jump up to:^a b “US Relations with Japan”. US Department of State. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
130. ^ Szechenyi, Nicholas; Hosoya, Yuichi. “Working Toward a Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
131. ^ “Achieving the ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)’ Vision: Japan Ministry of Defense’s Approach”. Japan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
132. ^ Chanlett-Avery, Emma (2018). Japan, the Indo-Pacific, and the “Quad” (Report). Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
133. ^ Smith, Sheila A. (May 27, 2021). “The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
134. ^ “Japanese Territory, Northern Territories”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019.
135. ^ “Japanese Territory, Takeshima”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 30, 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019.
136. ^ Fox, Senan (September 2016). “The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotorishima disputes: Ideational and material influences”. China Information. 30 (3): 312–333. doi:10.1177/0920203X16665778.
137. ^ “2024 Global Peace Index” (PDF). Institute for Economics & Peace. June 2024.
138. ^ “Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
139. ^ “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022” (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
140. ^ “Japan: Article 9 of the Constitution”. Library of Congress. February 2006. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019.
141. ^ Teslik, Lee Hudson (April 13, 2006). “Japan and its military”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
142. ^ “Japan’s Security Policy”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015.
143. ^ “Abe offers Japan’s help in maintaining regional security”. Japan Herald. May 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
144. ^ Liff, Adam P. (May 22, 2023). “No, Japan is not planning to ‘double its defense budget'”. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023.
145. ^ Yoji, Koda (September 18, 2020). “Japan: Dealing with North Korea’s Growing Missile Threat”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
146. ^ Gale, Alastair; Tsuneoka, Chieko (July 14, 2020). “China Provocations Hasten Japan’s Military Revival”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
147. ^ “Who will conduct the investigation?”. Supreme Court of Japan. 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
148. ^ National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee, ed. (1977). Japan post-war police history (in Japanese). Japan Police Support Association.
149. ^ “Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures” (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
150. ^ “Japan Coast Guard” (PDF). Japan Coast Guard. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
151. ^ “Diet tightens laws on knives, guns”. The Japan Times. November 29, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
152. ^ Fisher, Max (July 23, 2012). “A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015.
153. ^ “Victims of intentional homicide, 1990–2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
154. ^ “Kidnapping: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
155. ^ “Sexual violence”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
156. ^ “Robbery: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
157. ^ Matsui, Shigenori (February 22, 2018). “Fundamental Human Rights and ‘Traditional Japanese Values’: Constitutional Amendment and Vision of the Japanese Society”. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 13 (1): 59–86. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2017.25.
158. ^ “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination started consideration of the initial and second periodic reports of Japan”. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
159. ^ Constitution of Japan  – via Wikisource.
160. ^ “Japan Strengthening Its Presence in the International Community”. Diplomatic Bluebook. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2021.
161. ^ Human Rights Watch (2024). World Report 2024: Events of 2023. Seven Stories Press. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-64421-338-4.
162. ^ Iida, Aki (2018). “Gender inequality in Japan: The status of women, and their promotion in the workplace”. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs. 3 (3): 43–52. doi:10.14267/cojourn.2018v3n3a5.
163. ^ Shiraishi, Sakiko; Mao, Frances (March 14, 2024). “Japan same-sex marriage ban ruled unconstitutional again by courts”. BBC.
164. ^ “Racial profiling, discrimination in Japan far more serious than stats reported by police”. Mainichi Daily News. December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024.
165. ^ “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Japan”. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
166. ^ “Japan: ‘Will this day be my last?’ The death penalty in Japan”. Amnesty International. July 6, 2006.
167. ^ “Japan: Long-standing discrimination unchanged” (PDF). Amnesty International. 2023.
168. ^ “Japan’s new deportation rule for asylum seekers raises rights concerns”. Nikkei Asia. June 10, 2024.
169. ^ “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023”. International Monetary Fund. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023.
170. ^ “Unemployment, total (% of the total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
171. ^ Komiya, Kantaro; Kihara, Leiha (October 31, 2021). “Japan confronts rising inequality after Abenomics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
172. ^ Huang, Eustance (July 2, 2020). “Japan’s middle class is ‘disappearing’ as poverty rises, warns economist”. CNBC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
173. ^ Ímrohoroğlu, Selahattin; Kitao, Sagiri; Yamada, Tomoaki (February 2016). “Achieving fiscal balance in Japan”. International Economic Review. 57 (1): 117–154. doi:10.1111/iere.12150. JSTOR 44075341.
174. ^ “Monetary Tightening Poses Medium-Term Risks to Japan’s Debt Dynamics”. Fitch Ratings. May 6, 2022. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022.
175. ^ “Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserve”. IMF. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
176. ^ “List of importing markets for the product exported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
177. ^ “List of supplying markets for the product imported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
178. ^ “Exports of goods and services (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
179. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japanese Trade and Investment Statistics”. Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
180. ^ “Economic survey of Japan 2008”. OECD. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
181. ^ “Japan’s Economy: Free at last”. The Economist. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
182. ^ “The 2018 World Cooperative Monitor: Exploring the Cooperative Economy” (PDF). International Co-operative Alliance. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2019.
183. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2019). “The Global Competitiveness Report” (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2022.
184. ^ “Trends in the Visitor Arrivals to Japan by Year”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
185. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Statistical Annex”. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 18 (5): 18. August–September 2020. doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.5.
186. ^ “The Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021” (PDF). World Economic Forum. May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
187. ^ “Arable land (% of land area)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
188. ^ Nagata, Akira; Chen, Bixia (May 22, 2012). “Urbanites Help Sustain Japan’s Historic Rice Paddy Terraces”. Our World. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016.
189. ^ Chen, Hungyen (2018). “The spatial patterns in long-term temporal trends of three major crops’ yields in Japan”. Plant Production Science. 21 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/1343943X.2018.1459752.
190. ^ “Japan: Support to agriculture”. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation. OECD. 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
191. ^ Nishimura, Karyn (January 1, 2020). “Grown from necessity: Vertical farming takes off in aging Japan”. The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021.
192. ^ “The state of world fisheries and aquaculture” (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
193. ^ McCurry, Justin (April 24, 2017). “Japan to exceed bluefin tuna quota amid warnings of commercial extinction”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
194. ^ “Japan resumes commercial whaling after 30 years”. BBC News. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
195. ^ Jump up to:^a b “2022 Production Statistics”. OICA. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
196. ^ “Manufacturing, value added (current US$)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
197. ^ He, Laura; Semans, Himari (February 2, 2024). “Is China now the world’s top car exporter? It’s complicated”. CNN.
198. ^ “Cars”. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
199. ^ Okada, Mizuki (September 5, 2020). “Japan Targets to Export More Ships, Revive Global Market Share”. Japan Forward. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021.
200. ^ “Services, value added (% of GDP)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
201. ^ “Fortune Global 500”. Fortune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
202. ^ “The World’s Largest Public Companies”. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
203. ^ “How much does your country invest in R&D?”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
204. ^ “Japan’s Science and Technology Research Spending at New High”. Nippon.com. February 19, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
205. ^ “All Nobel Prizes”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
206. ^ “Fields Medal”. International Mathematical Union. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
207. ^ Wessling, Brianna (December 15, 2021). “10 most automated countries worldwide”. The Robot Report. Archived from the original on August 18, 2023.
208. ^ Fujiwara, Hiroshi (December 17, 2018). “Why Japan leads industrial robot production”. International Federation of Robotics. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
209. ^ “Science, technology, and innovation: Researchers by sex, per million inhabitants, per thousand labour force, per thousand total employment (FTE and HC)”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
210. ^ Pham, Sherisse (May 4, 2017). “How things got ugly for some of Japan’s biggest brands”. CNN Money. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020.
211. ^ Nutt, Christian (June 19, 2015). “Japan’s game market hits record high as consoles decline and mobile grows”. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018.
212. ^ “PC games revenue to hit $42 billion in 2020 – DFC”. GamesIndustry.biz. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022.
213. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (May 19, 2016). “JAXA: Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency”. Space. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
214. ^ “Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage”. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007.
215. ^ “Akatsuki”. NASA. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
216. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (April 7, 2019). “Can Robots Build a Moon Base for Astronauts? Japan Hopes to Find Out”. Space. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
217. ^ “Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer ‘Kaguya'”. Japan Corporate News Network. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
218. ^ “Japan launches first lunar probe”. BBC News. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
219. ^ “Japanese probe crashes into Moon”. BBC News. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009.
220. ^ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (October 10, 2012). “Japan’s high-spending legacy”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021.
221. ^ Shibayama, Takeru (2017). “Japan’s transport planning at the national level, natural disasters, and their interplays”. European Transport Research Review. 9 (3). doi:10.1007/s12544-017-0255-7.
222. ^ “Privatization of JNR, 30 years on”. The Japan Times. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017.
223. ^ Sieloff, Sarah (October 7, 2020). “Japan’s Bullet Trains Are Hitting a Speed Bump”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020.
224. ^ Falcus, Matt (April 22, 2019). “Asia’s 9 busiest airports in 2019”. CNN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019.
225. ^ “Top 50 World Container Ports”. World Shipping Council. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
226. ^ “Chapter 7: Energy – 1. Supply and Demand” (PDF). Statistical Handbook of Japan 2021 (Report). Statistics Bureau of Japan. pp. 77, 79. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
227. ^ Tsukimori, Osamu (May 5, 2012). “Japan nuclear power-free as last reactor shuts”. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
228. ^ “Nuclear power back in Japan for the first time since Fukushima”. BBC News. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
229. ^ “Mixed progress for Japan’s nuclear plant restarts”. Nuclear Engineering International. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020.
230. ^ Thorarinsson, Loftur (April 2018). “A Review of the Evolution of the Japanese Oil Industry, Oil Policy and its Relationship with the Middle East” (PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. pp. 5–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018.
231. ^ Kucharski, Jeffrey; Unesaki, Hironobu (2017). “Japan’s 2014 Strategic Energy Plan: A Planned Energy System Transition”. Journal of Energy. 2017: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2017/4107614.
232. ^ “Population Estimates Monthly Report November 2020”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
233. ^ “Japan population drops by record number to 124.8 mil.: gov’t”. The Mainichi. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019.
234. ^ Jump up to:^a b c D’Ambrogio, Enrico (December 2020). “Japan’s ageing society” (PDF). European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020.
235. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (January 5, 2015). “Numbers tell tale of Japan’s postwar rise and fall”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015.
236. ^ Noriko, Tsuya (June 2017). Low fertility in Japan—no end in sight (PDF) (Report). Vol. 131. East–West Center. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2022.
237. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan: Demographic Shift Opens Door to Reforms”. International Monetary Fund. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020.
238. ^ Jump up to:^a b Walia, Simran (November 19, 2019). “The economic challenge of Japan’s aging crisis”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
239. ^ Semuels, Alana (July 20, 2017). “The Mystery of Why Japanese People Are Having So Few Babies”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017.
240. ^ Wakatsuki, Yoko; Griffiths, James (May 7, 2018). “Number of children in Japan shrinks to new record low”. CNN. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018.
241. ^ Lufkin, Bryan (December 10, 2018). “More seniors, more foreigners: How Japan is changing”. BBC. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019.
242. ^ “New immigration rules to stir up Japan’s regional rentals scene — if they work”. REthink Tokyo. March 27, 2019. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019.
243. ^ “Urban population (% of total population)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
244. ^ 東京都の人口（推計） [Population of Tokyo (estimate)]. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Statistics Department. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
245. ^ “The World’s Cities in 2016” (PDF). United Nations. March 12, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2017.
246. ^ Burgess, Chris (March 1, 2007). “Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the ‘Myth’ of Homogeneity”. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Vol. 5, no. 3. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016.
247. ^ “Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
248. ^ Japanese Archipelago Human Population Genetics Consortium (2012). “The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations”. Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (12): 787–795. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.114. PMID 23135232.
249. ^ Ambrose, Drew; Armont, Rhiona-Jade (June 13, 2018). “Zainichi: Being Korean in Japan”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020.
250. ^ Chen, Lara Tien-shi (2005). “Chinese in Japan”. Encyclopedia of Diasporas. pp. 680–688. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_70. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
251. ^ Seiger, Fiona-Katharina (2019). “‘Mixed’ Japanese-Filipino identities under Japanese multiculturalism”. Social Identities. 25 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1080/13504630.2018.1499225.
252. ^ Tobace, Ewerthon (July 17, 2015). “The Brazilians winning in Japan”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022.
253. ^ Escala, Elard (February 13, 2014). “Peruvians Struggling to Find a Place in Japanese Society”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014.
254. ^ “Japan’s hidden caste of untouchables”. BBC News. October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022.
255. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John C. (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, Teresa L.; May, Stephen (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Springer International Publishing. pp. 491–505. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02344-1_36. ISBN 978-3-319-02343-4.
256. ^ Miyagawa, Shigeru. “The Japanese Language”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on April 13, 2000. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
257. ^ “Japanese Educational System”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
258. ^ Anderson, Mark (2019). “Language shift in the Ryukyu Islands”. In Heinrich, Patrick; Ohara, Yumiko (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge. pp. 370–388. ISBN 978-1-315-21337-8.
259. ^ Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, T; May, S (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02320-5_36-2. ISBN 978-3-319-02320-5.
260. ^ Ishihara, Masahide (2016). “Language Revitalization Efforts in the Ryukyus”. In Ishihara, Masahide; Hoshino, Eiichi; Fujita, Yoko (eds.). Self-determinable Development of Small Islands. Springer. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-981-10-0132-1.
261. ^ Hudson, Mark (2014). “The ethnohistory and anthropology of ‘modern’ hunter-gatherers: north Japan (Ainu)”. In Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 1058. ISBN 978-0-19-955122-4.
262. ^ Inoue, Kyoko (2007). MacArthur’s Japanese Constitution (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-226-38391-0.
263. ^ McQuaid, John. “A View of Religion in Japan”. Japan Society. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
264. ^ “How religious are Japanese people?”. Japan Today. October 27, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019.
265. ^ Cavaliere, Paola (2019). “Women between Religion and Spirituality: Observing Religious Experience in Everyday Japanese Life”. Religions. 10 (6): 377. doi:10.3390/rel10060377.
266. ^ Shellnutt, Kate (May 29, 2018). “Why Japan Wants Its Past Persecution of Christians to Be World Renowned”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
267. ^ Shūkyō nenkan reiwa gan’nen-ban 宗教年鑑 令和元年版 [Religious Yearbook 2019] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2019. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2020.
268. ^ Kato, Mariko (February 24, 2009). “Christianity’s long history in the margins”. The Japan Times.
269. ^ Blakkarly, Jarni (July 13, 2016). “Shadow of surveillance looms over Japan’s Muslims”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020.
270. ^ “No. of Muslims, mosques on the rise in Japan amid some misconceptions, prejudice”. The Mainichi. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024.
271. ^ “Japan 2018 International Religious Freedom Report” (PDF). US Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
272. ^ “The Modernization and Development of Education in Japan”. The History of Japan’s Educational Development (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute. March 2004. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2020.
273. ^ “Japan: Learning Systems”. Center on International Education Benchmarking. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
274. ^ “QS World University Rankings – 2025”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
275. ^ “Compulsory nine-year school system kicks off in Japan”. The Japan Times. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016.
276. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan – Student performance (PISA 2015)”. OECD. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
277. ^ “Key Features of OECD Programme for International Student Assessment 2018 (PISA 2018)” (PDF). National Institute for Educational Policy Research. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
278. ^ “PISA – Results in Focus – Japan” (PDF). OECD. 2018. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
279. ^ “Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
280. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan”. OECD. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
281. ^ “Womenomics, Will women help solve Japan’s economic problems?” (PDF). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2019. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2021.
282. ^ Ikegami, Naoki (October 14, 2014). Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Japan. World Bank Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-4648-0408-3.
283. ^ Rodwin, Victor. “Health Care in Japan”. New York University. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
284. ^ “Current healthcare expenditure (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
285. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, male (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
286. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, female (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
287. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, total”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
288. ^ “Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
289. ^ Tsugane, Shoichiro (July 2020). “Why has Japan become the world’s most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 75: 921–928. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5.
290. ^ Russell, Roxanne; Metraux, Daniel; Tohen, Mauricio (2017). “Cultural influences on suicide in Japan”. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 71 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1111/pcn.12428. PMID 27487762.
291. ^ Akter, Shamima; Goto, Atsushi; Mizoue, Tetsuya (2017). “Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of Epidemiology. 27 (12): 553–561. doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017.
292. ^ Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. Palgrave. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
293. ^ Haffner, John; Klett, Tomas; Lehmann, Jean-Pierre (2009). Japan’s Open Future: An Agenda for Global Citizenship. Anthem Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84331-311-3.
294. ^ “Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan”. Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on October 31, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
295. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
296. ^ “The other superpower”. The Guardian. June 1, 2001. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022.
297. ^ Hoskin, Peter (January 31, 2015). “How Japan became a pop culture superpower”. The Spectator. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019.
298. ^ Schley, Matt (July 18, 2020). “‘Pure Invention’: How Japan’s pop culture became the ‘lingua franca’ of the internet”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021.
299. ^ Bain, Marc (May 27, 2020). “How Japan’s global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower”. Quartz. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021.
300. ^ Jump up to:^a b Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9.
301. ^ Locher, Mira (2012). Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-4629-0606-2.
302. ^ Kazuo, Nishi; Kazuo, Hozumi (1995). What is Japanese Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture with a List of Sites and a Map. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1992-9.
303. ^ Abe, K (May 1954). “Early Western Architecture in Japan”. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 13 (2): 13–18. doi:10.2307/987685. JSTOR 987685.
304. ^ Inagaki, Eizo (2003). “Japan: Architecture after 1868 (Meiji and after)”. Oxford Art Online. doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000369666.
305. ^ Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
306. ^ “Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)”. Meiji Gakuin University. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
307. ^ “Heian Period (794–1185)”. The Met. October 2002.
308. ^ “Tale of the bamboo cutter”. Calisphere. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
309. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
310. ^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 978-0-14-243714-8.
311. ^ Keene, Donald (1999). World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11467-7.
312. ^ Keene, Donald. “Japanese literature”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
313. ^ “Japanese Confucian Philosophy”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 20, 2008.
314. ^ Parkes, Graham (January 1, 2011). “Japanese aesthetics”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
315. ^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
316. ^ Lo, Patrick (2016). “Katsu Watanabe, Akane Oki, and Yasushi Ishii, Librarians of the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo”. Conversations with the World’s Leading Orchestra and Opera Librarians. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–167.
317. ^ “History of Taiko”. Stanford Taiko. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
318. ^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). “J-Pop History”. The Observer.
319. ^ Caracciolo, Frankie (September 18, 2020). “What Karaoke Means to the Country That Invented It”. Thrillist.
320. ^ “Traditional Japanese theatre: overview”. Time Out Tokyo. September 27, 2009.
321. ^ Lee, Edwin (December 6, 2018). “The Oldest Surviving Form of Theater”. The Atlantic.
322. ^ “Television Viewing and Media Use Today: From “The Japanese and Television 2015″ Survey” (PDF). NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute. April 2016.
323. ^ Iwabuchi, Koichi, ed. (2004). Feeling Asian Modernities: Transnational Consumption of Japanese TV Dramas. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622096318. JSTOR j.ctt2jc5b9.
324. ^ “World Press Trends 2016” (PDF). WAN-IFRA. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
325. ^ Sharp, Jasper (2011). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. xi.
326. ^ Ingoglia, Jesse (May 21, 2014). “Godzilla: monster, metaphor, pop icon”. New York Public Library.
327. ^ Kalat, David (2017). “Introduction”. A Critical History and Filmography of Toho’s Godzilla Series (2nd ed.). McFarland.
328. ^ Ito, Kinko (February 2005). “A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society”. Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x.
329. ^ Ro, Christine (June 12, 2019). “Did manga shape how the world sees Japan?”. BBC.
330. ^ Medina, Cynthia (December 5, 2019). “Why are manga outselling superhero comics?”. Rutgers Today.
331. ^ Hu, Tze-Yue (2010). “Miyazaki and Takahata anime cinema”. Frames of Anime: culture and image-building. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 105–136.
332. ^ Jozuka, Emiko (July 29, 2019). “Japanese anime: From ‘Disney of the East’ to a global industry worth billions”. CNN.
333. ^ Nakamura, Akemi (April 8, 2008). “National holidays trace roots to China, ancients, harvests”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009.
334. ^ Hindell, Juliet (January 10, 2000). “Happy Monday in Japan”. BBC News.
335. ^ “Japan’s National Holidays in 2021”. Nippon.com. June 10, 2020.
336. ^ “Food & Drink in Japan”. Frommer’s. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
337. ^ von Bargen, Hinnerk (2015). Street Foods. Wiley. p. 14.
338. ^ Makalintal, Bettina (February 11, 2018). “A brief history of how curry ended up in Japan”. Vice.
339. ^ McCurry, Justin (June 18, 2010). “Ramen: Japan’s super slurpy noodles”. The Guardian.
340. ^ Goldstein, Darra (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
341. ^ Fujita, Hiroko; Stallings, Fran (2008). Folktales from the Japanese Countryside. Libraries Unlimited. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-59158-488-9.
342. ^ Batt, Carl A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press. p. 846. ISBN 978-0-12-384733-1.
343. ^ Boulton, Christopher; Quain, David (2013). Brewing Yeast and Fermentation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-118-68534-1.
344. ^ Hosking, Richard (1995). A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients and Culture. Tuttle. p. 30. ISBN 0-8048-2042-2.
345. ^ “Sumo: East and West”. PBS. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
346. ^ Aoki, Mizuho (April 24, 2017). “Prewar bayonetting martial art makes a return to schools”. The Japan Times.
347. ^ Adler, David (February 21, 2023). “History of baseball in Japan”. Major League Baseball.
348. ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). “Japanese Baseball”. In Palmer, Pete (ed.). Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
349. ^ “Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan” (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
350. ^ Reineking, Jim (May 25, 2018). “Every FIFA World Cup champion: Brazil, Germany, Italy historically dominate tournament”. USA Today.
351. ^ “Team Japan”. Asian Football Confederation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
352. ^ “Japan edge USA for maiden title”. FIFA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
353. ^ Varcoe, Fred. “Japanese Golf Gets Friendly”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
354. ^ “Honda Wins F1 Championship in Its Final Season”. Nippon.com. December 13, 2021. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.
355. ^ “Group A”. World Rally Championship. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
356. ^ “Japanese industry in MotoGP”. MotoGP. October 11, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
357. ^ Nagatsuka, Kaz (June 14, 2017). “Sato revels in glow of historic Indy 500 triumph”. The Japan Times.
358. ^ Newbold, James (June 7, 2018). “The man behind Japan’s only Le Mans winner”. Autosport.
359. ^ Clarke, Len. “Japanese Omnibus: Sports”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
360. ^ “For the Love of Cars: Auto Racing in Japan”. Tokyo Weekender. April 18, 2018.
361. ^ “Olympic History in Japan”. Japanese Olympic Committee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
362. ^ “2006 FIBA World Championship”. FIBA. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
363. ^ “FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023”. FIBA. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
364. ^ “IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games”. International Olympic Committee. July 21, 2016.
365. ^ “The Game – World Championships – FIVB Women’s World Championships Finals”. FIVB. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
366. ^ “History”. Asia Rugby. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
367. ^ “Japan reaches out to the rest of Asia”. Rugby World Cup. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.
368. References
369. ^ Lewallen, Ann-Elise (November 1, 2008). “Indigenous at last! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir”. The Asia Pacific Journal (Japan Focus). No. 11. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023.
370. ^ Martin, Kylie (2011). “Aynu itak: On the Road to Ainu Language Revitalization” (PDF). Media and Communication Studies メディア·コミュニケーション研究. 60: 57–93. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2015.
371. ^ “Surface water and surface water change”. OECD. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
372. ^ Jump up to:^a b 令和元年全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 (10月1日時点) [Reiwa 1 nationwide area survey by prefectures and municipalities (as of October 1)] (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. December 26, 2019. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020.
373. ^ “Population estimates by age (five-year groups) and sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
374. ^ “2020 Population Census: population by sex, age (single years), month of birth and all nationality or Japanese”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
375. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Japan)”. www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
376. ^ “Inequality – Income inequality”. OECD. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
377. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/2024” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
378. ^ “Official Names of Member States (UNTERM)” (PDF). UN Protocol and Liaison Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
379. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Schreiber, Mark (November 26, 2019). “You say ‘Nihon’, I say ‘Nippon’, or let’s call the whole thing ‘Japan’?”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022.
380. ^ Jump up to:^a b Carr, Michael (March 1992). “Wa Wa Lexicography”. International Journal of Lexicography. 5 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1093/ijl/5.1.1.
381. ^ Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The Emergence of Japanese Kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-8047-2832-4.
382. ^ Jump up to:^a b Batchelor, Robert K. (2014). London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689. University of Chicago Press. pp. 76, 79. ISBN 978-0-226-08079-6.
383. ^ Hoffman, Michael (July 27, 2008). “Cipangu’s landlocked isles”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018.
384. ^ Lach, Donald (2010). Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. I. University of Chicago Press. p. 157.
385. ^ Mancall, Peter C. (2006). “Of the Ilande of Giapan, 1565”. Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: an anthology. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–157.
386. ^ Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). “Geology and Quaternary environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, central Japan”. Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012.
387. ^ Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.
388. ^ “Jōmon Culture (ca. 10,500–ca. 300 B.C.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
389. ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 4, 2011). “Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018.
390. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017). “Origins of the Japanese Language”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
391. ^ Jump up to:^a b Watanabe, Yusuke; Naka, Izumi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Sawai, Hiromi; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun (June 17, 2019). “Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period”. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z.
392. ^ “Road of rice plant”. National Science Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
393. ^ “Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
394. ^ “Yayoi Culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
395. ^ Hendry, Joy (2012). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-27918-8.
396. ^ Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149, 275. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
397. ^ Beasley, William Gerald (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-22560-2.
398. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
399. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 57, 68. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
400. ^ Jump up to:^a b Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
401. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 64–79. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
402. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Of Courtiers and Warriors: Early and Medieval History (710–1600)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–52. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
403. ^ Hays, J.N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
404. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 79–87, 122–123. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
405. ^ Leibo, Steven A. (2015). East and Southeast Asia 2015–2016. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-4758-1875-8.
406. ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 616.
407. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 106–112. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
408. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-231-15730-8.
409. ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 42, 217. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
410. ^ Lidin, Olof (2005). Tanegashima. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-47957-2.
411. ^ Brown, Delmer (May 1948). “The impact of firearms on Japanese warfare, 1543–98”. The Far Eastern Quarterly. 7 (3): 236–253. doi:10.2307/2048846.
412. ^ “Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1603)”. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
413. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2011). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84603-960-7.
414. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Closed Country: the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–74. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
415. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
416. ^ Toby, Ronald P. (1977). “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”. Journal of Japanese Studies. 3 (2): 323–363. doi:10.2307/132115. JSTOR 132115.
417. ^ Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Hurst & Company. pp. 58ff. ISBN 978-1-85065-538-1.
418. ^ Ohtsu, M.; Imanari, Tomio (1999). “Japanese National Values and Confucianism”. Japanese Economy. 27 (2): 45–59. doi:10.2753/JES1097-203X270245.
419. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 289–296. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
420. ^ Jump up to:^a b Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Building a Modern Nation: the Meiji Period (1868–1912)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 75–107. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
421. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
422. ^ Baran, Paul (1962). The Political Economy of Growth. Monthly Review Press. p. 160.
423. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 312–314. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
424. ^ Matsusaka, Y. Tak (2009). “The Japanese Empire”. In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). Companion to Japanese History. Blackwell. pp. 224–241. ISBN 978-1-4051-1690-9.
425. ^ Yi Wei (October 15, 2019). “Japanese Colonial Ideology In Korea (1905–1945)”. The Yale Review of International Studies.
426. ^ Hiroshi, Shimizu; Hitoshi, Hirakawa (1999). Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan’s economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-19236-1.
427. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Excesses of Ambition: the Pacific War and its Lead-Up”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108–141. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
428. ^ Tsuzuki, Chushichi (2011). “Taisho Democracy and the First World War”. The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-820589-0.
429. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ramesh, S (2020). “The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy”. China’s Economic Rise. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173–209. ISBN 978-3-030-49811-5.
430. ^ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 20.
431. ^ Weber, Torsten (2018). Embracing ‘Asia’ in China and Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268.
432. ^ Young, Louise (2024). “The Breakdown in Democracy in 1930s Japan”. When Democracy Breaks. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–141. ISBN 0-19-776078-3.
433. ^ “The Japanese Nation: It has a history of feudalism, nationalism, war and now defeat”. LIFE. Vol. 19, no. 12. September 17, 1945. pp. 109–111.
434. ^ Paine, S. C. M. (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–125. ISBN 978-1-139-56087-0.
435. ^ Worth, Roland H. Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. pp. 56, 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-0141-3.
436. ^ Bailey, Beth; Farber, David (2019). “Introduction: December 7/8, 1941”. Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History. University Press of Kansas. pp. 1–8.
437. ^ Yōko, Hayashi (1999–2000). “Issues Surrounding the Wartime “Comfort Women””. Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 11/12 (Special Issue): 54–65. JSTOR 42800182.
438. ^ Pape, Robert A. (1993). “Why Japan Surrendered”. International Security. 18 (2): 154–201. doi:10.2307/2539100.
439. ^ Watt, Lori (2010). When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-674-05598-8.
440. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “A Phoenix from the Ashes: Postwar Successes and Beyond”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142–180. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
441. ^ Frank, Richard (August 26, 2020). “The Fate of Emperor Hirohito”. The National WWII Museum. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024.
442. ^ Coleman, Joseph (March 6, 2007). “’52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
443. ^ Saxonhouse, Gary; Stern, Robert (2003). “The bubble and the lost decade”. The World Economy. 26 (3): 267–281. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00522. hdl:2027.42/71597.
444. ^ Jump up to:^a b Fackler, Martin; Drew, Kevin (March 11, 2011). “Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022.
445. ^ “Japan’s emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication”. Nikkei Asian Review. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020.
446. ^ McCurry, Justin (February 16, 2023). “Japan sees its number of islands double after recount”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023.
447. ^ “Water Supply in Japan”. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
448. ^ Iwashita, Akihiro (2011). “An Invitation to Japan’s Borderlands: At the Geopolitical Edge of the Eurasian Continent”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 279–282. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686969.
449. ^ Kuwahara, Sueo (2012). “The development of small islands in Japan: An historical perspective”. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. 1 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.imic.2012.04.004.
450. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
451. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “World Factbook: Japan”. CIA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
452. ^ Yamada, Yoshihiko (2011). “Japan’s New National Border Strategy and Maritime Security”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 357–367. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686972.
453. ^ “Natural environment of Japan: Japanese archipelago”. Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
454. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2017). “Relationship between population density and population movement in inhabitable lands”. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. 14: 117–130. doi:10.1007/s40844-016-0064-z.
455. ^ “List of countries by population density”. Statistics Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
456. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2015). Geographic Dependency of Population Distribution. International Conference on Social Modeling and Simulation, plus Econophysics Colloquium 2014. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. pp. 151–162. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20591-5_14. ISBN 978-3-319-20590-8.
457. ^ 総務省｜住基ネット [Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Resident Registration net]. soumu.go.jp. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
458. ^ Hua, Yang (2014). “Legal Regulation of Land Reclamation in China’s Coastal Areas”. Coastal Management. 42 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1080/08920753.2013.865008.
459. ^ Tabata, Ryoichi; Kakioka, Ryo; Tominaga, Koji; Komiya, Takefumi; Watanabe, Katsutoshi (2016). “Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: The ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan”. Ecology and Evolution. 6 (8): 2601–2623. doi:10.1002/ece3.2070. PMC 4798153. PMID 27066244.
460. ^ Israel, Brett (March 14, 2011). “Japan’s Explosive Geology Explained”. Live Science. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019.
461. ^ “World Risk Report 2016”. UNU-EHS. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
462. ^ Fujita, Eisuke; Ueda, Hideki; Nakada, Setsuya (July 2020). “A New Japan Volcanological Database”. Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 205. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00205.
463. ^ “Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan”. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
464. ^ Hammer, Joshua (May 2011). “The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923”. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021.
465. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Gilbreath, Dick (2005). Japan in the 21st century. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 18–21, 41. ISBN 978-0-8131-2342-4.
466. ^ “Climate of Hokuriku district”. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
467. ^ “Overview of Japan’s climate”. Japan Meteorological Association. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
468. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ito, Masami. “Japan 2030: Tackling climate issues is key to the next decade”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
469. ^ “Record High in Japan as Heat Wave Grips the Region”. The New York Times. Associated Press. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
470. ^ Ogura, Junko; Regan, Helen (August 18, 2020). “Japan’s heat wave continues, as temperatures equal highest record”. CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020.
471. ^ “Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness”. Embassy of Japan in the USA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
472. ^ Sakurai, Ryo (2019). Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Japan: From Asia to the World. Springer. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-981-13-6332-0.
473. ^ “The Wildlife in Japan” (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2016.
474. ^ “Japan”. Ramsar. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
475. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
476. ^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史 [Historical Air Pollution in Japan] (in Japanese). Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
477. ^ Sekiyama, Takeshi. “Japan’s international cooperation for energy efficiency and conservation in Asian region” (PDF). Energy Conservation Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
478. ^ “Environmental Performance Index: Japan”. Yale University. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
479. ^ “Japan sees extra emission cuts to 2020 goal – minister”. Reuters. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017.
480. ^ Davidson, Jordan (October 26, 2020). “Japan Targets Carbon Neutrality by 2050”. Ecowatch. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
481. ^ “Environmental Performance Review of Japan” (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
482. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Japan’s Parliament and other political institutions”. European Parliament. June 9, 2020. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021.
483. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The Constitution of Japan”. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. November 3, 1946. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
484. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japan”. US Securities and Exchange Commission. August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020.
485. ^ “Japan Youth Can Make Difference with New Voting Rights: UN Envoy”. UN Envoy on Youth. July 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
486. ^ Ninivagi, Gabriele (September 27, 2024). “Ishiba wins: An unusual result for an unusual election”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024.
487. ^ Crespo, José Antonio (April 1995). “The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan: Conservative Domination”. International Political Science Review. 16 (2): 199–209. doi:10.1177/019251219501600206. JSTOR 1601459.
488. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dean, Meryll (2002). Japanese legal system: text, cases & materials (2nd ed.). Cavendish. pp. 55–58, 131. ISBN 978-1-85941-673-0.
489. ^ Kanamori, Shigenari (January 1, 1999). “German influences on Japanese Pre-War Constitution and Civil Code”. European Journal of Law and Economics. 7 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1023/A:1008688209052.
490. ^ McElwain, Kenneth Mori (August 15, 2017). “The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019.
491. ^ “The Japanese Judicial System”. Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. July 1999. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
492. ^ “Regions of Japan” (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
493. ^ “Japan’s Efforts at the United Nations (UN)”. Diplomatic Bluebook 2017. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
494. ^ Terada, Takashi (2011). “The United States and East Asian Regionalism”. In Borthwick, Mark; Yamamoto, Tadashi (eds.). A Pacific Nation (PDF). Japan Center for International Exchange. ISBN 978-4-88907-133-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020.
495. ^ “Statistics from the Development Co-operation Report 2015”. OECD. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
496. ^ “Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank”. Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
497. ^ Jump up to:^a b “US Relations with Japan”. US Department of State. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
498. ^ Szechenyi, Nicholas; Hosoya, Yuichi. “Working Toward a Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
499. ^ “Achieving the ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)’ Vision: Japan Ministry of Defense’s Approach”. Japan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
500. ^ Chanlett-Avery, Emma (2018). Japan, the Indo-Pacific, and the “Quad” (Report). Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
501. ^ Smith, Sheila A. (May 27, 2021). “The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
502. ^ “Japanese Territory, Northern Territories”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019.
503. ^ “Japanese Territory, Takeshima”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 30, 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019.
504. ^ Fox, Senan (September 2016). “The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotorishima disputes: Ideational and material influences”. China Information. 30 (3): 312–333. doi:10.1177/0920203X16665778.
505. ^ “2024 Global Peace Index” (PDF). Institute for Economics & Peace. June 2024.
506. ^ “Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
507. ^ “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022” (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
508. ^ “Japan: Article 9 of the Constitution”. Library of Congress. February 2006. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019.
509. ^ Teslik, Lee Hudson (April 13, 2006). “Japan and its military”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
510. ^ “Japan’s Security Policy”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015.
511. ^ “Abe offers Japan’s help in maintaining regional security”. Japan Herald. May 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
512. ^ Liff, Adam P. (May 22, 2023). “No, Japan is not planning to ‘double its defense budget'”. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023.
513. ^ Yoji, Koda (September 18, 2020). “Japan: Dealing with North Korea’s Growing Missile Threat”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
514. ^ Gale, Alastair; Tsuneoka, Chieko (July 14, 2020). “China Provocations Hasten Japan’s Military Revival”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
515. ^ “Who will conduct the investigation?”. Supreme Court of Japan. 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
516. ^ National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee, ed. (1977). Japan post-war police history (in Japanese). Japan Police Support Association.
517. ^ “Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures” (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
518. ^ “Japan Coast Guard” (PDF). Japan Coast Guard. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
519. ^ “Diet tightens laws on knives, guns”. The Japan Times. November 29, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
520. ^ Fisher, Max (July 23, 2012). “A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015.
521. ^ “Victims of intentional homicide, 1990–2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
522. ^ “Kidnapping: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
523. ^ “Sexual violence”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
524. ^ “Robbery: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
525. ^ Matsui, Shigenori (February 22, 2018). “Fundamental Human Rights and ‘Traditional Japanese Values’: Constitutional Amendment and Vision of the Japanese Society”. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 13 (1): 59–86. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2017.25.
526. ^ “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination started consideration of the initial and second periodic reports of Japan”. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
527. ^ Constitution of Japan  – via Wikisource.
528. ^ “Japan Strengthening Its Presence in the International Community”. Diplomatic Bluebook. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2021.
529. ^ Human Rights Watch (2024). World Report 2024: Events of 2023. Seven Stories Press. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-64421-338-4.
530. ^ Iida, Aki (2018). “Gender inequality in Japan: The status of women, and their promotion in the workplace”. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs. 3 (3): 43–52. doi:10.14267/cojourn.2018v3n3a5.
531. ^ Shiraishi, Sakiko; Mao, Frances (March 14, 2024). “Japan same-sex marriage ban ruled unconstitutional again by courts”. BBC.
532. ^ “Racial profiling, discrimination in Japan far more serious than stats reported by police”. Mainichi Daily News. December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024.
533. ^ “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Japan”. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
534. ^ “Japan: ‘Will this day be my last?’ The death penalty in Japan”. Amnesty International. July 6, 2006.
535. ^ “Japan: Long-standing discrimination unchanged” (PDF). Amnesty International. 2023.
536. ^ “Japan’s new deportation rule for asylum seekers raises rights concerns”. Nikkei Asia. June 10, 2024.
537. ^ “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023”. International Monetary Fund. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023.
538. ^ “Unemployment, total (% of the total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
539. ^ Komiya, Kantaro; Kihara, Leiha (October 31, 2021). “Japan confronts rising inequality after Abenomics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
540. ^ Huang, Eustance (July 2, 2020). “Japan’s middle class is ‘disappearing’ as poverty rises, warns economist”. CNBC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
541. ^ Ímrohoroğlu, Selahattin; Kitao, Sagiri; Yamada, Tomoaki (February 2016). “Achieving fiscal balance in Japan”. International Economic Review. 57 (1): 117–154. doi:10.1111/iere.12150. JSTOR 44075341.
542. ^ “Monetary Tightening Poses Medium-Term Risks to Japan’s Debt Dynamics”. Fitch Ratings. May 6, 2022. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022.
543. ^ “Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserve”. IMF. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
544. ^ “List of importing markets for the product exported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
545. ^ “List of supplying markets for the product imported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
546. ^ “Exports of goods and services (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
547. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japanese Trade and Investment Statistics”. Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
548. ^ “Economic survey of Japan 2008”. OECD. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
549. ^ “Japan’s Economy: Free at last”. The Economist. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
550. ^ “The 2018 World Cooperative Monitor: Exploring the Cooperative Economy” (PDF). International Co-operative Alliance. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2019.
551. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2019). “The Global Competitiveness Report” (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2022.
552. ^ “Trends in the Visitor Arrivals to Japan by Year”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
553. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Statistical Annex”. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 18 (5): 18. August–September 2020. doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.5.
554. ^ “The Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021” (PDF). World Economic Forum. May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
555. ^ “Arable land (% of land area)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
556. ^ Nagata, Akira; Chen, Bixia (May 22, 2012). “Urbanites Help Sustain Japan’s Historic Rice Paddy Terraces”. Our World. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016.
557. ^ Chen, Hungyen (2018). “The spatial patterns in long-term temporal trends of three major crops’ yields in Japan”. Plant Production Science. 21 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/1343943X.2018.1459752.
558. ^ “Japan: Support to agriculture”. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation. OECD. 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
559. ^ Nishimura, Karyn (January 1, 2020). “Grown from necessity: Vertical farming takes off in aging Japan”. The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021.
560. ^ “The state of world fisheries and aquaculture” (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
561. ^ McCurry, Justin (April 24, 2017). “Japan to exceed bluefin tuna quota amid warnings of commercial extinction”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
562. ^ “Japan resumes commercial whaling after 30 years”. BBC News. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
563. ^ Jump up to:^a b “2022 Production Statistics”. OICA. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
564. ^ “Manufacturing, value added (current US$)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
565. ^ He, Laura; Semans, Himari (February 2, 2024). “Is China now the world’s top car exporter? It’s complicated”. CNN.
566. ^ “Cars”. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
567. ^ Okada, Mizuki (September 5, 2020). “Japan Targets to Export More Ships, Revive Global Market Share”. Japan Forward. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021.
568. ^ “Services, value added (% of GDP)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
569. ^ “Fortune Global 500”. Fortune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
570. ^ “The World’s Largest Public Companies”. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
571. ^ “How much does your country invest in R&D?”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
572. ^ “Japan’s Science and Technology Research Spending at New High”. Nippon.com. February 19, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
573. ^ “All Nobel Prizes”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
574. ^ “Fields Medal”. International Mathematical Union. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
575. ^ Wessling, Brianna (December 15, 2021). “10 most automated countries worldwide”. The Robot Report. Archived from the original on August 18, 2023.
576. ^ Fujiwara, Hiroshi (December 17, 2018). “Why Japan leads industrial robot production”. International Federation of Robotics. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
577. ^ “Science, technology, and innovation: Researchers by sex, per million inhabitants, per thousand labour force, per thousand total employment (FTE and HC)”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
578. ^ Pham, Sherisse (May 4, 2017). “How things got ugly for some of Japan’s biggest brands”. CNN Money. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020.
579. ^ Nutt, Christian (June 19, 2015). “Japan’s game market hits record high as consoles decline and mobile grows”. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018.
580. ^ “PC games revenue to hit $42 billion in 2020 – DFC”. GamesIndustry.biz. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022.
581. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (May 19, 2016). “JAXA: Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency”. Space. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
582. ^ “Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage”. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007.
583. ^ “Akatsuki”. NASA. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
584. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (April 7, 2019). “Can Robots Build a Moon Base for Astronauts? Japan Hopes to Find Out”. Space. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
585. ^ “Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer ‘Kaguya'”. Japan Corporate News Network. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
586. ^ “Japan launches first lunar probe”. BBC News. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
587. ^ “Japanese probe crashes into Moon”. BBC News. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009.
588. ^ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (October 10, 2012). “Japan’s high-spending legacy”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021.
589. ^ Shibayama, Takeru (2017). “Japan’s transport planning at the national level, natural disasters, and their interplays”. European Transport Research Review. 9 (3). doi:10.1007/s12544-017-0255-7.
590. ^ “Privatization of JNR, 30 years on”. The Japan Times. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017.
591. ^ Sieloff, Sarah (October 7, 2020). “Japan’s Bullet Trains Are Hitting a Speed Bump”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020.
592. ^ Falcus, Matt (April 22, 2019). “Asia’s 9 busiest airports in 2019”. CNN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019.
593. ^ “Top 50 World Container Ports”. World Shipping Council. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
594. ^ “Chapter 7: Energy – 1. Supply and Demand” (PDF). Statistical Handbook of Japan 2021 (Report). Statistics Bureau of Japan. pp. 77, 79. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
595. ^ Tsukimori, Osamu (May 5, 2012). “Japan nuclear power-free as last reactor shuts”. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
596. ^ “Nuclear power back in Japan for the first time since Fukushima”. BBC News. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
597. ^ “Mixed progress for Japan’s nuclear plant restarts”. Nuclear Engineering International. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020.
598. ^ Thorarinsson, Loftur (April 2018). “A Review of the Evolution of the Japanese Oil Industry, Oil Policy and its Relationship with the Middle East” (PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. pp. 5–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018.
599. ^ Kucharski, Jeffrey; Unesaki, Hironobu (2017). “Japan’s 2014 Strategic Energy Plan: A Planned Energy System Transition”. Journal of Energy. 2017: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2017/4107614.
600. ^ “Population Estimates Monthly Report November 2020”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
601. ^ “Japan population drops by record number to 124.8 mil.: gov’t”. The Mainichi. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019.
602. ^ Jump up to:^a b c D’Ambrogio, Enrico (December 2020). “Japan’s ageing society” (PDF). European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020.
603. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (January 5, 2015). “Numbers tell tale of Japan’s postwar rise and fall”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015.
604. ^ Noriko, Tsuya (June 2017). Low fertility in Japan—no end in sight (PDF) (Report). Vol. 131. East–West Center. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2022.
605. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan: Demographic Shift Opens Door to Reforms”. International Monetary Fund. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020.
606. ^ Jump up to:^a b Walia, Simran (November 19, 2019). “The economic challenge of Japan’s aging crisis”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
607. ^ Semuels, Alana (July 20, 2017). “The Mystery of Why Japanese People Are Having So Few Babies”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017.
608. ^ Wakatsuki, Yoko; Griffiths, James (May 7, 2018). “Number of children in Japan shrinks to new record low”. CNN. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018.
609. ^ Lufkin, Bryan (December 10, 2018). “More seniors, more foreigners: How Japan is changing”. BBC. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019.
610. ^ “New immigration rules to stir up Japan’s regional rentals scene — if they work”. REthink Tokyo. March 27, 2019. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019.
611. ^ “Urban population (% of total population)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
612. ^ 東京都の人口（推計） [Population of Tokyo (estimate)]. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Statistics Department. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
613. ^ “The World’s Cities in 2016” (PDF). United Nations. March 12, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2017.
614. ^ Burgess, Chris (March 1, 2007). “Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the ‘Myth’ of Homogeneity”. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Vol. 5, no. 3. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016.
615. ^ “Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
616. ^ Japanese Archipelago Human Population Genetics Consortium (2012). “The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations”. Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (12): 787–795. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.114. PMID 23135232.
617. ^ Ambrose, Drew; Armont, Rhiona-Jade (June 13, 2018). “Zainichi: Being Korean in Japan”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020.
618. ^ Chen, Lara Tien-shi (2005). “Chinese in Japan”. Encyclopedia of Diasporas. pp. 680–688. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_70. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
619. ^ Seiger, Fiona-Katharina (2019). “‘Mixed’ Japanese-Filipino identities under Japanese multiculturalism”. Social Identities. 25 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1080/13504630.2018.1499225.
620. ^ Tobace, Ewerthon (July 17, 2015). “The Brazilians winning in Japan”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022.
621. ^ Escala, Elard (February 13, 2014). “Peruvians Struggling to Find a Place in Japanese Society”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014.
622. ^ “Japan’s hidden caste of untouchables”. BBC News. October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022.
623. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John C. (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, Teresa L.; May, Stephen (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Springer International Publishing. pp. 491–505. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02344-1_36. ISBN 978-3-319-02343-4.
624. ^ Miyagawa, Shigeru. “The Japanese Language”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on April 13, 2000. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
625. ^ “Japanese Educational System”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
626. ^ Anderson, Mark (2019). “Language shift in the Ryukyu Islands”. In Heinrich, Patrick; Ohara, Yumiko (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge. pp. 370–388. ISBN 978-1-315-21337-8.
627. ^ Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, T; May, S (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02320-5_36-2. ISBN 978-3-319-02320-5.
628. ^ Ishihara, Masahide (2016). “Language Revitalization Efforts in the Ryukyus”. In Ishihara, Masahide; Hoshino, Eiichi; Fujita, Yoko (eds.). Self-determinable Development of Small Islands. Springer. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-981-10-0132-1.
629. ^ Hudson, Mark (2014). “The ethnohistory and anthropology of ‘modern’ hunter-gatherers: north Japan (Ainu)”. In Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 1058. ISBN 978-0-19-955122-4.
630. ^ Inoue, Kyoko (2007). MacArthur’s Japanese Constitution (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-226-38391-0.
631. ^ McQuaid, John. “A View of Religion in Japan”. Japan Society. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
632. ^ “How religious are Japanese people?”. Japan Today. October 27, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019.
633. ^ Cavaliere, Paola (2019). “Women between Religion and Spirituality: Observing Religious Experience in Everyday Japanese Life”. Religions. 10 (6): 377. doi:10.3390/rel10060377.
634. ^ Shellnutt, Kate (May 29, 2018). “Why Japan Wants Its Past Persecution of Christians to Be World Renowned”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
635. ^ Shūkyō nenkan reiwa gan’nen-ban 宗教年鑑 令和元年版 [Religious Yearbook 2019] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2019. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2020.
636. ^ Kato, Mariko (February 24, 2009). “Christianity’s long history in the margins”. The Japan Times.
637. ^ Blakkarly, Jarni (July 13, 2016). “Shadow of surveillance looms over Japan’s Muslims”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020.
638. ^ “No. of Muslims, mosques on the rise in Japan amid some misconceptions, prejudice”. The Mainichi. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024.
639. ^ “Japan 2018 International Religious Freedom Report” (PDF). US Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
640. ^ “The Modernization and Development of Education in Japan”. The History of Japan’s Educational Development (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute. March 2004. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2020.
641. ^ “Japan: Learning Systems”. Center on International Education Benchmarking. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
642. ^ “QS World University Rankings – 2025”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
643. ^ “Compulsory nine-year school system kicks off in Japan”. The Japan Times. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016.
644. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan – Student performance (PISA 2015)”. OECD. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
645. ^ “Key Features of OECD Programme for International Student Assessment 2018 (PISA 2018)” (PDF). National Institute for Educational Policy Research. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
646. ^ “PISA – Results in Focus – Japan” (PDF). OECD. 2018. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
647. ^ “Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
648. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan”. OECD. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
649. ^ “Womenomics, Will women help solve Japan’s economic problems?” (PDF). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2019. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2021.
650. ^ Ikegami, Naoki (October 14, 2014). Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Japan. World Bank Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-4648-0408-3.
651. ^ Rodwin, Victor. “Health Care in Japan”. New York University. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
652. ^ “Current healthcare expenditure (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
653. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, male (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
654. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, female (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
655. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, total”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
656. ^ “Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
657. ^ Tsugane, Shoichiro (July 2020). “Why has Japan become the world’s most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 75: 921–928. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5.
658. ^ Russell, Roxanne; Metraux, Daniel; Tohen, Mauricio (2017). “Cultural influences on suicide in Japan”. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 71 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1111/pcn.12428. PMID 27487762.
659. ^ Akter, Shamima; Goto, Atsushi; Mizoue, Tetsuya (2017). “Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of Epidemiology. 27 (12): 553–561. doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017.
660. ^ Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. Palgrave. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
661. ^ Haffner, John; Klett, Tomas; Lehmann, Jean-Pierre (2009). Japan’s Open Future: An Agenda for Global Citizenship. Anthem Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84331-311-3.
662. ^ “Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan”. Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on October 31, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
663. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
664. ^ “The other superpower”. The Guardian. June 1, 2001. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022.
665. ^ Hoskin, Peter (January 31, 2015). “How Japan became a pop culture superpower”. The Spectator. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019.
666. ^ Schley, Matt (July 18, 2020). “‘Pure Invention’: How Japan’s pop culture became the ‘lingua franca’ of the internet”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021.
667. ^ Bain, Marc (May 27, 2020). “How Japan’s global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower”. Quartz. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021.
668. ^ Jump up to:^a b Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9.
669. ^ Locher, Mira (2012). Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-4629-0606-2.
670. ^ Kazuo, Nishi; Kazuo, Hozumi (1995). What is Japanese Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture with a List of Sites and a Map. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1992-9.
671. ^ Abe, K (May 1954). “Early Western Architecture in Japan”. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 13 (2): 13–18. doi:10.2307/987685. JSTOR 987685.
672. ^ Inagaki, Eizo (2003). “Japan: Architecture after 1868 (Meiji and after)”. Oxford Art Online. doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000369666.
673. ^ Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
674. ^ “Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)”. Meiji Gakuin University. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
675. ^ “Heian Period (794–1185)”. The Met. October 2002.
676. ^ “Tale of the bamboo cutter”. Calisphere. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
677. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
678. ^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 978-0-14-243714-8.
679. ^ Keene, Donald (1999). World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11467-7.
680. ^ Keene, Donald. “Japanese literature”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
681. ^ “Japanese Confucian Philosophy”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 20, 2008.
682. ^ Parkes, Graham (January 1, 2011). “Japanese aesthetics”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
683. ^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
684. ^ Lo, Patrick (2016). “Katsu Watanabe, Akane Oki, and Yasushi Ishii, Librarians of the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo”. Conversations with the World’s Leading Orchestra and Opera Librarians. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–167.
685. ^ “History of Taiko”. Stanford Taiko. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
686. ^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). “J-Pop History”. The Observer.
687. ^ Caracciolo, Frankie (September 18, 2020). “What Karaoke Means to the Country That Invented It”. Thrillist.
688. ^ “Traditional Japanese theatre: overview”. Time Out Tokyo. September 27, 2009.
689. ^ Lee, Edwin (December 6, 2018). “The Oldest Surviving Form of Theater”. The Atlantic.
690. ^ “Television Viewing and Media Use Today: From “The Japanese and Television 2015″ Survey” (PDF). NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute. April 2016.
691. ^ Iwabuchi, Koichi, ed. (2004). Feeling Asian Modernities: Transnational Consumption of Japanese TV Dramas. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622096318. JSTOR j.ctt2jc5b9.
692. ^ “World Press Trends 2016” (PDF). WAN-IFRA. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
693. ^ Sharp, Jasper (2011). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. xi.
694. ^ Ingoglia, Jesse (May 21, 2014). “Godzilla: monster, metaphor, pop icon”. New York Public Library.
695. ^ Kalat, David (2017). “Introduction”. A Critical History and Filmography of Toho’s Godzilla Series (2nd ed.). McFarland.
696. ^ Ito, Kinko (February 2005). “A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society”. Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x.
697. ^ Ro, Christine (June 12, 2019). “Did manga shape how the world sees Japan?”. BBC.
698. ^ Medina, Cynthia (December 5, 2019). “Why are manga outselling superhero comics?”. Rutgers Today.
699. ^ Hu, Tze-Yue (2010). “Miyazaki and Takahata anime cinema”. Frames of Anime: culture and image-building. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 105–136.
700. ^ Jozuka, Emiko (July 29, 2019). “Japanese anime: From ‘Disney of the East’ to a global industry worth billions”. CNN.
701. ^ Nakamura, Akemi (April 8, 2008). “National holidays trace roots to China, ancients, harvests”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009.
702. ^ Hindell, Juliet (January 10, 2000). “Happy Monday in Japan”. BBC News.
703. ^ “Japan’s National Holidays in 2021”. Nippon.com. June 10, 2020.
704. ^ “Food & Drink in Japan”. Frommer’s. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
705. ^ von Bargen, Hinnerk (2015). Street Foods. Wiley. p. 14.
706. ^ Makalintal, Bettina (February 11, 2018). “A brief history of how curry ended up in Japan”. Vice.
707. ^ McCurry, Justin (June 18, 2010). “Ramen: Japan’s super slurpy noodles”. The Guardian.
708. ^ Goldstein, Darra (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
709. ^ Fujita, Hiroko; Stallings, Fran (2008). Folktales from the Japanese Countryside. Libraries Unlimited. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-59158-488-9.
710. ^ Batt, Carl A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press. p. 846. ISBN 978-0-12-384733-1.
711. ^ Boulton, Christopher; Quain, David (2013). Brewing Yeast and Fermentation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-118-68534-1.
712. ^ Hosking, Richard (1995). A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients and Culture. Tuttle. p. 30. ISBN 0-8048-2042-2.
713. ^ “Sumo: East and West”. PBS. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
714. ^ Aoki, Mizuho (April 24, 2017). “Prewar bayonetting martial art makes a return to schools”. The Japan Times.
715. ^ Adler, David (February 21, 2023). “History of baseball in Japan”. Major League Baseball.
716. ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). “Japanese Baseball”. In Palmer, Pete (ed.). Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
717. ^ “Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan” (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
718. ^ Reineking, Jim (May 25, 2018). “Every FIFA World Cup champion: Brazil, Germany, Italy historically dominate tournament”. USA Today.
719. ^ “Team Japan”. Asian Football Confederation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
720. ^ “Japan edge USA for maiden title”. FIFA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
721. ^ Varcoe, Fred. “Japanese Golf Gets Friendly”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
722. ^ “Honda Wins F1 Championship in Its Final Season”. Nippon.com. December 13, 2021. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.
723. ^ “Group A”. World Rally Championship. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
724. ^ “Japanese industry in MotoGP”. MotoGP. October 11, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
725. ^ Nagatsuka, Kaz (June 14, 2017). “Sato revels in glow of historic Indy 500 triumph”. The Japan Times.
726. ^ Newbold, James (June 7, 2018). “The man behind Japan’s only Le Mans winner”. Autosport.
727. ^ Clarke, Len. “Japanese Omnibus: Sports”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
728. ^ “For the Love of Cars: Auto Racing in Japan”. Tokyo Weekender. April 18, 2018.
729. ^ “Olympic History in Japan”. Japanese Olympic Committee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
730. ^ “2006 FIBA World Championship”. FIBA. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
731. ^ “FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023”. FIBA. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
732. ^ “IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games”. International Olympic Committee. July 21, 2016.
733. ^ “The Game – World Championships – FIVB Women’s World Championships Finals”. FIVB. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
734. ^ “History”. Asia Rugby. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
735. ^ “Japan reaches out to the rest of Asia”. Rugby World Cup. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.
736. References
737. ^ Lewallen, Ann-Elise (November 1, 2008). “Indigenous at last! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir”. The Asia Pacific Journal (Japan Focus). No. 11. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023.
738. ^ Martin, Kylie (2011). “Aynu itak: On the Road to Ainu Language Revitalization” (PDF). Media and Communication Studies メディア·コミュニケーション研究. 60: 57–93. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2015.
739. ^ “Surface water and surface water change”. OECD. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
740. ^ Jump up to:^a b 令和元年全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 (10月1日時点) [Reiwa 1 nationwide area survey by prefectures and municipalities (as of October 1)] (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. December 26, 2019. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020.
741. ^ “Population estimates by age (five-year groups) and sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
742. ^ “2020 Population Census: population by sex, age (single years), month of birth and all nationality or Japanese”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Archived from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
743. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Japan)”. www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
744. ^ “Inequality – Income inequality”. OECD. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
745. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/2024” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
746. ^ “Official Names of Member States (UNTERM)” (PDF). UN Protocol and Liaison Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
747. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Schreiber, Mark (November 26, 2019). “You say ‘Nihon’, I say ‘Nippon’, or let’s call the whole thing ‘Japan’?”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022.
748. ^ Jump up to:^a b Carr, Michael (March 1992). “Wa Wa Lexicography”. International Journal of Lexicography. 5 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1093/ijl/5.1.1.
749. ^ Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The Emergence of Japanese Kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-8047-2832-4.
750. ^ Jump up to:^a b Batchelor, Robert K. (2014). London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689. University of Chicago Press. pp. 76, 79. ISBN 978-0-226-08079-6.
751. ^ Hoffman, Michael (July 27, 2008). “Cipangu’s landlocked isles”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018.
752. ^ Lach, Donald (2010). Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. I. University of Chicago Press. p. 157.
753. ^ Mancall, Peter C. (2006). “Of the Ilande of Giapan, 1565”. Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: an anthology. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–157.
754. ^ Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). “Geology and Quaternary environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, central Japan”. Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012.
755. ^ Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.
756. ^ “Jōmon Culture (ca. 10,500–ca. 300 B.C.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
757. ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 4, 2011). “Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018.
758. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017). “Origins of the Japanese Language”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
759. ^ Jump up to:^a b Watanabe, Yusuke; Naka, Izumi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Sawai, Hiromi; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun (June 17, 2019). “Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period”. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z.
760. ^ “Road of rice plant”. National Science Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
761. ^ “Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
762. ^ “Yayoi Culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.)”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
763. ^ Hendry, Joy (2012). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-27918-8.
764. ^ Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149, 275. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
765. ^ Beasley, William Gerald (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-22560-2.
766. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
767. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 57, 68. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
768. ^ Jump up to:^a b Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
769. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 64–79. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
770. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Of Courtiers and Warriors: Early and Medieval History (710–1600)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–52. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
771. ^ Hays, J.N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
772. ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 79–87, 122–123. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
773. ^ Leibo, Steven A. (2015). East and Southeast Asia 2015–2016. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-4758-1875-8.
774. ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 616.
775. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 106–112. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
776. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-231-15730-8.
777. ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 42, 217. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.
778. ^ Lidin, Olof (2005). Tanegashima. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-47957-2.
779. ^ Brown, Delmer (May 1948). “The impact of firearms on Japanese warfare, 1543–98”. The Far Eastern Quarterly. 7 (3): 236–253. doi:10.2307/2048846.
780. ^ “Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1603)”. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
781. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2011). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84603-960-7.
782. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Closed Country: the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–74. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
783. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
784. ^ Toby, Ronald P. (1977). “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”. Journal of Japanese Studies. 3 (2): 323–363. doi:10.2307/132115. JSTOR 132115.
785. ^ Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Hurst & Company. pp. 58ff. ISBN 978-1-85065-538-1.
786. ^ Ohtsu, M.; Imanari, Tomio (1999). “Japanese National Values and Confucianism”. Japanese Economy. 27 (2): 45–59. doi:10.2753/JES1097-203X270245.
787. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 289–296. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
788. ^ Jump up to:^a b Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “Building a Modern Nation: the Meiji Period (1868–1912)”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 75–107. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
789. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
790. ^ Baran, Paul (1962). The Political Economy of Growth. Monthly Review Press. p. 160.
791. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 312–314. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
792. ^ Matsusaka, Y. Tak (2009). “The Japanese Empire”. In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). Companion to Japanese History. Blackwell. pp. 224–241. ISBN 978-1-4051-1690-9.
793. ^ Yi Wei (October 15, 2019). “Japanese Colonial Ideology In Korea (1905–1945)”. The Yale Review of International Studies.
794. ^ Hiroshi, Shimizu; Hitoshi, Hirakawa (1999). Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan’s economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-19236-1.
795. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “The Excesses of Ambition: the Pacific War and its Lead-Up”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108–141. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
796. ^ Tsuzuki, Chushichi (2011). “Taisho Democracy and the First World War”. The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-820589-0.
797. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ramesh, S (2020). “The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy”. China’s Economic Rise. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173–209. ISBN 978-3-030-49811-5.
798. ^ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 20.
799. ^ Weber, Torsten (2018). Embracing ‘Asia’ in China and Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268.
800. ^ Young, Louise (2024). “The Breakdown in Democracy in 1930s Japan”. When Democracy Breaks. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–141. ISBN 0-19-776078-3.
801. ^ “The Japanese Nation: It has a history of feudalism, nationalism, war and now defeat”. LIFE. Vol. 19, no. 12. September 17, 1945. pp. 109–111.
802. ^ Paine, S. C. M. (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–125. ISBN 978-1-139-56087-0.
803. ^ Worth, Roland H. Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. pp. 56, 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-0141-3.
804. ^ Bailey, Beth; Farber, David (2019). “Introduction: December 7/8, 1941”. Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History. University Press of Kansas. pp. 1–8.
805. ^ Yōko, Hayashi (1999–2000). “Issues Surrounding the Wartime “Comfort Women””. Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 11/12 (Special Issue): 54–65. JSTOR 42800182.
806. ^ Pape, Robert A. (1993). “Why Japan Surrendered”. International Security. 18 (2): 154–201. doi:10.2307/2539100.
807. ^ Watt, Lori (2010). When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-674-05598-8.
808. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Henshall, Kenneth (2012). “A Phoenix from the Ashes: Postwar Successes and Beyond”. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142–180. ISBN 978-0-230-36918-4.
809. ^ Frank, Richard (August 26, 2020). “The Fate of Emperor Hirohito”. The National WWII Museum. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024.
810. ^ Coleman, Joseph (March 6, 2007). “’52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
811. ^ Saxonhouse, Gary; Stern, Robert (2003). “The bubble and the lost decade”. The World Economy. 26 (3): 267–281. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00522. hdl:2027.42/71597.
812. ^ Jump up to:^a b Fackler, Martin; Drew, Kevin (March 11, 2011). “Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022.
813. ^ “Japan’s emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication”. Nikkei Asian Review. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020.
814. ^ McCurry, Justin (February 16, 2023). “Japan sees its number of islands double after recount”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023.
815. ^ “Water Supply in Japan”. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
816. ^ Iwashita, Akihiro (2011). “An Invitation to Japan’s Borderlands: At the Geopolitical Edge of the Eurasian Continent”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 279–282. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686969.
817. ^ Kuwahara, Sueo (2012). “The development of small islands in Japan: An historical perspective”. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. 1 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.imic.2012.04.004.
818. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-333-71000-5.
819. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “World Factbook: Japan”. CIA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
820. ^ Yamada, Yoshihiko (2011). “Japan’s New National Border Strategy and Maritime Security”. Journal of Borderlands Studies. 26 (3): 357–367. doi:10.1080/08865655.2011.686972.
821. ^ “Natural environment of Japan: Japanese archipelago”. Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
822. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2017). “Relationship between population density and population movement in inhabitable lands”. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. 14: 117–130. doi:10.1007/s40844-016-0064-z.
823. ^ “List of countries by population density”. Statistics Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
824. ^ Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2015). Geographic Dependency of Population Distribution. International Conference on Social Modeling and Simulation, plus Econophysics Colloquium 2014. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. pp. 151–162. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20591-5_14. ISBN 978-3-319-20590-8.
825. ^ 総務省｜住基ネット [Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Resident Registration net]. soumu.go.jp. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
826. ^ Hua, Yang (2014). “Legal Regulation of Land Reclamation in China’s Coastal Areas”. Coastal Management. 42 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1080/08920753.2013.865008.
827. ^ Tabata, Ryoichi; Kakioka, Ryo; Tominaga, Koji; Komiya, Takefumi; Watanabe, Katsutoshi (2016). “Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: The ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan”. Ecology and Evolution. 6 (8): 2601–2623. doi:10.1002/ece3.2070. PMC 4798153. PMID 27066244.
828. ^ Israel, Brett (March 14, 2011). “Japan’s Explosive Geology Explained”. Live Science. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019.
829. ^ “World Risk Report 2016”. UNU-EHS. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
830. ^ Fujita, Eisuke; Ueda, Hideki; Nakada, Setsuya (July 2020). “A New Japan Volcanological Database”. Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 205. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00205.
831. ^ “Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan”. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
832. ^ Hammer, Joshua (May 2011). “The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923”. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021.
833. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Gilbreath, Dick (2005). Japan in the 21st century. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 18–21, 41. ISBN 978-0-8131-2342-4.
834. ^ “Climate of Hokuriku district”. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
835. ^ “Overview of Japan’s climate”. Japan Meteorological Association. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
836. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ito, Masami. “Japan 2030: Tackling climate issues is key to the next decade”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
837. ^ “Record High in Japan as Heat Wave Grips the Region”. The New York Times. Associated Press. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
838. ^ Ogura, Junko; Regan, Helen (August 18, 2020). “Japan’s heat wave continues, as temperatures equal highest record”. CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020.
839. ^ “Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness”. Embassy of Japan in the USA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
840. ^ Sakurai, Ryo (2019). Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Japan: From Asia to the World. Springer. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-981-13-6332-0.
841. ^ “The Wildlife in Japan” (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2016.
842. ^ “Japan”. Ramsar. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
843. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
844. ^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史 [Historical Air Pollution in Japan] (in Japanese). Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
845. ^ Sekiyama, Takeshi. “Japan’s international cooperation for energy efficiency and conservation in Asian region” (PDF). Energy Conservation Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
846. ^ “Environmental Performance Index: Japan”. Yale University. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
847. ^ “Japan sees extra emission cuts to 2020 goal – minister”. Reuters. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017.
848. ^ Davidson, Jordan (October 26, 2020). “Japan Targets Carbon Neutrality by 2050”. Ecowatch. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
849. ^ “Environmental Performance Review of Japan” (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
850. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Japan’s Parliament and other political institutions”. European Parliament. June 9, 2020. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021.
851. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The Constitution of Japan”. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. November 3, 1946. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
852. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japan”. US Securities and Exchange Commission. August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020.
853. ^ “Japan Youth Can Make Difference with New Voting Rights: UN Envoy”. UN Envoy on Youth. July 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
854. ^ Ninivagi, Gabriele (September 27, 2024). “Ishiba wins: An unusual result for an unusual election”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024.
855. ^ Crespo, José Antonio (April 1995). “The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan: Conservative Domination”. International Political Science Review. 16 (2): 199–209. doi:10.1177/019251219501600206. JSTOR 1601459.
856. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dean, Meryll (2002). Japanese legal system: text, cases & materials (2nd ed.). Cavendish. pp. 55–58, 131. ISBN 978-1-85941-673-0.
857. ^ Kanamori, Shigenari (January 1, 1999). “German influences on Japanese Pre-War Constitution and Civil Code”. European Journal of Law and Economics. 7 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1023/A:1008688209052.
858. ^ McElwain, Kenneth Mori (August 15, 2017). “The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019.
859. ^ “The Japanese Judicial System”. Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. July 1999. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
860. ^ “Regions of Japan” (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
861. ^ “Japan’s Efforts at the United Nations (UN)”. Diplomatic Bluebook 2017. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
862. ^ Terada, Takashi (2011). “The United States and East Asian Regionalism”. In Borthwick, Mark; Yamamoto, Tadashi (eds.). A Pacific Nation (PDF). Japan Center for International Exchange. ISBN 978-4-88907-133-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020.
863. ^ “Statistics from the Development Co-operation Report 2015”. OECD. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
864. ^ “Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank”. Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
865. ^ Jump up to:^a b “US Relations with Japan”. US Department of State. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
866. ^ Szechenyi, Nicholas; Hosoya, Yuichi. “Working Toward a Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
867. ^ “Achieving the ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)’ Vision: Japan Ministry of Defense’s Approach”. Japan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
868. ^ Chanlett-Avery, Emma (2018). Japan, the Indo-Pacific, and the “Quad” (Report). Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
869. ^ Smith, Sheila A. (May 27, 2021). “The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
870. ^ “Japanese Territory, Northern Territories”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019.
871. ^ “Japanese Territory, Takeshima”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 30, 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019.
872. ^ Fox, Senan (September 2016). “The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotorishima disputes: Ideational and material influences”. China Information. 30 (3): 312–333. doi:10.1177/0920203X16665778.
873. ^ “2024 Global Peace Index” (PDF). Institute for Economics & Peace. June 2024.
874. ^ “Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
875. ^ “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022” (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
876. ^ “Japan: Article 9 of the Constitution”. Library of Congress. February 2006. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019.
877. ^ Teslik, Lee Hudson (April 13, 2006). “Japan and its military”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
878. ^ “Japan’s Security Policy”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015.
879. ^ “Abe offers Japan’s help in maintaining regional security”. Japan Herald. May 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
880. ^ Liff, Adam P. (May 22, 2023). “No, Japan is not planning to ‘double its defense budget'”. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023.
881. ^ Yoji, Koda (September 18, 2020). “Japan: Dealing with North Korea’s Growing Missile Threat”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
882. ^ Gale, Alastair; Tsuneoka, Chieko (July 14, 2020). “China Provocations Hasten Japan’s Military Revival”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
883. ^ “Who will conduct the investigation?”. Supreme Court of Japan. 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
884. ^ National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee, ed. (1977). Japan post-war police history (in Japanese). Japan Police Support Association.
885. ^ “Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures” (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
886. ^ “Japan Coast Guard” (PDF). Japan Coast Guard. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
887. ^ “Diet tightens laws on knives, guns”. The Japan Times. November 29, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
888. ^ Fisher, Max (July 23, 2012). “A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015.
889. ^ “Victims of intentional homicide, 1990–2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
890. ^ “Kidnapping: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
891. ^ “Sexual violence”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
892. ^ “Robbery: 2018”. UNODC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
893. ^ Matsui, Shigenori (February 22, 2018). “Fundamental Human Rights and ‘Traditional Japanese Values’: Constitutional Amendment and Vision of the Japanese Society”. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 13 (1): 59–86. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2017.25.
894. ^ “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination started consideration of the initial and second periodic reports of Japan”. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
895. ^ Constitution of Japan  – via Wikisource.
896. ^ “Japan Strengthening Its Presence in the International Community”. Diplomatic Bluebook. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2021.
897. ^ Human Rights Watch (2024). World Report 2024: Events of 2023. Seven Stories Press. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-64421-338-4.
898. ^ Iida, Aki (2018). “Gender inequality in Japan: The status of women, and their promotion in the workplace”. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs. 3 (3): 43–52. doi:10.14267/cojourn.2018v3n3a5.
899. ^ Shiraishi, Sakiko; Mao, Frances (March 14, 2024). “Japan same-sex marriage ban ruled unconstitutional again by courts”. BBC.
900. ^ “Racial profiling, discrimination in Japan far more serious than stats reported by police”. Mainichi Daily News. December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024.
901. ^ “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Japan”. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
902. ^ “Japan: ‘Will this day be my last?’ The death penalty in Japan”. Amnesty International. July 6, 2006.
903. ^ “Japan: Long-standing discrimination unchanged” (PDF). Amnesty International. 2023.
904. ^ “Japan’s new deportation rule for asylum seekers raises rights concerns”. Nikkei Asia. June 10, 2024.
905. ^ “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023”. International Monetary Fund. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023.
906. ^ “Unemployment, total (% of the total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
907. ^ Komiya, Kantaro; Kihara, Leiha (October 31, 2021). “Japan confronts rising inequality after Abenomics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
908. ^ Huang, Eustance (July 2, 2020). “Japan’s middle class is ‘disappearing’ as poverty rises, warns economist”. CNBC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
909. ^ Ímrohoroğlu, Selahattin; Kitao, Sagiri; Yamada, Tomoaki (February 2016). “Achieving fiscal balance in Japan”. International Economic Review. 57 (1): 117–154. doi:10.1111/iere.12150. JSTOR 44075341.
910. ^ “Monetary Tightening Poses Medium-Term Risks to Japan’s Debt Dynamics”. Fitch Ratings. May 6, 2022. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022.
911. ^ “Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserve”. IMF. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
912. ^ “List of importing markets for the product exported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
913. ^ “List of supplying markets for the product imported by Japan in 2022”. International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
914. ^ “Exports of goods and services (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
915. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Japanese Trade and Investment Statistics”. Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
916. ^ “Economic survey of Japan 2008”. OECD. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
917. ^ “Japan’s Economy: Free at last”. The Economist. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
918. ^ “The 2018 World Cooperative Monitor: Exploring the Cooperative Economy” (PDF). International Co-operative Alliance. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2019.
919. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2019). “The Global Competitiveness Report” (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2022.
920. ^ “Trends in the Visitor Arrivals to Japan by Year”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
921. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Statistical Annex”. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 18 (5): 18. August–September 2020. doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.5.
922. ^ “The Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021” (PDF). World Economic Forum. May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
923. ^ “Arable land (% of land area)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
924. ^ Nagata, Akira; Chen, Bixia (May 22, 2012). “Urbanites Help Sustain Japan’s Historic Rice Paddy Terraces”. Our World. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016.
925. ^ Chen, Hungyen (2018). “The spatial patterns in long-term temporal trends of three major crops’ yields in Japan”. Plant Production Science. 21 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/1343943X.2018.1459752.
926. ^ “Japan: Support to agriculture”. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation. OECD. 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
927. ^ Nishimura, Karyn (January 1, 2020). “Grown from necessity: Vertical farming takes off in aging Japan”. The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021.
928. ^ “The state of world fisheries and aquaculture” (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
929. ^ McCurry, Justin (April 24, 2017). “Japan to exceed bluefin tuna quota amid warnings of commercial extinction”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
930. ^ “Japan resumes commercial whaling after 30 years”. BBC News. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
931. ^ Jump up to:^a b “2022 Production Statistics”. OICA. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
932. ^ “Manufacturing, value added (current US$)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
933. ^ He, Laura; Semans, Himari (February 2, 2024). “Is China now the world’s top car exporter? It’s complicated”. CNN.
934. ^ “Cars”. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
935. ^ Okada, Mizuki (September 5, 2020). “Japan Targets to Export More Ships, Revive Global Market Share”. Japan Forward. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021.
936. ^ “Services, value added (% of GDP)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
937. ^ “Fortune Global 500”. Fortune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
938. ^ “The World’s Largest Public Companies”. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
939. ^ “How much does your country invest in R&D?”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
940. ^ “Japan’s Science and Technology Research Spending at New High”. Nippon.com. February 19, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
941. ^ “All Nobel Prizes”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
942. ^ “Fields Medal”. International Mathematical Union. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
943. ^ Wessling, Brianna (December 15, 2021). “10 most automated countries worldwide”. The Robot Report. Archived from the original on August 18, 2023.
944. ^ Fujiwara, Hiroshi (December 17, 2018). “Why Japan leads industrial robot production”. International Federation of Robotics. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
945. ^ “Science, technology, and innovation: Researchers by sex, per million inhabitants, per thousand labour force, per thousand total employment (FTE and HC)”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
946. ^ Pham, Sherisse (May 4, 2017). “How things got ugly for some of Japan’s biggest brands”. CNN Money. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020.
947. ^ Nutt, Christian (June 19, 2015). “Japan’s game market hits record high as consoles decline and mobile grows”. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018.
948. ^ “PC games revenue to hit $42 billion in 2020 – DFC”. GamesIndustry.biz. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022.
949. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (May 19, 2016). “JAXA: Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency”. Space. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
950. ^ “Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage”. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007.
951. ^ “Akatsuki”. NASA. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
952. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (April 7, 2019). “Can Robots Build a Moon Base for Astronauts? Japan Hopes to Find Out”. Space. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
953. ^ “Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer ‘Kaguya'”. Japan Corporate News Network. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
954. ^ “Japan launches first lunar probe”. BBC News. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
955. ^ “Japanese probe crashes into Moon”. BBC News. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009.
956. ^ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (October 10, 2012). “Japan’s high-spending legacy”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021.
957. ^ Shibayama, Takeru (2017). “Japan’s transport planning at the national level, natural disasters, and their interplays”. European Transport Research Review. 9 (3). doi:10.1007/s12544-017-0255-7.
958. ^ “Privatization of JNR, 30 years on”. The Japan Times. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017.
959. ^ Sieloff, Sarah (October 7, 2020). “Japan’s Bullet Trains Are Hitting a Speed Bump”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020.
960. ^ Falcus, Matt (April 22, 2019). “Asia’s 9 busiest airports in 2019”. CNN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019.
961. ^ “Top 50 World Container Ports”. World Shipping Council. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
962. ^ “Chapter 7: Energy – 1. Supply and Demand” (PDF). Statistical Handbook of Japan 2021 (Report). Statistics Bureau of Japan. pp. 77, 79. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
963. ^ Tsukimori, Osamu (May 5, 2012). “Japan nuclear power-free as last reactor shuts”. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
964. ^ “Nuclear power back in Japan for the first time since Fukushima”. BBC News. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
965. ^ “Mixed progress for Japan’s nuclear plant restarts”. Nuclear Engineering International. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020.
966. ^ Thorarinsson, Loftur (April 2018). “A Review of the Evolution of the Japanese Oil Industry, Oil Policy and its Relationship with the Middle East” (PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. pp. 5–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018.
967. ^ Kucharski, Jeffrey; Unesaki, Hironobu (2017). “Japan’s 2014 Strategic Energy Plan: A Planned Energy System Transition”. Journal of Energy. 2017: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2017/4107614.
968. ^ “Population Estimates Monthly Report November 2020”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
969. ^ “Japan population drops by record number to 124.8 mil.: gov’t”. The Mainichi. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019.
970. ^ Jump up to:^a b c D’Ambrogio, Enrico (December 2020). “Japan’s ageing society” (PDF). European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020.
971. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (January 5, 2015). “Numbers tell tale of Japan’s postwar rise and fall”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015.
972. ^ Noriko, Tsuya (June 2017). Low fertility in Japan—no end in sight (PDF) (Report). Vol. 131. East–West Center. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2022.
973. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan: Demographic Shift Opens Door to Reforms”. International Monetary Fund. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020.
974. ^ Jump up to:^a b Walia, Simran (November 19, 2019). “The economic challenge of Japan’s aging crisis”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
975. ^ Semuels, Alana (July 20, 2017). “The Mystery of Why Japanese People Are Having So Few Babies”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017.
976. ^ Wakatsuki, Yoko; Griffiths, James (May 7, 2018). “Number of children in Japan shrinks to new record low”. CNN. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018.
977. ^ Lufkin, Bryan (December 10, 2018). “More seniors, more foreigners: How Japan is changing”. BBC. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019.
978. ^ “New immigration rules to stir up Japan’s regional rentals scene — if they work”. REthink Tokyo. March 27, 2019. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019.
979. ^ “Urban population (% of total population)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
980. ^ 東京都の人口（推計） [Population of Tokyo (estimate)]. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Statistics Department. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
981. ^ “The World’s Cities in 2016” (PDF). United Nations. March 12, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2017.
982. ^ Burgess, Chris (March 1, 2007). “Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the ‘Myth’ of Homogeneity”. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Vol. 5, no. 3. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016.
983. ^ “Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex”. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
984. ^ Japanese Archipelago Human Population Genetics Consortium (2012). “The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations”. Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (12): 787–795. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.114. PMID 23135232.
985. ^ Ambrose, Drew; Armont, Rhiona-Jade (June 13, 2018). “Zainichi: Being Korean in Japan”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020.
986. ^ Chen, Lara Tien-shi (2005). “Chinese in Japan”. Encyclopedia of Diasporas. pp. 680–688. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_70. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
987. ^ Seiger, Fiona-Katharina (2019). “‘Mixed’ Japanese-Filipino identities under Japanese multiculturalism”. Social Identities. 25 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1080/13504630.2018.1499225.
988. ^ Tobace, Ewerthon (July 17, 2015). “The Brazilians winning in Japan”. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022.
989. ^ Escala, Elard (February 13, 2014). “Peruvians Struggling to Find a Place in Japanese Society”. Nippon.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014.
990. ^ “Japan’s hidden caste of untouchables”. BBC News. October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022.
991. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John C. (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, Teresa L.; May, Stephen (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Springer International Publishing. pp. 491–505. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02344-1_36. ISBN 978-3-319-02343-4.
992. ^ Miyagawa, Shigeru. “The Japanese Language”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on April 13, 2000. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
993. ^ “Japanese Educational System”. Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
994. ^ Anderson, Mark (2019). “Language shift in the Ryukyu Islands”. In Heinrich, Patrick; Ohara, Yumiko (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge. pp. 370–388. ISBN 978-1-315-21337-8.
995. ^ Fujita-Round, Sachiyo; Maher, John (2017). “Language Policy and Education in Japan”. In McCarty, T; May, S (eds.). Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02320-5_36-2. ISBN 978-3-319-02320-5.
996. ^ Ishihara, Masahide (2016). “Language Revitalization Efforts in the Ryukyus”. In Ishihara, Masahide; Hoshino, Eiichi; Fujita, Yoko (eds.). Self-determinable Development of Small Islands. Springer. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-981-10-0132-1.
997. ^ Hudson, Mark (2014). “The ethnohistory and anthropology of ‘modern’ hunter-gatherers: north Japan (Ainu)”. In Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 1058. ISBN 978-0-19-955122-4.
998. ^ Inoue, Kyoko (2007). MacArthur’s Japanese Constitution (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-226-38391-0.
999. ^ McQuaid, John. “A View of Religion in Japan”. Japan Society. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
1000. ^ “How religious are Japanese people?”. Japan Today. October 27, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019.
1001. ^ Cavaliere, Paola (2019). “Women between Religion and Spirituality: Observing Religious Experience in Everyday Japanese Life”. Religions. 10 (6): 377. doi:10.3390/rel10060377.
1002. ^ Shellnutt, Kate (May 29, 2018). “Why Japan Wants Its Past Persecution of Christians to Be World Renowned”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019.
1003. ^ Shūkyō nenkan reiwa gan’nen-ban 宗教年鑑 令和元年版 [Religious Yearbook 2019] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2019. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2020.
1004. ^ Kato, Mariko (February 24, 2009). “Christianity’s long history in the margins”. The Japan Times.
1005. ^ Blakkarly, Jarni (July 13, 2016). “Shadow of surveillance looms over Japan’s Muslims”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020.
1006. ^ “No. of Muslims, mosques on the rise in Japan amid some misconceptions, prejudice”. The Mainichi. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024.
1007. ^ “Japan 2018 International Religious Freedom Report” (PDF). US Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
1008. ^ “The Modernization and Development of Education in Japan”. The History of Japan’s Educational Development (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute. March 2004. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2020.
1009. ^ “Japan: Learning Systems”. Center on International Education Benchmarking. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
1010. ^ “QS World University Rankings – 2025”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
1011. ^ “Compulsory nine-year school system kicks off in Japan”. The Japan Times. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016.
1012. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan – Student performance (PISA 2015)”. OECD. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
1013. ^ “Key Features of OECD Programme for International Student Assessment 2018 (PISA 2018)” (PDF). National Institute for Educational Policy Research. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
1014. ^ “PISA – Results in Focus – Japan” (PDF). OECD. 2018. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
1015. ^ “Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) – Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
1016. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Japan”. OECD. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
1017. ^ “Womenomics, Will women help solve Japan’s economic problems?” (PDF). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2019. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2021.
1018. ^ Ikegami, Naoki (October 14, 2014). Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Japan. World Bank Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-4648-0408-3.
1019. ^ Rodwin, Victor. “Health Care in Japan”. New York University. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
1020. ^ “Current healthcare expenditure (% of GDP): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
1021. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, male (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
1022. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, female (years)”. World Bank. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
1023. ^ “Life expectancy at birth, total”. World Bank. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
1024. ^ “Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Japan”. World Bank. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
1025. ^ Tsugane, Shoichiro (July 2020). “Why has Japan become the world’s most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 75: 921–928. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5.
1026. ^ Russell, Roxanne; Metraux, Daniel; Tohen, Mauricio (2017). “Cultural influences on suicide in Japan”. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 71 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1111/pcn.12428. PMID 27487762.
1027. ^ Akter, Shamima; Goto, Atsushi; Mizoue, Tetsuya (2017). “Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of Epidemiology. 27 (12): 553–561. doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017.
1028. ^ Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. Palgrave. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
1029. ^ Haffner, John; Klett, Tomas; Lehmann, Jean-Pierre (2009). Japan’s Open Future: An Agenda for Global Citizenship. Anthem Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84331-311-3.
1030. ^ “Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan”. Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on October 31, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
1031. ^ “Japan”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
1032. ^ “The other superpower”. The Guardian. June 1, 2001. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022.
1033. ^ Hoskin, Peter (January 31, 2015). “How Japan became a pop culture superpower”. The Spectator. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019.
1034. ^ Schley, Matt (July 18, 2020). “‘Pure Invention’: How Japan’s pop culture became the ‘lingua franca’ of the internet”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021.
1035. ^ Bain, Marc (May 27, 2020). “How Japan’s global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower”. Quartz. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021.
1036. ^ Jump up to:^a b Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9.
1037. ^ Locher, Mira (2012). Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-4629-0606-2.
1038. ^ Kazuo, Nishi; Kazuo, Hozumi (1995). What is Japanese Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture with a List of Sites and a Map. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1992-9.
1039. ^ Abe, K (May 1954). “Early Western Architecture in Japan”. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 13 (2): 13–18. doi:10.2307/987685. JSTOR 987685.
1040. ^ Inagaki, Eizo (2003). “Japan: Architecture after 1868 (Meiji and after)”. Oxford Art Online. doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000369666.
1041. ^ Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
1042. ^ “Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)”. Meiji Gakuin University. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
1043. ^ “Heian Period (794–1185)”. The Met. October 2002.
1044. ^ “Tale of the bamboo cutter”. Calisphere. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
1045. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
1046. ^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 978-0-14-243714-8.
1047. ^ Keene, Donald (1999). World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11467-7.
1048. ^ Keene, Donald. “Japanese literature”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
1049. ^ “Japanese Confucian Philosophy”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 20, 2008.
1050. ^ Parkes, Graham (January 1, 2011). “Japanese aesthetics”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1051. ^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
1052. ^ Lo, Patrick (2016). “Katsu Watanabe, Akane Oki, and Yasushi Ishii, Librarians of the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo”. Conversations with the World’s Leading Orchestra and Opera Librarians. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–167.
1053. ^ “History of Taiko”. Stanford Taiko. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
1054. ^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). “J-Pop History”. The Observer.
1055. ^ Caracciolo, Frankie (September 18, 2020). “What Karaoke Means to the Country That Invented It”. Thrillist.
1056. ^ “Traditional Japanese theatre: overview”. Time Out Tokyo. September 27, 2009.
1057. ^ Lee, Edwin (December 6, 2018). “The Oldest Surviving Form of Theater”. The Atlantic.
1058. ^ “Television Viewing and Media Use Today: From “The Japanese and Television 2015″ Survey” (PDF). NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute. April 2016.
1059. ^ Iwabuchi, Koichi, ed. (2004). Feeling Asian Modernities: Transnational Consumption of Japanese TV Dramas. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622096318. JSTOR j.ctt2jc5b9.
1060. ^ “World Press Trends 2016” (PDF). WAN-IFRA. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
1061. ^ Sharp, Jasper (2011). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. xi.
1062. ^ Ingoglia, Jesse (May 21, 2014). “Godzilla: monster, metaphor, pop icon”. New York Public Library.
1063. ^ Kalat, David (2017). “Introduction”. A Critical History and Filmography of Toho’s Godzilla Series (2nd ed.). McFarland.
1064. ^ Ito, Kinko (February 2005). “A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society”. Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x.
1065. ^ Ro, Christine (June 12, 2019). “Did manga shape how the world sees Japan?”. BBC.
1066. ^ Medina, Cynthia (December 5, 2019). “Why are manga outselling superhero comics?”. Rutgers Today.
1067. ^ Hu, Tze-Yue (2010). “Miyazaki and Takahata anime cinema”. Frames of Anime: culture and image-building. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 105–136.
1068. ^ Jozuka, Emiko (July 29, 2019). “Japanese anime: From ‘Disney of the East’ to a global industry worth billions”. CNN.
1069. ^ Nakamura, Akemi (April 8, 2008). “National holidays trace roots to China, ancients, harvests”. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009.
1070. ^ Hindell, Juliet (January 10, 2000). “Happy Monday in Japan”. BBC News.
1071. ^ “Japan’s National Holidays in 2021”. Nippon.com. June 10, 2020.
1072. ^ “Food & Drink in Japan”. Frommer’s. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
1073. ^ von Bargen, Hinnerk (2015). Street Foods. Wiley. p. 14.
1074. ^ Makalintal, Bettina (February 11, 2018). “A brief history of how curry ended up in Japan”. Vice.
1075. ^ McCurry, Justin (June 18, 2010). “Ramen: Japan’s super slurpy noodles”. The Guardian.
1076. ^ Goldstein, Darra (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
1077. ^ Fujita, Hiroko; Stallings, Fran (2008). Folktales from the Japanese Countryside. Libraries Unlimited. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-59158-488-9.
1078. ^ Batt, Carl A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press. p. 846. ISBN 978-0-12-384733-1.
1079. ^ Boulton, Christopher; Quain, David (2013). Brewing Yeast and Fermentation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-118-68534-1.
1080. ^ Hosking, Richard (1995). A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients and Culture. Tuttle. p. 30. ISBN 0-8048-2042-2.
1081. ^ “Sumo: East and West”. PBS. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
1082. ^ Aoki, Mizuho (April 24, 2017). “Prewar bayonetting martial art makes a return to schools”. The Japan Times.
1083. ^ Adler, David (February 21, 2023). “History of baseball in Japan”. Major League Baseball.
1084. ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). “Japanese Baseball”. In Palmer, Pete (ed.). Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
1085. ^ “Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan” (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
1086. ^ Reineking, Jim (May 25, 2018). “Every FIFA World Cup champion: Brazil, Germany, Italy historically dominate tournament”. USA Today.
1087. ^ “Team Japan”. Asian Football Confederation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
1088. ^ “Japan edge USA for maiden title”. FIFA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
1089. ^ Varcoe, Fred. “Japanese Golf Gets Friendly”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
1090. ^ “Honda Wins F1 Championship in Its Final Season”. Nippon.com. December 13, 2021. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.
1091. ^ “Group A”. World Rally Championship. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
1092. ^ “Japanese industry in MotoGP”. MotoGP. October 11, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
1093. ^ Nagatsuka, Kaz (June 14, 2017). “Sato revels in glow of historic Indy 500 triumph”. The Japan Times.
1094. ^ Newbold, James (June 7, 2018). “The man behind Japan’s only Le Mans winner”. Autosport.
1095. ^ Clarke, Len. “Japanese Omnibus: Sports”. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
1096. ^ “For the Love of Cars: Auto Racing in Japan”. Tokyo Weekender. April 18, 2018.
1097. ^ “Olympic History in Japan”. Japanese Olympic Committee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
1098. ^ “2006 FIBA World Championship”. FIBA. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
1099. ^ “FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023”. FIBA. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
1100. ^ “IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games”. International Olympic Committee. July 21, 2016.
1101. ^ “The Game – World Championships – FIVB Women’s World Championships Finals”. FIVB. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
1102. ^ “History”. Asia Rugby. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
1103. ^ “Japan reaches out to the rest of Asia”. Rugby World Cup. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.