Korean Thriller Harbin Earns Over $25M at Local Box Office, Sold to 117 Countries

The historical thriller Harbin has proven to be a major hit in South Korea, grossing over $25 million at the local box office. The film, set against the backdrop of early 20th-century Korea, has captivated audiences with its gripping storytelling, intense performances, and historical depth.

In addition to its success at home, Harbin has garnered significant international attention. The film has been sold to a total of 117 countries, expanding its reach to global audiences. This distribution deal marks a major milestone for the film, as it is set to be seen by viewers worldwide, making it one of the most widely distributed Korean films in recent years.

The historical thriller, which portrays a turbulent period in Korea’s history, has been praised for its compelling narrative and strong direction. Its box office performance reflects not only the local audience’s enthusiasm but also the growing global appetite for high-quality Korean cinema. With Harbin now reaching international markets, the film is poised for continued success on the global stage.

Courtesy: CNA

Korean Thriller Harbin Earns Over $25M at Local Box Office, Expands Globally to 117 Countries

Harbin, a gripping historical thriller from South Korea, has earned more than $25 million at the domestic box office, solidifying its status as a major hit. The film, set in the early 20th century against the backdrop of Korean resistance during the Japanese occupation, has captured audiences with its intense action sequences, rich historical narrative, and powerful performances.

Directed by acclaimed filmmaker, the movie brings a fresh take on Korea’s tumultuous past, blending real historical events with fictionalized characters to create a narrative filled with suspense, betrayal, and courage. The film’s success in South Korea has made it one of the highest-grossing films of the year and continues to draw large audiences despite facing stiff competition from both domestic and international films.

As Harbin crosses the $25 million mark in domestic earnings, its international appeal has also grown significantly. The film has been sold to a staggering 117 countries, signaling its strong potential for global success. With its historical relevance, intense plot, and compelling characters, Harbin has caught the attention of international distributors, making it one of the most widely sold Korean films in recent years.

The international sales are a testament to the growing demand for high-quality Korean cinema, with Harbin set to be featured in film festivals and theaters around the world. Experts predict the film will perform well in global markets, especially with the rising popularity of Korean culture and films across the globe.

As Harbin makes its way into international cinemas, its success is expected to open doors for more Korean historical films and thrillers, further establishing South Korea as a powerhouse in the global film industry. With its strong domestic performance and promising international distribution, Harbin is poised to become a landmark film in the global cinematic landscape.

Courtesy: KBS WORLD News

Korean Thriller Harbin Achieves $25M at Local Box Office, Global Distribution Expanded to 117 Countries

Harbin, the highly anticipated historical thriller from South Korea, has taken the local box office by storm, surpassing $25 million in earnings. The film’s massive success in South Korea comes as no surprise, with its thrilling narrative and deep historical context resonating with a wide range of audiences. Set in the early 20th century, Harbin chronicles the fierce resistance movement against the Japanese occupation, weaving real events with fictional characters to create an exhilarating and emotionally charged story.

The movie’s unique blend of action, drama, and history has captivated both domestic and international viewers. Directed by one of Korea’s finest filmmakers, the film is praised for its stunning visuals, meticulously crafted action scenes, and thought-provoking commentary on Korea’s resistance during a turbulent period. Its narrative, featuring themes of sacrifice, loyalty, and patriotism, has struck a chord with audiences, propelling it to the top of the box office in South Korea.

As the film continues to dominate at home, Harbin has also achieved international recognition. Its impressive box office performance and the universal appeal of its storyline have led to the film being sold to a record 117 countries. This marks a significant milestone for Korean cinema, as Harbin is poised to make an impact on global audiences, joining the ranks of other popular Korean films that have recently captured worldwide attention.

The international distribution deal includes key markets in North America, Europe, and Asia, with the film expected to perform strongly in territories where historical dramas and action-packed thrillers are popular. With its strong international backing, Harbin is set to have a successful run at film festivals and theaters across the globe, further cementing South Korea’s place as a significant player in the global film industry.

Industry analysts predict that Harbin will continue to draw interest in international markets, thanks to its powerful storyline and the growing demand for Korean content worldwide. As the film expands into more countries, its influence and recognition are expected to grow, with its success helping to pave the way for more Korean films to reach global audiences. The film’s significant local success, combined with its impressive international sales, underscores the increasing global appetite for Korean cinema and its ability to captivate audiences beyond its borders.

Courtesy: TIFF Trailers

References

• ^ [시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정] [Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on 3 February 2016] (in Korean). 2016. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
• ^ “Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million”. The Korea Times. February 24, 2020. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
• ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} “[2024 종교인식조사] 종교인구 현황과 종교 활동” [[2024 Religious Awareness Survey] Status of religious population and religious activities] (in Korean). Retrieved November 9, 2024.
• ^ “South Korea”. Central Intelligence Agency. February 27, 2023. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023 – via CIA.gov.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “South Korea country profile”. BBC News. October 17, 2023. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data. OECD. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
• ^ “Korea South”. The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved September 24, 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
• ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (South Korea)”. www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
• ^ “Human Development Report 2023/2024” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
• ^ Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-19-993676-2. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
• ^ Gardner, Hall (November 27, 2007). Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-230-60873-3. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
• ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 1133. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Rossabi, Morris (May 20, 1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Yunn, Seung-Yong (1996), “Muslims earlier contact with Korea”, Religious culture of Korea, Hollym International, p. 99
• ^ Dourado, Fernão. “Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado”. Arquivo nacional da Torre do Tombo. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
• ^ “1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SÉCS. XVI E XVII” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
• ^ pato, Raymundo. “Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, vol. 1”. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
• ^ Korea原名Corea? 美國改的名. United Daily News (in Chinese). July 5, 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
• ^ Barbara Demick (September 15, 2003). “A ‘C’ Change in Spelling Sought for the Koreas”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
• ^ 이기환 (August 30, 2017). [이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐. 경향신문 (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
• ^ 이덕일. [이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국. 조선닷컴 (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Myers, Brian Reynolds (December 28, 2016). “Still the Unloved Republic”. Sthele Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019. Taehan minguk. In English it is translated as Republic of Korea or South Korea, names which to us foreigners denote the state as a political entity distinct from its northern neighbor. To most people here, however, Taehan minguk conveys that sense only when used in contrastive proximity with the word Pukhan (North Korea). Ask South Koreans when the Taehan minguk was established; more will answer ‘5000 years ago’ than ‘in 1948,’ because to them it is simply the full name for Hanguk, Korea, the homeland. That’s all it meant to most people who shouted those four syllables so proudly during the World Cup in 2002.
• ^ Myers, Brian Reynolds (May 20, 2018). “North Korea’s state-loyalty advantage”. Free Online Library. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. | Chronology | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
• ^ “Ancient civilizations” (Press release). Canada: Royal Ontario Museum. December 12, 2005. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
• ^ “Prehistoric Korea”. About Korea. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008., Office of the Prime Minister.
• ^ “Korea’s History”. Asian Shravan. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b *Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.”An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state… Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth.”
  • Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  “Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical.”
  • Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  “Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation.”
  • Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  “The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China.”
  • Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  “If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija.”
• ^ Peterson, Mark; Margulies, Phillip (2009). A Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
• ^ Hwang, Kyung-moon (2010). A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-230-36453-0.
• ^ Early Korea Archived June 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Shsu.edu. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
• ^ 낙랑군. terms.naver.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
• ^ 이, 문영 (July 15, 2011). 이야기보따리 삼국시대: 역사친구 004. Sowadang. ISBN 978-89-93820-14-0. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024 – via Google Books.
• ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017). “Origins of the Japanese Language”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
• ^ Janhunen, Juha (2010). “RReconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia”. Studia Orientalia (108). … there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
• ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
• ^ Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. p. 201. ISBN 978-89-88095-85-0. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2016. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.
• ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-684-18899-7. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Cohen, Warren I. (December 20, 2000). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. Columbia University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-231-50251-1. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Kim, Jinwung (November 5, 2012). A History of Korea: From “Land of the Morning Calm” to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-253-00078-1. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
• ^ “Kings and Queens of Korea”. KBS World Radio. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
• ^ *White, Matthew (November 7, 2011). Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78. ISBN978-0-393-08192-3. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  • Grant, Reg G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History. Universe Pub. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7893-2233-3. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  • Bedeski, Robert (March 12, 2007). Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-134-12597-5. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  • Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2016. Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ’s first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P’yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch’ŏngch’ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled.
  • Nahm, Andrew C. (2005). A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History (Second revised ed.). Seoul: Hollym International Corporation. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-930878-68-9. China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon after that, Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched war against Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618.
• ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Houghton Mifflin. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ Kitagawa, Joseph (September 5, 2013). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. Routledge. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
• ^ Kitagawa, Joseph (September 5, 2013). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. Routledge. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-111-80815-0. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ A Brief History of Korea. Ewha Womans University Press. January 1, 2005. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-89-7300-619-9. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
• ^ Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From “Land of the Morning Calm” to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-253-00024-8. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ Wells, Kenneth M. (July 3, 2015). Korea: Outline of a Civilisation. Brill. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-90-04-30005-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (December 15, 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
• ^ MacGregor, Neil (October 6, 2011). A History of the World in 100 Objects. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-196683-0. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ Chŏng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G. (1998). Arts of Korea. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-87099-850-8. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ International, Rotary (April 1989). The Rotarian. Rotary International. p. 28. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ Ross, Alan (January 17, 2013). After Pusan. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29935-5. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ Mason, David A. “Gyeongju, Korea’s treasure house”. Korean Culture and Information Service. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ Adams, Edward Ben (1990). Koreaʾs pottery heritage. Seoul International Pub. House. p. 53. ISBN 9788985113069. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ DuBois, Jill (2004). Korea. Marshall Cavendish. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7614-1786-6. Retrieved July 29, 2016. golden age of art and culture.
• ^ Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Hopfner, Jonathan (September 10, 2013). Moon Living Abroad in South Korea. Avalon Travel. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-61238-632-4. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Kim, Djun Kil (January 30, 2005). The History of Korea. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-313-03853-2. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
• ^ Gernet, Jacques (May 31, 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7. Retrieved July 21, 2016. Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.
• ^ Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (May 1, 1955). Ennins Travels in Tang China. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283. ISBN 978-0-471-07053-5. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2016. From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. … While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. … The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin’s time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.
• ^ Kim, Djun Kil (May 30, 2014). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-61069-582-4. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
• ^ Seth, Michael J. (2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7425-4005-7. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
• ^ Mun, Chanju; Green, Ronald S. (2006). Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice. Blue Pine Books. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-9777553-0-1. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ McIntire, Suzanne; Burns, William E. (June 25, 2010). Speeches in World History. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4381-2680-7. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (November 24, 2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Poceski, Mario (April 13, 2007). Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-804320-1. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (December 15, 2015). Spreading Buddha’s Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. Columbia University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-231-54019-3. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Wright, Dale S. (March 25, 2004). The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988218-2. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ *Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. ISBN978-1-62412-076-3. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  • Nikaido, Yoshihiro (October 28, 2015). Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-8470-0485-1. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  • Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003). China. Rough Guides. p. 519. ISBN 978-1-84353-019-0. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  • Leffman, David (June 2, 2014). The Rough Guide to China. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-01037-2. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  • Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. ISBN 978-1-62412-076-3. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
• ^ Kim, Djun Kil (January 30, 2005). The History of Korea. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-313-03853-2. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Grayson, James H. (November 5, 2013). Korea – A Religious History. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-136-86925-9. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye (“Successor of the Royal Wang”) on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom.
• ^ Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (January 1, 2014). The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History. Cengage Learning. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-285-44551-9. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ Cohen, Warren I. (December 20, 2000). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. Columbia University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-231-50251-1. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
• ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
• ^ Bowman, John (September 5, 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. Retrieved August 1, 2016. The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
• ^ Jump up to:^a b Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
• ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
• ^ Selin, Helaine (November 11, 2013). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–506. ISBN 978-94-017-1416-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
• ^ Haralambous, Yannis; Horne, P. Scott (November 28, 2007). Fonts & Encodings. O’Reilly Media, Inc. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
• ^ Koerner, E.F.K.; Asher, R. E. (June 28, 2014). Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4832-9754-5. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Perez, Louis (2013). Japan At War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-59884-741-3. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2015.”Yi’s successes gave Korea complete control of the sea lanes around the peninsula, and the Korean navy was able to intercept most of the supplies and communications between Japan and Korea”
• ^ 신형식 (January 2005). A Brief History of Korea. Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 978-89-7300-619-9. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ Beirne, Paul (April 2016). Su-un and His World of Symbols: The Founder of Korea’s First Indigenous Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-04749-0. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
• ^ “Korea – Korea under Japanese rule | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
• ^ “Korean-Provisional-Government”. Encyclopedia Britannica. August 8, 2023.
• ^ Fry, Michael (August 5, 2013). “National Geographic, Korea, and the 38th Parallel”. National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
• ^ “Republic of Korea”. worldbank.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
• ^ Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950–1953. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57958-364-4.
• ^ “195 (III) The problem of the independence of Korea” Archived October 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, December 12, 1948, Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its Third Session, p. 25.
• ^ Regarding Syngman Rhee (South Korea):
  • Lee, Gil-sang (2005). Korea through the Ages. Seongnam: Center for Information on Korean Culture, the Academy of Korean Studies. pp. 166–181.
  • Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Paju: Jimoondang. pp. 584–590.
  Regarding Kim Il-sung (North Korea):
  • Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 71–91. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
• ^ Appleman, Roy E. (1998) [1961]. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 17. ISBN 978-0160019180. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014.
• ^ Millett, Allan R. (2007). The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography. The Essential Bibliography Series. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books Inc. p. 14. ISBN 978-1574889765.
• ^ Stuecker, William (2004). Korean War: World History. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 102–103.
• ^ Su-kyoung Hwang, Korea’s Grievous War. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016; pg. 90–95.
• ^ Kim, Samuel S. (2014). “The Evolving Asian System”. International Relations of Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4422-2641-8. With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia’s regional total is 10.4 million including the Chinese Civil War (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the Vietnam War (2 million), and the Pol Pot genocide in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).
• ^ Cumings, Bruce (2011). The Korean War: A History. Modern Library. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8129-7896-4. Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of nonhostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.
• ^ Lewy, Guenter (1980). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. pp. 450–453. ISBN 978-0-19-987423-1. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict.
• ^ Griffiths, James (February 23, 2018). “The ‘forgotten’ My Lai: South Korea’s Vietnam War massacres”. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
• ^ Flashback: The Kwangju massacre Archived September 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, May 17, 2000.
• ^ “20 years later, father still seeks truth in son’s death” Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Hankyoreh, January 15, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
• ^ “Two Decedes After Seoul Olympics”. The Korea Times. October 30, 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
• ^ Jump up to:^a b “Kim Dae-jung”. The Guardian. August 18, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
• ^ “North and South Korean leaders meet”. the Guardian. Associated Press. June 13, 2000. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
• ^ “The Nobel Peace Prize 2000”. The Nobel Foundation. 2000. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
• ^ “South Korea’s New President Sworn In – DW – 02/25/2008”. dw.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
• ^ “FIFA World Cup: When South Korea created history in 2002 | Goal.com”. www.goal.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
• ^ “Rocky relations between Japan and South Korea over disputed islands”. the Guardian. August 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
• ^ Oliver, Christian. “Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party”, Financial Times (UK). June 25, 2010.
• ^ Cheonan and Yeonpyeong. The Northeast Asian Response to North Korea’s Provocations (PDF). Asia Foundation. May 1, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
• ^ “Park Geun-hye sworn in as South Korea president”. BBC News. February 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
• ^ Langan, Peter (November 28, 2016). “How long will Seoul protests remain peaceful?”. Asia Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
• ^ “South Korea’s president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment”. Los Angeles Times. March 10, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
• ^ “New Korean president willing to work with North – DW – 05/10/2017”. dw.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
• ^ “South Korea’s Moon may be on brink of legacy-defining mo