After 3,700 Deaths, A Year of War, Israel-Hezbollah Truce Deal Likely Today

After more than a year of intense conflict and over 3,700 lives lost, Israel and Hezbollah are reportedly nearing a historic truce agreement, with a deal expected to be finalized today. The agreement marks a significant turning point in a war that has claimed the lives of civilians on both sides, devastated infrastructure, and caused widespread regional instability.

A Year of Devastation

The war between Israel and Hezbollah, which began in late 2023, has escalated into one of the deadliest and most prolonged conflicts in the Middle East in recent years. Hezbollah, a powerful militant group based in Lebanon, and Israel have exchanged deadly airstrikes, artillery fire, and ground assaults. The fighting has also spilled over into neighboring countries, with both sides suffering massive civilian casualties and damage to their respective economies and infrastructure.

Since the war began, the region has witnessed some of the most intense combat in decades, with 3,700 deaths recorded so far—most of them civilians caught in the crossfire. The humanitarian toll has been immense, with millions displaced, entire neighborhoods reduced to rubble, and crucial resources such as water, electricity, and medical supplies in critical shortage. International calls for ceasefires and peace talks have been largely ignored until recently, when diplomatic efforts finally gained momentum.

Why Now?

The announcement of the truce deal comes amid mounting international pressure and a growing sense of urgency. Global leaders, including those from the United Nations, the United States, and European Union, have been intensifying efforts to broker peace between the warring factions. Humanitarian organizations have warned that the situation is becoming unsustainable, with the civilian population bearing the brunt of the violence.

The Lebanese government, which has been grappling with its own internal economic and political crises, has also signaled its support for a ceasefire. Meanwhile, Israeli officials have hinted that the prolonged conflict is damaging their military and economic stability, prompting them to reconsider their long-term strategy.

Terms of the Truce

Details of the truce agreement remain under wraps, but reports suggest that both Israel and Hezbollah have agreed to a cessation of hostilities, with international monitors likely to oversee the terms. The deal is expected to include provisions for the exchange of prisoners, a return to pre-war borders, and guarantees for humanitarian aid to affected areas.

While the truce is seen as a positive step towards de-escalation, analysts warn that the road to lasting peace will be fraught with challenges. Both sides maintain deeply entrenched positions, and trust between the parties remains low. The underlying issues driving the conflict, including territorial disputes, political power struggles, and regional alliances, are not likely to be resolved in a single agreement.

The Path Forward

The ceasefire marks the first major step towards a more sustainable peace in the region, but experts caution that the truce is fragile and could unravel without a broader political resolution. Continued diplomatic efforts will be necessary to address the deeper causes of the conflict and ensure that future violence is prevented.

For now, however, the proposed truce offers a glimmer of hope in a war-weary region, as the people of Israel, Lebanon, and beyond await the long-anticipated cessation of violence. As negotiators work to finalize the deal, all eyes will be on the developments in the coming hours—hoping that a year of destruction might give way to the possibility of peace.

After 3,700 Deaths, A Year of War, Israel-Hezbollah Truce Deal Likely Today

After over a year of brutal fighting and nearly 3,700 confirmed deaths, Israel and Hezbollah are reportedly on the brink of a significant truce deal, with an agreement expected to be finalized today. The announcement comes amid growing international pressure to end the devastating conflict, which has taken a severe toll on both civilian populations and infrastructure, particularly in Lebanon and northern Israel.

The Toll of a Year-Long Conflict

The war between Israel and Hezbollah, which began in late 2023, has caused widespread devastation across the region. Hezbollah, a Shiite militant group based in Lebanon, launched cross-border attacks on Israel, prompting a strong military response from the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). What initially started as limited exchanges of fire escalated into a full-scale war, with both sides engaging in airstrikes, artillery bombardments, and ground assaults.

Over the course of the conflict, the death toll has risen to 3,700, with the majority of casualties being civilians. In Lebanon, entire neighborhoods have been leveled, and critical infrastructure—such as hospitals, schools, and power plants—has been destroyed. In northern Israel, the impact has been equally severe, with rocket attacks and bombings forcing thousands of Israelis into shelters and displacing many more. Civilians on both sides have endured immense hardship, and humanitarian organizations have described the crisis as one of the worst in recent memory.

Humanitarian Crisis Intensifies

The conflict has exacerbated the already dire humanitarian situation in the region. Hospitals in Lebanon are overwhelmed with casualties, while supply chains for food, water, and medicine have been severely disrupted. The displacement of millions has created a refugee crisis, with many fleeing their homes only to face uncertain futures in overcrowded camps.

In Israel, the constant threat of rocket fire has forced civilians to live under extreme conditions. The conflict has also strained Israel’s military resources, as the IDF has been engaged in prolonged military operations against Hezbollah forces in southern Lebanon and the surrounding border regions. Both Israel and Lebanon have been unable to return to any sense of normalcy, as violence has continued to flare up despite multiple calls for ceasefires throughout the year.

International Pressure and Diplomatic Moves

Global leaders have become increasingly vocal in their calls for an immediate ceasefire. The United Nations, along with the United States and European Union, has pushed for negotiations between Israel and Hezbollah. The conflict’s global ramifications—particularly in the context of broader Middle East tensions and regional security—have heightened the urgency of finding a solution.

Efforts to mediate the conflict intensified after Hezbollah launched more sophisticated attacks against Israeli cities and military installations, while Israel conducted extensive airstrikes aimed at weakening Hezbollah’s command and control structures. In the face of mounting casualties, deteriorating conditions, and the risk of further regional destabilization, diplomatic channels have become more open, with both sides agreeing to engage in talks.

Reports indicate that key players in the Middle East, including Iran, which supports Hezbollah, and Egypt, have played crucial roles in brokering the truce. Iran’s influence over Hezbollah has been a key factor in negotiations, as both parties seek to avoid further escalation and the potential for a broader regional war. Egypt has facilitated backchannel communications, offering to mediate a deal that could bring an end to the fighting.

The Proposed Truce Agreement

The exact terms of the truce remain undisclosed, but preliminary reports suggest that both Israel and Hezbollah have agreed to a cessation of hostilities, which will likely be monitored by international peacekeepers. The truce deal is also expected to include provisions for the following:

• Humanitarian Aid: An agreement to allow international aid organizations to provide essential supplies to affected areas, including food, medicine, and shelter for displaced civilians.
• Prisoner Exchange: Negotiations for the return of prisoners detained by both sides, a step toward confidence-building between the warring parties.
• Border Security: A mutual commitment to refrain from further military provocations along the Israel-Lebanon border. This could involve the establishment of buffer zones or demilitarized areas monitored by international observers.
• Regional Dialogue: A framework for future talks aimed at addressing the root causes of the conflict, including territorial disputes, security concerns, and political instability in Lebanon.

Challenges to Lasting Peace

While the announcement of a ceasefire deal is a welcome development, the road to lasting peace remains uncertain. The history of conflicts between Israel and Hezbollah has been marked by cycles of violence, and previous ceasefire agreements have often collapsed under the weight of unresolved political and territorial disputes.

Key obstacles to peace include:

• Distrust Between Parties: Both Israel and Hezbollah have long-standing distrust and animosity, making it difficult to secure a permanent resolution. Israel views Hezbollah as a terrorist organization backed by Iran, while Hezbollah sees Israel as an occupying force in Palestinian territories.
• Internal Divisions: Both Israel and Hezbollah face internal pressures. In Israel, there is ongoing debate over military strategy and the handling of the war. In Lebanon, Hezbollah’s political influence has been a point of contention, with some factions within the Lebanese government calling for a stronger response to Israeli actions.
• Regional Dynamics: The broader regional context adds complexity to any peace deal. Iran’s support for Hezbollah, Israel’s security concerns regarding Iran, and the ongoing instability in Syria all factor into the negotiation process. Any agreement that does not address these regional dynamics may not provide a durable solution.

Looking Ahead

Although the truce marks a crucial first step towards halting the violence, international observers remain cautious. The real test will come in the months ahead as both sides work to ensure compliance with the ceasefire terms. Diplomats will continue to push for broader peace talks to address the long-term political and territorial disputes that have fueled the conflict.

For the people of Lebanon and Israel, the possibility of peace is a long-awaited relief. Yet, the scars of the past year will remain, and the region’s path to lasting stability will require continued diplomatic engagement, compromise, and a concerted effort to address the underlying causes of the violence. The world watches as Israel and Hezbollah stand on the brink of peace, hoping this moment will lead to the healing of a region torn by war.

Courtesy: Live Hindustan

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^ Jump up to:^a b c “Hezbollah says it attacked 5 Israeli outposts in disputed Shebaa Farms area”. Khaleej Times. Reuters/AFP. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

^ Atallah, Nada Maucourant; Homsi, Nada (14 October 2023). “Israel shelling killed two civilians in South Lebanon”. The National. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

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^ “Hezbollah claims responsibility for deadly missile attacks on north”. The Times of Israel. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

^ “Peacekeeping force UNIFIL says headquarters in south Lebanon hit by a rocket”. al-Arabiya. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b Gebeily, Maya; Deutsch, Anthony; Clarke, David (7 December 2023). “Reuters journalist Issam Abdallah killed by Israeli tank, investigation finds”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2023.

^ Ward, Euan (13 October 2023). “A Reuters cameraman is killed and six other journalists are injured near Lebanon’s southern border”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

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^ “Obituary: Reuters’ Issam Abdallah covered the world’s biggest events with bravery and insight”. Reuters. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

^ Fahim, Kareem; Chamaa, Mohamad El; Francis, Ellen; Dadouch, Sarah (14 October 2023). “Reuters journalist killed in southern Lebanon by Israeli strike, colleagues say”. Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

^ “A Reuters videographer killed in southern Lebanon by Israeli shelling is laid to rest”. Associated Press. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

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^ Chehayeb, Kareem (31 October 2023). “Amnesty International says Israeli forces wounded Lebanese civilians with white phosphorus”. ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

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^ “Israel thwarts infiltration bid from Lebanon, killing four: army”. France 24. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

^ “At least four killed in Lebanon near Israel border, Red Cross says”. EFE. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

^ “Clashes erupt again on the Lebanon-Israel border after an anti-tank missile is fired from Lebanon”. Associated Press. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

^ “Lebanon-Israel border clashes escalate, 5 Hezbollah fighters killed”. Reuters. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} “Second journalist killed by Israel fire in Lebanon”. The New Arab. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

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^ “Israel announces evacuation plan for Kiryat Shmona city near Lebanese border”. Reuters. 20 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.

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^ Fabian, Emanuel (22 October 2023). “IDF hits Hezbollah posts in south Lebanon, says soldier seriously hurt in missile attack”. The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

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^ “Iran Update, November 2, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

^ “Lebanon’s militant Hezbollah leader threatens escalation with Israel as its war with Hamas rages on”. Associated Press. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.

^ “Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah makes first speech on Israel-Gaza war”. BBC News. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.

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^ “A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say”. ABC News. Associated Press. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

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^ “Hamas Says Launched 16 Rockets From Lebanon At Israel”. NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

^ “Israel-Hamas war: Hezbollah official says group could be forced into wider conflict over Gaza attacks”. Sky News. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.

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^ “Iran Update, November 10, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

^ “4 IDF soldiers seriously wounded by Hezbollah anti-tank missile, drone strike”. The Times of Israel. 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israeli missile strike hits hospital in southern Lebanon”. Arab News. 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

^ “‘أمل’ تنعى أحد عناصرها… قضى بقصف إسرائيليّ على بلدة رب ثلاثين” [“Amal” mourns one of its members…who was killed by an Israeli bombing on the town of Rab Thilaine]. An-Nahar (in Arabic). 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

^ “Second Shia militia group joins clashes on Lebanese border”. Roya News. 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b “IDF hits targets in Lebanon after 21 Israelis wounded by Hezbollah”. The Jerusalem Post. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

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^ “Missile fire from Lebanon wounds a utility work crew in northern Israel as the front heats up”. Associated Press. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

^ “Lebanon front with Israel heats up, stoking fears of wider war”. Reuters. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

^ “Iran Update, November 13, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

^ Lebanese journalists came under Israeli air strike while on duty (Short video). TRT World. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023 – via YouTube.

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^ “Iran Update, November 16, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.

^ “Lebanese army leadership doubts grow after talks fail”. Arab News. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

^ “Islamic Resistance: We targeted enemy’s Hadab Yaroun site and achieved direct hits”. National News Agency. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

^ “”خطة طوارئ” للأسوأ.. تواصل الاشتباكات على الحدود اللبنانية الإسرائيلية | الحرة” [A “contingency plan” for the worst… Clashes continue on the Lebanese-Israeli border]. Alhurra (in Arabic). 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

^ “Two Hezbollah Fighters Dead Following Shellings in South Lebanon”. This is Beirut. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

^ “IDF Base Suffers Heavy Damage Following Hezbollah Rocket Barrage”. Atlas. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

^ “IDF strikes Hezbollah targets in Lebanon”. The Jerusalem Post. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

^ Israeli army targets St George Church in Southern Lebanon (Short video). Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023 – via YouTube.

^ “بالفيديو: استهداف منزل نائب في ميس الجبل” [Video: Targeting a deputy’s house in Mays al-Jabal]. IMLebanon (in Arabic). 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

^ Israel strikes south Lebanon, elderly woman killed Archived 21 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine 21 November 2023 via Al Arabiya English

^ “Israeli strike kills two reporters, third person in south Lebanon – state media, PM”. Reuters. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

^ “Israeli airstrikes on Lebanon kill 2 journalists of a pan-Arab TV station, 4 Palestinian militants”. Khaleej Times. AP. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

^ “Israeli airstrikes in S. Lebanon kill 9”. Xinhua. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

^ “Israel-Hamas ceasefire also applies to southern Lebanon – Hezbollah”. The Jerusalem Post. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.

^ “Israeli and Hezbollah strikes near Lebanon border have stopped amid Israel-Hamas truce”. France 24. 26 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

^ Taher, Aziz; Alwaaile, Hussein (30 November 2023). “People in southern Lebanon, rushing home amid truce, hope fighting is over”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

^ “Iran Update, November 24, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

^ “UNIFIL says Israeli gunfire hit one of its patrols in southern Lebanon”. al Arabiya English. 25 November 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

^ “Iran Update, December 1, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.

^ “Hezbollah and Israeli troops exchange fire along the border as 2 people are killed in Lebanon”. ABC News. Associated Press. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

^ “At least three killed in south Lebanon as Israel, Hezbollah resume fighting”. Al Jazeera. 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

^ “IDF says it carried out strikes against Hezbollah sites in southern Lebanon in response to rocket fire”. The Times of Israel. 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

^ “IDF attacking Hezbollah positions after rocket fire on northern Israel”. The Times of Israel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.

^ “Israel, Hezbollah trade fire for second day after Gaza truce ends”. Reuters. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

^ “Global Affairs confirms 8th Canadian death since start of Israel-Hamas war”. CBC.ca. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

^ “Iran Update, December 3, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b Atallah, Nada Maucourant (5 December 2023). “Israeli shelling kills Lebanese soldier and wounds three others in south Lebanon”. The National. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

^ “IDF issues rare apology after strike kills Lebanese soldier”. Times of Israel. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.

^ “Iran Update, December 6, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.

^ “Mayor of south Lebanon village killed in Israeli strike – report”. The Jerusalem Post. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.

^ “Iran Update, December 11, 2023”. Institute for the Study of War. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.

^ “IDF: One in five Hezbollah rockets fired at Israel land in Lebanon”. The Jerusalem Post. 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.

^ “Staff Sgt. Daniel Nachmani succumbs to injuries sustained in Hezbollah rocket attack”. The Times of Israel. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.

^ “Un journaliste d’Al Manar blessé lors d’une frappe israélienne au Liban-Sud : Jour 78 de la guerre Hamas-Israël” [Sporadic incidents in South Lebanon; more than 20,250 dead in Gaza since October 7: Day 78 of the Hamas-Israel war]. l’Orient-Le Jour (in French). 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

^ “Israeli army conducts raid near UNIFIL center along Khardali River”. National News Agency. 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel shells south Lebanon, airstrike wounds Al-Manar cameraman”. Naharnet. 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

^ Avni, Danna (25 December 2023). “Senior IRGC commander killed in alleged Israeli airstrike – report”. i24 News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

^ “IDF confirms Hezbollah anti-tank missile hit Greek Orthodox church in northern Israel”. Times of Israel. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

^ “Hezbollah Missile Hits Greek Orthodox Church In Northern Israel”. i24NEWS. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

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^ “Explosion hits southern Beirut, killing Hamas official Saleh al-Arouri”. Middle East Eye. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.

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^ “نصرالله يطل في ذكرى سليماني فكيف سيرد على تهديدات إسرائيل وتطبيق القرار 1701؟” [Nasrallah appears at Soleimani’s memorial. How will he respond to Israel’s threats and the implementation of Resolution 1701?]. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (in Arabic). 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

^ Malsin, Jared; Mauldin, William (6 January 2024). “Hezbollah Fires Rocket Barrage Into Israel as Blinken Mounts New De-Escalation Push”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.

^ “Israel Admits Hezbollah Strike Caused Extensive Damage to Strategic Airbase”. Haaretz. 7 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

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^ “Hezbollah’s drone chief in southern Lebanon killed in reported Israeli strike”. The Times of Israel. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

^ “Hezbollah Source Says Local Chief Among 4 Killed In South Lebanon”. Barron’s. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

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^ “كتائب العز الإسلامية أعلنت مسؤوليتها عن عملية اختراق الشريط الحدودي في مزارع شبعا” [The “Islamic Ezz Brigades” claimed responsibility for the operation to breach the border fence in Shebaa Farms]. Elnashra News (in Arabic). 14 January 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.

^ “Elderly woman and her son killed at home in Hezbollah anti-tank missile attack”. The Times of Israel. 14 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.

^ “At least 4 killed in Israel strike on Damascus, Syrian media”. Ynetnews. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

^ “Iranian general killed in Syria, says IRGC’s source”. Trend.Az. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

^ “بينهم 5 إيرانيين.. ارتفاع عدد القتلى بـ الاستهداف الإسرائيلي على مبنى بحي المزة إلى 13” [Including 5 Iranians.. The death toll due to the Israeli targeting of a building in the Mezzeh neighborhood rose to 13] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

^ “Death toll update: Ten individuals including three commanders of IRGC killed in Israeli airstrikes on building in Damascus”. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

^ “Hezbollah chief survives Israeli drone strike, terrorist killed”. The Jerusalem Post. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

^ “With the names… the martyrs of the Amal Movement”. Lebanon Debate. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

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^ Christou, William (8 February 2024). “Israeli drone strikes car in south Lebanon’s Nabatieh”. The New Arab. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

^ “Meet the Hezbollah militants behind Iran’s air defense project in Syria”. The Jerusalem Post. 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

^ “An Israeli drone strike in Lebanon kills 2 in one of the deepest hits inside the country in weeks”. The Washington Post. 10 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.

^ “Israel intensifies attacks on southern Lebanon”. Arab News. 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.

^ “Israeli airstrikes killed 10 Lebanese civilians in a single day. Hezbollah has vowed to retaliate”. Associated Press. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

^ “Soldier killed, 8 hurt as rocket barrage hits Safed; IDF launches ‘widespread strikes'”. Times of Israel. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.

^ “Ten civilians killed in Israeli air strikes on Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

^ “إسرائيل تُعلن اغتيال ‘القيادي’ في ‘حزب الله’ علي الدبس بغارة النبطية… وتكشف مهامه” [Israel announces the assassination of Hezbollah “leader” Ali Al-Debs in the Nabatieh raid and reveals his duties]. An-Nahar (in Arabic). 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

^ “Israel says it killed senior Hezbollah fighters in airstrikes on Lebanon”. Al Arabiya English. Reuters. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

^ Dadouch, Sarah (15 February 2024). “What is the Radwan force, Hezbollah’s elite unit on the Israeli border?”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

^ “WATCH: IDF jets strike deep inside Lebanese territory”. Jerusalem Post. 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.

^ “Israeli airstrike kills two people in Damascus, Syrian state TV says”. Reuters. 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

^ “Mother and 5-year-old daughter killed in Israeli attack on southern Lebanon”. Arab News. 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

^ “IDF says it carried out retaliatory strikes against Hezbollah posts in southern Lebanon”. Times of Israel. 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

^ “Reported IDF strike kills 2 Hezbollah members after anti-tank missile attack on home”. Times of Israel. 22 February 2024. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.

^ “Hezbollah Says 2 Paramedics, Fighter Dead In Israeli Strike On Lebanon”. Barron’s. Agence France Presse. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

^ “IDF strikes in Lebanon as Hezbollah rockets rain on Israel’s North”. Jerusalem Post. 24 February 2024. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.

^ “Israeli strikes on east Lebanon kill two Hezbollah members”. France 24. 26 February 2024. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

^ Fabian, Emanuel (26 February 2024). “IDF confirms Hezbollah shot down its drone over southern Lebanon”. MSN. The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

^ “Israel army opens fire at people waiting for aid in Gaza”. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

^ Julian, Hana Levi (26 February 2024). “IDF Eliminates Hezbollah Commander Hassan Hossein Salami”. The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

^ “One Foreign Worker Killed, Seven Wounded in Anti-tank Missile Strike on Israeli Farm Near Lebanon Border”. Haaretz. 4 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.

^ “Three civilians killed in Israel strike on Lebanon”. Arab News. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.

^ “المقاومة الإسلامية تزف الشهيد على طريق القدس علي حسن حسين (علي الأكبر)” [The Islamic Resistance mourns the martyr Ali Hassan Hussein on the road to Jerusalem.]. Al-Ahed News (in Arabic). 3 June 2024. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

^ “حزب الله ينعى حسن علي حسين من بلدة حولا” [Hezbollah mourns Hassan Ali Hussein from the town of Hula]. Elnashra News (in Arabic). 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

^ “Lebanon: Israeli airstrike kills five people, including three Hezbollah members”. Le Monde. 10 March 2024. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.

^ “Several rockets fired from Lebanon toward Israeli-occupied territories”. Islamic Republic News Agency. 10 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.

^ Hezbollah Fires Barrage At North After Deadly IDF Strike in Lebanon Archived 27 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine Times of Israel, 10 March 2024

^ “Israel claims 4,500 strikes on Lebanon since fighting began: Day 158 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient-Le Jour. 12 March 2024. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.

^ “Israeli strike kills one, injures three in Lebanon’s Tyre”. Yeni Şafak. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

^ O’Neill, Jesse (13 March 2024). “Hamas terrorist Hadi Ali Mustafa killed by IDF”. New York Post. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

^ Lebanon: Syrian Minors Arrested in Assassination Case of Key ‘Qassam’ Figure Archived 15 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine Asharq Al-Awsat 22 March 2024

^ “Israel, Hezbollah trade strikes over Lebanon border”. BBC News. 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Hezbollah launches rocket barrage after Israeli strikes on Lebanon kill 7”. Al Jazeera. 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.

^ “Lebanon’s Hezbollah says it launched dozens of rockets after Israeli strikes”. Reuters. 27 March 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill 16, militant rockets kill 1 Israeli as cross-border violence soars”. Associated Press. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.

^ “هو الأعنف في الضربات الإسرائيلية على سوريا منذ 3 سنوات.. مقتل 42 من قوات النظام وحزب الله اللبناني في حلب” [It is the most violent Israeli strike on Syria in 3 years.. 42 members of the regime forces and Lebanese Hezbollah were killed in Aleppo]. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (in Arabic). 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

^ “Israeli military says it killed deputy commander of Hezbollah rocket and missiles unit”. Reuters. 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

^ “Three UN observers and a translator wounded in south Lebanon, peacekeeping mission says”. Reuters. 30 March 2024.

^ “Lebanese official says landmine wounded UN observers”. France 24. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

^ Maziar Motamedi; Usaid Siddiqui (19 August 2024). “UN official says ‘even wars have rules’ and ‘civilians are not a target'”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 August 2024. seven paramedics were killed when the Israeli army struck a centre belonging to the Lebanese Ambulance Association at the end of March.

^ “8 killed as Israel strikes Iran embassy annex in Damascus: monitor”. AFP News. 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

^ “Iranian consulate in Damascus flattened in suspected Israeli air strike”. Reuters. 1 April 2024.

^ “IDF Source Confirms Hezbollah Shoots Down Advanced Hermes 900 UAV for First Time”. Hareetz. 8 April 2024.

^ “Mapping the wide-scale Iranian drone and missile attacks”. Washington Post. 14 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

^ “Reservist succumbs to wounds sustained in Hezbollah drone attack”. The Times of Israel. 21 April 2024.

^ “Hezbollah launches missiles and drones at northern Israel, wounding 14 Israeli soldiers”. Reuters. 17 April 2024.

^ “2 killed, 6 injured in Israeli strike in S. Lebanon”. Xinhua. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.

^ “Lebanon’s Hezbollah launches deepest attack into Israel since Gaza war”. Gulf News. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

^ “Four Lebanese civilians killed in Israeli strike on border village”. Reuters. 5 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ “IDF: Two troops dead after Hezbollah drone attack on Metula Monday”. Times of Israel. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ Hashmonai, Adi; Khoury, Jack (6 May 2024). “Thirty rockets fired at Israel’s north by Hezbollah; Drone explodes in Metula”. Haaretz. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ “Explosive-laden drone launched by Hezbollah from Lebanon hits near Metula”. The Times of Israel. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ “Two seriously wounded in Hezbollah drone attack, IDF strikes Lebanon”. The Jerusalem Post. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ “Hezbollah says fires at Israel after east Lebanon strike”. The Times of India. 6 May 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

^ “Israel, Hezbollah trade fire, Israeli minister warns of ‘hot summer’ at Lebanon border”. Reuters. 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.

^ Taleb, Wael (9 May 2024). “Hamas, Israeli representatives leave Cairo; mediators’ efforts ‘continue’: Day 216 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 9 May 2024.

^ “Israel strike on south Lebanon kills two: Report”. Al Arabiya. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.

^ Abdallah, Muntassar (14 May 2024). “Israeli army announces civilian killed in strike launched from southern Lebanon: Day 221 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 14 May 2024.

^ “Report: Hezbollah commander among two killed in Israeli drone strike in southern Lebanon”. Haaretz. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

^ “Top Hezbollah field commander killed in IDF drone strike in south Lebanon”. The Times of Israel. 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

^ “Elad Fingerhut, 38, named as man killed by Hezbollah missile as rocket salvos intensify”. The Times of Israel. 15 May 2024.

^ “IDF says Hezbollah drone hit Lower Galilee in terror group’s deepest strike of war”. The Times of Israel. 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

^ Zitun, Yoav (15 May 2024). “Hezbollah drone crashes in Lower Galilee in 1st since October”. Ynetnews. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

^ “Hezbollah drone infiltrates deep into Israel hitting IDF base; Israeli Air Force strikes deep inside Lebanon”. Allisrael.com. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

^ Fox, Nina (16 May 2024). “IDF confirms Hezbollah drone hits observation balloon: ‘No harm to aerial image'”. Ynet. Retrieved 20 May 2024.

^ al-Joud, Sally (15 May 2024). “Israeli Defense Minister opposes ‘unlimited Israeli military rule’ in post-conflict Gaza: Day 222 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

^ Abdallah, Muntasser (16 May 2024). “Arab League calls for UN peacekeeping force in Palestinian territories; two Hezbollah fighters killed in car strike: Day 223 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

^ Abdallah, Muntasser (23 May 2024). “Hezbollah launches ‘dozens’ of rockets against an Israeli base after strike killed one of its members: Day 230 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 24 May 2024.

^ Abdallah, Muntasser (25 May 2024). “Israel conducts airstrikes, attacks in southern Lebanon: Gaza war, day 232”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

^ “Damascus Car Bomb Kills Army Liaison With Hezbollah: Monitor”. Barron’s. Agence France-Presse. 25 May 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.

^ Jadah, Malek (26 May 2024). “At least 7 dead in Israeli strikes on southern Lebanon: Gaza war, day 233”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

^ Jadah, Malek (1 June 2024). “Several injured in Israeli strikes in southern Lebanon: Gaza war, day 239”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ Abdallah, Muntasser (2 June 2024). “Israeli airstrike kills 2 brothers in southern Lebanon: Gaza war, day 240”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ Muntasser, Abdallah (3 June 2024). “Israeli strikes kill three Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon; Biden to call Qatar to discuss cease-fire proposal: Day 241 of the Gaza war”. L’Orient le Jour. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Several killed in Israeli attack in Syria, state media reports”. Reuters. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Lebanon’s Hezbollah launches squadron of drones towards Israeli military quarters”. Al Arabiya. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Hezbollah says it launched dozens of rockets at Golan Heights; no reports of injuries”. The Times of Israel. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Lebanon’s Hezbollah launches drones squadron towards Israeli military targets”. Reuters. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Iran’s acting top diplomat visits Lebanon in the first official visit since his predecessor’s death”. Associated Press. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

^ “Iran’s top diplomat confirms talks with US”. France 24. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b Wildfires in northern Israel ignited by Hezbollah rockets, burns over 2,500 acres The New Arab (4 June 2024)

^ “Over 10 civilians and soldiers injured by fire from Hezbollah missiles”. I24news. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Hezbollah fires big rocket salvos at Israel after senior commander killed”. Reuters. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.

^ “170 rockets fired at north after IDF killing of ‘most senior’ Hezbollah officer yet”. The Times of Israel. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.

^ “Hezbollah fires rocket barrages at Israel after commander killed”. BBC News. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.

^ “Hezbollah launches rockets, drones at northern Israel military sites”. Al Jazeera. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.

^ “Top Biden aide in Israel to try to head off war with Hezbollah”. The Times of Israel. 17 June 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

^ Ben Ari, Lior (19 June 2024). “Hezbollah’s Nasrallah threatens Galilee invasion, warns Cyprus over ties to Israel”. Ynetnews. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

^ “Attacking Galilee on the table if conflict escalates”. Mehr News Agency. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

^ Bassam, Laila; Gebeily, Maya (19 June 2024). “Head of Lebanon’s Hezbollah threatens Israel and Cyprus”. Reuters.

^ “Israel says 18 soldiers hurt in Golan Heights”. Arab News. 30 June 2024.

^ “Senior Hezbollah field commander killed in Israeli strike, two security sources say”. Reuters. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

^ “Hezbollah launches barrage of rockets at Israel after top commander killed”. Al Jazeera. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

^ “Hezbollah fires more than 200 missiles at Israeli targets following killing of commander”. CNN. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

^ “IDF announces death of reservist in Hezbollah attack in northern Israel earlier today”. The Times of Israel. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

^ “Israeli strike in Syria kills former bodyguard of Lebanon’s Hezbollah leader”. Arab News. 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

^ “Alleged Israeli strike in Syria kills ex-bodyguard of Hezbollah leader, terror group says”. The Jerusalem Post. 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

^ “Two killed in Hezbollah rocket barrage toward Golan Heights”. The Jerusalem Post. 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

^ Gadzo, Mersiha; Stepansky, Joseph (16 July 2024). “Children among 40 killed in Israeli air attacks on Gaza IDP site, school”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 July 2024. At least two injured in Israeli drone attack in southern Lebanon

^ Marsi, Federica (17 July 2024). “Damage to Israeli buildings, fires after Hezbollah rocket barrage”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

^ “IDF Spokesman: The Air Force attacked Hezbollah targets in several locations in southern Lebanon”. Haaretz. 22 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.

^ “Biden to Meet Netanyahu on Thursday; Two Wounded in Hezbollah Rocket Barrage on Northern Israel”. Haaretz. 22 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.

^ Amun, Fadi; Hashmonai, Adi (23 July 2024). “IDF launches artillery strikes in southern Lebanon after two injured in Hezbollah barrage”. Haaretz.

^ “Hezbollah says it launched dozens of rockets at northern Israel”. Al Jazeera. 23 July 2024.

^ Uras, Umut; Stepansky, Joseph (23 July 2024). “Israel continues nightly attacks on southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 July 2024.

^ “Israel says Hezbollah rocket kills 12 at football ground, vows response”. Reuters. 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

^ Fabian, Emanuel (27 July 2024). “12 killed, mostly children, dozens hurt as Hezbollah rocket hits Majdal Shams soccer field”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Missile hit in Majdal Shams kills nine, injures at least 34 including children”. Ynetnews. 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

^ Mersiha Gadzo; Tamila Varshalomidze; Virginia Pietromarchi (28 July 2024). “Israel bombs Lebanon after Golan Heights attack”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 July 2024.

^ Levine, Heidi; Pannett, Rachel; Masih, Niha; Fahim, Kareem; Hassan, Jennifer; Hendrix, Steve (29 July 2024). “Israel strikes deep in Lebanon after rocket attack, stoking fear of wider war”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

^ “Israel-Hamas war latest: US cautions Israel over escalation with Hezbollah after weekend attack”. Associated Press. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

^ “One killed from direct rocket hit in Kibbutz HaGoshrim”. The Jerusalem Post. 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.

^ “Hezbollah says it fired at Israeli warplanes in Lebanese airspace”. The Jerusalem Post. 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.

^ “IDF strikes Beirut: Hezbollah commander responsible for Majdal Shams strike confirmed killed”. The Jerusalem Post. 30 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.

^ “Who was Fuad Shukr, the Hezbollah commander killed by Israel in Beirut?”. Al Jazeera. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.

^ Tisdall, Simon (31 July 2024). “Israel has all but declared war in the Middle East – a conflict it cannot hope to win”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 August 2024. It is also worth pointing out, amid the frequently overwhelming welter of daily horrors, that two children were killed and 74 people injured in the Beirut airstrike, according to Lebanese officials

^

Maziar Motamedi; Usaid Siddiqui (29 August 2024). “Lebanese injured in August 17 attack dies from wounds: Ministry”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 August 2024.

El Chamaa, Mohamad; Haidamous, Suzan; Vinall, Frances; Bisset, Victoria (17 August 2024). “Israeli strike kills 10, Lebanon says; Gaza reports polio case in child”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

“An Israeli strike in Lebanon kills 10 and triggers response from Hezbollah as tensions simmer”. Associated Press. 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b Qiblawi, Tamara (17 August 2024). “Israeli strike kills at least 10 in southern Lebanon in one of the deadliest incidents since October 7”. CNN. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

^ “Leave Lebanon, Filipinos urged”. The Manila Times. 18 August 2024. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

^ Fabian, Emanuel (17 August 2024). “2 soldiers hurt in apparent drone attack in north earlier, army says”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

^ Stephen Quillen; Umut Uras; Nils Adler (17 August 2024). “Israel says Hezbollah commander killed in Tyre strike”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

^ Shankar, Vivek (24 August 2024). “Israel Begins Striking Hezbollah in Lebanon”. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2024.

^ “100 fighter jets struck & destroyed thousands of Hezbollah rocket launcher barrels, says Israel”. The Times of India. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ Dana Karni; Tamar Michaelis; Alex Marquardt; Kathleen Magramo (25 August 2024). “Israel launches preemptive strikes in Lebanon as Hezbollah fires back hundreds of rockets”. CNN. Retrieved 12 September 2024.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Zaheena Rasheed (25 August 2024). “Hezbollah says it fired more than 320 rockets at Israel”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024. The Lebanese armed group said the “first phase” of its retaliatory attack against Israel has been concluded “with complete success”. Israeli Army Radio is reporting that a woman has been slightly wounded by shrapnel in Acre in northern Israel

^ “Israel launches airstrikes inside Lebanon as Hezbollah fires drones at Israel”. CBS News. 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b c Nils Adler; Umut Uras (25 August 2024). “In the past hour or so, there have been two further strikes by the Israeli military: One targeting a car behind me in the border village of Khiam, killing a Hezbollah fighter, and an overnight attack where two Hezbollah fighters were killed”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ “Israel Strikes Hezbollah in Lebanon and Says It Thwarted Major Attack”. The New York Times. 25 August 2024. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 August 2024. Lebanon’s state-run news agency reported that Israel’s strikes in southern Lebanon on Sunday were “the most violent” since the war in Gaza began in October. At least two people were injured, one of them critically, and the strikes caused “severe damage” to local infrastructure, including electricity and water networks, the agency said.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Zaheena Rasheed; Nils Adler (25 August 2024). “One killed as Israel launches new raids in south Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ “Israel and Hezbollah exchange heavy fire in major escalation”. BBC. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Zaheena Rasheed; Nils Adler (25 August 2024). “Two wounded in Israeli raids on south Lebanon: Report”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ Motamedi, Maziar (25 August 2024). “Hezbollah announces killing of 2 members”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ “Sgt. David Moshe Ben Shitrit fell in battle in north”. Israel National News. 25 August 2024.

^ Motamedi, Maziar (25 August 2024). “”Petty Officer First Class, David Moshe Ben Shitrit, aged 21… fell during combat in northern Israel,” the military said in a statement, adding that he was from the navy and that two others were also wounded”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

^ Siddiqui, Usaid (25 August 2024). “Israeli forces carry out raid in southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 August 2024.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Zaheena Rasheed (25 August 2024). “WATCH: Israel attacks south Lebanon, Hezbollah launches rockets at Israel”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 August 2024. Hezbollah said six of its fighters were also killed.

^ “Israel sets new war goal of returning residents to the north”. BBC. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

^ Ben Kimon, Elisha (17 September 2024). “Shin Bet thwarted bomb attack by Hezbollah against ex-senior security official”. Ynetnews. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

^ Federica Marsi; Usaid Siddiqui (17 September 2024). “Israel claims it thwarted Hezbollah plot to kill former defence official”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 September 2024. Israel’s domestic security agency claims it foiled a plot by the Lebanese armed group to kill a former senior defence official in the coming days.

^ “Hezbollah vows to respond after multiple dead and thousands wounded in mass pager explosions”. The Independent. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

^ Bassam, Lailla; Mackenzie, James (25 September 2024). “Hezbollah’s tunnels and flexible command weather Israel’s deadly blows”. Reuters.

^ “Dozens of Hezbollah members wounded after pagers explode in Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

^ Urooba Jamal; Federica Marsi (18 September 2024). “Hezbollah says it will continue its “operations to support Gaza, its people, and its resistance” after simultaneous explosions of pagers used by its members killed 12 people and wounded thousands across Lebanon. Several wounded in neighbouring Syria”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

^ Federica Marsi; Usaid Siddiqui (17 September 2024). “Israeli army says it intercepted several drones from Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Alastair McCready; Zaheena Rasheed (18 September 2024). “Hezbollah mourns deaths of 12 fighters”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 September 2024. It did not say if the fighters were killed in the pager explosions or attacks elsewhere.

^ Christou, William (20 September 2024). “‘We are isolated, tired, scared’: pager attack leaves Lebanon in shock”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 September 2024.

^ Urooba Jamal; Federica Marsi (18 September 2024). “At least 3 killed in new wave of explosions: Lebanon state media”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 September 2024. Lebanon’s National News Agency, citing the health ministry, says more than 100 people have been wounded in the latest wave of explosions.

^ Marsi, Federica (19 September 2024). “Death toll in Lebanon blasts rises to 37”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 September 2024. The following day, 25 people were killed and 708 injured, including 61 who remain in the intensive care unit.

^ Zaheena Rasheed; Alastair McCready (19 September 2024). “Hezbollah claims four attacks on Israel on Wednesday”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israeli strikes hit multiple targets in Lebanon”. Reuters. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ “IDF says it’s carrying out strikes to destroy Hezbollah capabilities in south Lebanon”. The Times of Israel. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ “IDF says it killed two Lebanese gunmen trying to plant a bomb on border”. The Times of Israel. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ Usaid Siddiqui; Farah Najjar (19 September 2024). “Hezbollah reports multiple strikes on Israeli positions”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 September 2024. The Lebanese-armed group says it carried out 17 attacks against Israeli targets in the Galilee, the occupied Golan Heights, and the occupied Kfarchouba Hills throughout the day. A Hezbollah missile and drone strike in northern Israel killed two Israeli soldiers and wounded nine others in separate attacks on Thursday in southern Lebanon, the military said.

^ “Israeli army names two soldiers killed by Hezbollah fire in northern Israel”. Haaretz. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ Stephen Quillen; Federica Marsi (20 September 2024). “Injuries, electricity damage after intense Israel, Hezbollah crossfire”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 September 2024. Later in the night, Hezbollah launched three huge rockets towards the Israeli town of Metula. We saw pictures of huge fires and there are reports of damage to electricity infrastructure.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel intensifies air raids on southern Lebanon amid escalation fears”. Al Jazeera. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.

^ Usaid Siddiqui; Farah Najjar (19 September 2024). “Several wounded in Israeli raid on southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 September 2024. The Lebanese Health Ministry says four people have been injured in an Israeli raid on the town of al-Haniyeh.

^ Jamal, Urooba (21 September 2024). “What happened between Israel and Hezbollah on Friday?”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. Hezbollah has also named Ahmad Mahmoud Wahabi, a senior commander, among the casualties. Hezbollah said it carried out 16 attacks against targets in northern Israel, firing about 140 rockets as it targeted air defence and intelligence bases, as well as an Israeli tank. It claimed it struck the Meron IDF base in the occupied Golan Heights with “volleys of Katyusha rockets”. No casualties have been reported.

^ “At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon’s Beirut”. Al Jazeera. 21 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ Urooba Jamal; Federica Marsi (21 September 2024). “Death toll in Beirut attack goes up”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. Lebanon’s Health Minister says at least 31 people, including three children and seven women, were killed in the Israeli attack on southern Beirut yesterday. Another 68 people were wounded in the attack, he added. The three children among the 31 killed in Israel’s attack on southern Beirut yesterday were aged four, six and 10, Lebanon’s Health Minister said during a press conference.

^ Urooba Jamal; Federica Marsi (21 September 2024). “Israeli army says it ‘almost completely dismantled’ Hezbollah leadership”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. “Hezbollah’s military chain of command has been almost completely dismantled,” the military said on X.

^ Marsi, Federica (21 September 2024). “Israel says 180 targets ‘dismantled’ in southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. The Israeli army says it “dismantled approximately 180 targets and thousands of launcher barrels” in southern Lebanon in the past hours, amid reports of the heaviest crossfire since Israel and Hezbollah began confrontations on October 8 last year. Additionally, it said “approximately 90 projectile launches were identified crossing from Lebanon into Israeli territory.”

^ Siddiqui, Usaid (21 September 2024). “Four injured in Lebanon following Israeli attacks: Report”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. An Israeli air strike on Qatrani Heights left one person seriously wounded and in need of intensive care, National News Agency reports. More Israeli attacks targeted the western Bekaa Heights causing minor injuries to three others, who are currently receiving treatment at a hospital, it added.

^ Siddiqui, Usaid (21 September 2024). “‘Everything is ready,’ says Israeli air force chief”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024. Heavy artillery was also fired into several areas in southern Lebanon over the last few hours, the army said in a statement.

^ Mccready, Alastair; Regencia, Ted; Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid (22 September 2024). “Israeli army claims 400 new attacks on southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 September 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel-Lebanon latest: Israel had ‘no connection’ with deadly exploding pager attack, president claims”. The Independent. 22 September 2024.

^ “Hezbollah claims second missile attack on Israeli airbase”. Al Jazeera. 22 September 2024.

^ “Man ‘lightly injured’ in Hezbollah attack on northern Israel: Report”. Al Jazeera. 22 September 2024.

^ “Three people hurt in Hezbollah rocket attacks in Israel: Report”. Al Jazeera. 22 September 2024.

^ Maziar Motamedi; Urooba Jamal (22 September 2024). “Lebanon’s health ministry says three killed in Israeli attacks”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 September 2024. Lebanon’s Health Ministry says three people have been killed in Israeli strikes on the southern part of the country. Hezbollah has confirmed two of its fighters killed today.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Zaheena Rasheed (23 September 2024). “Hezbollah claims more attacks on Israeli positions”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 September 2024. An artillery attack on an Israeli radar in the occupied Lebanese Shebaa Farms. A missile attack on an Israeli Merkava tank in an area called al-Marj in northern Israel which caused casualties. An artillery attack on Israeli soldiers in Jal al-Allam.

^ “Hundreds killed in Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon that destroyed buildings”. Arab News. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “IDF: Some 1,600 strikes launched the past day against Hezbollah targets in Lebanon”. The Times of Israel. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Israel launches ‘extensive’ strikes on Hezbollah; Lebanon says hundreds killed, more than 1,600 injured”. Washington Post. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.

^ “Israel-Lebanon latest: Lebanon says 50 killed as Israel ‘deepens’ strikes on Hezbollah sites”. BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Hezbollah fires heavy rocket barrages deep into Israel, including western Samaria town of Ariel”. Allisrael.com. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Some 80 rockets from Lebanon launched at Israel, West Bank over past hour — IDF”. The Times of Israel. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Lebanon sees deadliest day of conflict since 2006 as Israeli strikes kill 492”. Associated Press. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “IDF hits over 300 Hezbollah targets during two major waves of airstrikes in Lebanon”. The Jerusalem Post. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Israel targets Hezbollah’s southern front commander in Beirut strike”. Axios. 23 September 2024.

^ “Hezbollah says its senior leader Ali Karaki is safe after Israeli strike targeted him in Beirut”. The Jerusalem Post. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Hamas armed wing says field commander in south Lebanon was killed in Israeli strike”. The Times of Israel. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ “Iran Update, September 25, 2024”. Institute for the Study of War. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

^ “Live updates: IDF preparing for possible ground invasion in Lebanon as hundreds of thousands displaced by Israeli strikes”. NBC News. 25 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

^ Yerushalmy, Jonathan; Chao-Fong, Léonie; Yang, Maya; Bayer, Lili; Belam, Martin; Davies, Caroline (26 September 2024). “US and France working on Hezbollah-Israel ceasefire plan – as it happened”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

^ Belam, Martin (26 September 2024). “23 Syrians killed, most of them women or children, in Israeli strike on Younine in Lebanon – mayor”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

^ Lyndal Rowlands; Alastair McCready; Stephen Quillen; Edna Mohamed; Usaid Siddiqui; Farah Najjar (27 September 2024). “Death toll revised in Israeli attack on Syrian workers”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 September 2024. The state news agency initially reported that 23 people were killed. The Lebanese Health Ministry later announced 19 Syrians and one Lebanese died – one of the deadliest single strikes in Israel’s intensified air campaign.

^ “IDF on Nasrallah’s death: ‘We will update as soon as we know the situation'”. The Jerusalem Post. 28 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

^ Mccready, Alastair (28 September 2024). “Death toll mounts as Israeli air strikes flatten Beirut apartment buildings”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 September 2024.

^ “Israel says it struck Hezbollah’s headquarters as huge explosions rocked Beirut”. Associated Press. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

^ “Hezbollah confirms senior leader Ali Karaki was killed in Israeli strike”. Al Arabiya. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.

^ Urooba Jamal; Federica Marsi (28 September 2024). “Eleven medical staff killed in Israeli attacks on south Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 September 2024. The country’s state-run National News Agency reports that 11 doctors, nurses and paramedics were killed and 10 others were wounded in Israeli army attacks on civil defence centres and a medical clinic. These attacks were carried out on the towns of Taybeh and Deir Siriane, close to the Israeli border.

^ “Israeli airstrike kills 11 in northeast Lebanon”. Naharnet. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

^ “IDF kills another senior Hezbollah official in Beirut; fresh barrage targets Tiberias”. The Times of Israel. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024. Lebanon’s state news agency reported that an Israeli airstrike in northeast Lebanon on Sunday morning killed 11 people, without specifying if any of those killed in the village of al-Ain were members of Hezbollah.

^ Urooba Jamal; Maziar Motamedi; Edna Mohamed (29 September 2024). “Israeli attack kills 17 members of a family in Lebanon’s Bekaa”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 September 2024. Lebanon’s National News Agency (NNA) is reporting that at least 17 members of one family were killed in an Israeli air strike that hit the town of Zboud in the country’s northern Bekaa Valley. The search for survivors under the rubble is still ongoing, NNA said.

^ Jump up to:^a b Urooba Jamal; Edna Mohamed; Usaid Siddiqui; Tamila Varshalomidze (30 September 2024). “At least 45 people killed in Israeli attack on southern Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 September 2024. Lebanon’s Health Ministry says the death toll from an Israeli raid on the southern town of Ain al-Delb, east of Sidon, has risen to 45. At least 75 people have been wounded. Separately, the ministry said 12 people were killed and 20 wounded after an Israeli raid on Bekaa town on Sunday night.

^ “24 People Killed in Israeli Attack on Ain Deleb, Lebanon’s Health Ministry Says”. Asharq Al-Awsat. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

^ “Israel plans an imminent and limited ground operation in Lebanon, according to US official source cited by multiple media: Day 360 of the Gaza and Lebanon wars”. L’Orient Le Jour. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

^ Wright, George; Moench, Mallory (1 October 2024). “Lebanon latest: Israel tells US it plans to launch limited ground incursion into Lebanon”. BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2024.

^ “Israeli forces have carried out raids in Lebanon for months, military says”. Reuters. 1 October 2024.

^ “Israel’s last war against Hezbollah ended in stalemate. Fierce border clashes suggest a win won’t be easy”. CNN. 12 October 2024.

^ “walla!” וואלה!.^{[permanent dead link]}

^ “Israeli Special Forces Launch Raids Into Lebanon Ahead of Expected Ground Incursion”. The Wall Street Journal. 30 September 2024.

^ “Live updates: Israeli ground operation in Lebanon appears to have begun, U.S. officials say”. NBC News. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.

^ Harvey, Lex; Haq, Sana Noor; Radford, Antoinette; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi (30 September 2024). “Live updates: Hezbollah leader’s killing escalates war with Israel”. CNN. Retrieved 30 September 2024.

^ Valdez, Jonah (1 October 2024). “Israel’s “Limited, Localized” Invasion of Lebanon Is Sparking a Regional War”. The Intercept. Retrieved 2 October 2024.

^ Mccready, Alastair (1 October 2024). “Israeli military bombs home in Lebanese town of al-Dawoudiya, killing 10”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 October 2024. The Israeli military bombed a home in the southern Lebanese town of Daoudiya, killing at least 10 people and wounding five others, the Lebanese National News Agency reports.

^ “Israel says Iran has fired missiles at Israel and it warned residents to shelter in place”. Associated Press. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

^ Reals, Tucker; Ott, Haley (1 October 2024). “Iran launches missile attack on Israel, but military says no casualties reported”. CBS News. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

^ Christou, William (21 October 2023). “In Lebanon, war with Israel threatens the olive harvest”. New Arab. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

^ Atallah, Nada Maucourant; Prentis, Jamie (22 October 2023). “South Lebanon farmers fear grim harvest if war breaks out”. The National. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

^ Alkousaa, Riham (2 November 2023). “Lebanon says fires destroy 40,000 olive trees, blames Israeli shelling”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

^ “Lebanon: At a Glance – Escalation of hostilities in South Lebanon, as of 21 March 2024 [EN/AR] – Lebanon”. ReliefWeb. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.

^ “Damage caused by Israeli attacks in S. Lebanon exceeds 3 bln USD: minister”. Xinhua. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

^ IIF says Lebanese economy is vulnerable to Hamas-Israel war Archived 10 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine L’Orient-Le Jour. 1 November 2023

^ “Lebanon: Flash Update #17 – Escalation of hostilities in south Lebanon, as of 2 May 2024”. UNOCHA. 8 May 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

^ “Lebanon: At a Glance – Escalation of hostilities in South Lebanon, as of 29 May 2024 [EN/AR] – Lebanon”. reliefweb.int. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.

^ “Mapping Israel-Lebanon cross-border attacks”. Al Jazeera. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

^ “UN launches investigation into Lebanon explosion that injured peacekeepers”. news.un.org. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b Rosenberg, David (5 June 2024). “Why Israel’s North Won’t Be the Same After the Gaza War”. Haaretz. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ Samber, Sharon (15 July 2024). “As Conflict Grows in Northern Israel, HIAS Is There To Help”. HIAS. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ “Hezbollah downs IDF drone over south Lebanon, fires heavy rockets at north”. The Times of Israel. 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

^ “IDF says its drone has been shot down over Lebanon; reports say Hezbollah responsible”. The Times of Israel. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.

^ “Hezbollah Attacks Continue Posing “Real Danger” to Israeli Settlers: Missiles Damaged More than 500 Houses”. Al-Manar. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024. Ynet reported on Thursday that “more than 500 homes and buildings were damaged from Hezbollah fire since the war began.”

^ “Hezbollah barrages deal heavy damage in northern Israel”. Arab News. 24 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.

^ “In the ghost town of Metula, over 60% of buildings have been destroyed by Hezbollah”. The Times of Israel. 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b Sullivan, Becky (16 January 2024). “War in Gaza is testing Israel’s economy. A 2nd front against Hezbollah could break it”. NPR. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ “Once-thriving agriculture struggles to stay afloat in evacuated northern border area”. The Times of Israel. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ “Israel boosts egg import quota amid war in North”. The Jerusalem Post. 19 August 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

^ Serhan, Yasmeen (18 September 2024). “6 Questions About the Deadly Pager Attacks in Lebanon, Answered”. Time. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ “Statement by the Partner Organisations to the Safety of Journalists Platform on the one-year anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine”. Council of Europe. 24 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

^ “RSF video investigation into the death of Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah in Lebanon: the journalists’ vehicle was explicitly targeted”. Reporters Without Borders. 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

^ McNeill, Zane (10 October 2023). “Palestinian Journalists Targeted, Killed Amid Israel’s Onslaught on Gaza”. Truthout. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

^ “Israeli attack in southern Lebanon kills journalist, wounds several others”. Al Jazeera. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

^ Sallon, Hélène (29 October 2023). “Guerre Israël-Hamas: selon RSF, les journalistes victimes de frappes au Liban étaient ciblés”. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

^ “Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward”. The New York Times. 31 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.

^ “Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon”. Al Jazeera. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.

^ William Christou; Alex Horton; Meg Kelly (11 December 2023). “Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2023.

^ Jump up to:^a b c “Lebanon: Israel’s White Phosphorous Use Risks Civilian Harm”. Human Rights Watch. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.

^ Baaklini, Suzanne (8 November 2023). “Israel’s phosphorous bombs destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon”. L’Orient Today. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.

^ “Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, following the transfer of the first suspect in the Mali investigation: “Intentional attacks against historic monuments and buildings dedicated to religion are grave crimes””. International Criminal Court. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.

^ “Over 160 rescuers killed in year-long Israel-Hezbollah clashes, Lebanon’s health minister reports”. WION. 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.

^ “Israeli Attacks on Medics Apparent War Crimes”. Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

^ Anti-tank Missile Fired From Lebanon at Church Wounds Nine Israeli Soldiers, One Civilian Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Adi Hashmonai for Haaretz, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.

^ Hezbollah fires anti-tank missile at church in northern Israel, wounding civilian Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Emanuel Fabian for Times of Israel, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.

^ IDF: 9 troops hurt, including 1 seriously, while evacuating wounded man from church hit by Hezbollah Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Emanuel Fabian for Times of Israel, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.

^ “Two members of Hezbollah-affiliated rescue force in Lebanon killed in Israeli strike”. Al Arabiya English. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.

^ “نعيٌ رسمي.. 3 شهداء لـالهيئة الصحية إثر غارة العديسة و الصحة تستنكر” [Official obituary.. 3 martyrs of the “Health Authority” following the Al-Adaysah raid, and the “Health Authority” condemns]. Lebanon24 (in Arabic). 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.

^ “Human Rights Watch says Israel attack on Lebanon rescuers was unlawful”. Arab News. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

^ “Lebanon: Flash Update #19 – Escalation of hostilities in south Lebanon, as of 29 May 2024 – Lebanon”. ReliefWeb. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.

^ Crawford, Alex (4 October 2024). “Lebanese emergency workers say they are under ‘specific attack’ by Israelis – but won’t be intimidated to leave”. Sky News. Retrieved 9 October 2024.

^ Saleh, Heba (5 October 2024). “Lebanon says 50 medics killed in past three days as Israel extends its bombardment”. Financial Times. Retrieved 9 October 2024.

^ Jalabi, Raya; Tapper, Malaika Kanaaneh (14 October 2024). “Israel accused of targeting medics in Lebanon after 150 killed”. Financial Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.

^ Goodwin, Allegra; Qiblawi, Tamara (2 November 2024). “Israeli military dropped bombs in ‘lethal proximity’ of at least 19 Lebanese hospitals, CNN analysis finds”. CNN. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

^ Harb, Ali (18 September 2024). “Do Lebanon explosions violate the laws of war?”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 September 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b c d Oliphant, Roland; Confino, Jotam (18 September 2024). “Israel declares new phase of war after walkie-talkie bomb attacks”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

^ “UN denounces Lebanon device blasts as violation of international law”. Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

^ Jump up to:^a b c Boothby, William H. (18 September 2024). “Exploding Pagers and the Law”. Articles of War. Lieber Institute for Law & Warfare. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

^ “Article 7 – Prohibitions on the use of booby-traps and other devices”. Protocol II to the 1980 CCW Convention as amended on 3 May 1996. International Humanitarian Law Databases. 3 May 1996. Retrieved 18 September 2024 – via International Committee of the Red Cross.

^ “The Joint Service Manual of the Law Of Armed Conflict” (PDF). Ministry of Defence. 2004. pp. 105–107. JSP383. Retrieved 19 September 2024. 6.7.3 Where combat between ground forces is neither taking place nor appears imminent, booby-traps may not be used at all in populated areas unless … measures are taken to protect civilians from their effects, for example, the posting of warning [signs, the posting of] sentries, the issue of warnings or the provision of fences. 6.7.4 ‘It is prohibited to use booby-traps in the form of apparently harmless portable objects which are specifically designed and constructed to contain explosive material.’

^ “Law of War Manual” (PDF). United States Department of Defense. July 2023 [June 2015]. p. 398. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

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^ Cleveland, Catherine (8 January 2024). “In the Shadow of Hezbollah-Israel Escalation, Poll Shows Slim Majority of Lebanese Still Want Focus on Domestic Reforms over “Foreign Wars””. The Washington Institute.

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1.  Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (West Jerusalem),^[1] the Czech Republic (West Jerusalem),^[2] Honduras,^[3] Guatemala,^[4] Nauru,^[5] and the United States.^[6]
2. ^ Jerusalem is Israel’s largest city if including East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as occupied territory.^[7] If East Jerusalem is not counted, the largest city would be Tel Aviv.
3. ^ Arabic has a “special status” as set by the Basic Law of 2018, which allows it to be used by official institutions.^[9][10] Prior to that law’s passage, Arabic had been an official language alongside Hebrew.^[11]
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b Israeli population and economic data covers the economic territory of Israel, including the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank.^[334][335]
5. ^ The personal name “Israel” appears much earlier, in material from Ebla.^[58]

1. ^ /ˈɪzri.əl, -reɪ-/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Yīsrāʾēl [jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل, romanized: ʾIsrāʾīl
2. ^ Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, romanized: Dawlat Isrāʾīl

Citations

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4. ^ “Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén” [Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem]. Infobae (in Spanish). 24 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Guatemala’s embassy was located in Jerusalem until the 1980s, when it was moved to Tel Aviv.
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23. ^ Jump up to:^a b Gil, Moshe (1992). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
24. ^ Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 (reprint ed.). Knopf. ISBN 9780679744757. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024. The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well). Also quoted, among many, by Mark M. Ayyash (2019). Hermeneutics of Violence: A Four-Dimensional Conception. University of Toronto Press, p. 195 Archived 22 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 1487505868. Accessed 22 March 2024.
25. ^ Fildis, Ayse; Nisanci, Ensar (2019). “British Colonial Policy “Divide and Rule”: Fanning Arab Rivalry in Palestine” (PDF). International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies. 6 (1). UTM Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
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27. ^ Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther (Fall 2018). “Turning Points in the Historiography of Jewish Immigration from Arab Countries to Israel”. Israel Studies. 23 (3). Indiana University Press: 114–122. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15. S2CID 150208821. The mass immigration from Arab countries began in mid-1949 and included three communities that relocated to Israel almost in their entirety: 31,000 Jews from Libya, 50,000 from Yemen, and 125,000 from Iraq. Additional immigrants arrived from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, and elsewhere. Within three years, the Jewish population of Israel doubled. The ethnic composition of the population shifted as well, as immigrants from Muslim counties and their offspring now comprised one third of the Jewish population—an unprecedented phenomenon in global immigration history. From 1952–60, Israel regulated and restricted immigration from Muslim countries with a selective immigration policy based on economic criteria, and sent these immigrants, most of whom were North African, to peripheral Israeli settlements. The selective immigration policy ended in 1961 when, following an agreement between Israel and Morocco, about 100,000 Jews immigrated to the State. From 1952–68 about 600,000 Jews arrived in Israel, three quarters of whom were from Arab countries and the remaining immigrants were largely from Eastern Europe. Today fewer than 30,000 remain in Muslim countries, mostly concentrated in Iran and Turkey.
28. ^ Fischbach 2008, p. 26–27.
29. ^ Slater 2020, pp. 81–92, 350, “[p. 350] It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces.”
30. ^ Ghanim, Honaida (March 2009). “Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba”. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 22 (1): 23–39 [25–26]. doi:10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9. ISSN 0891-4486. JSTOR 40608203. S2CID 144148068. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Around 750,000–900,000 Palestinians were systematically expelled from their homes and lands and about 531 villages were deliberately destroyed.
31. ^ Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2016). A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-429-97513-4. Not only was there no Palestinian Arab state, but the vast majority of the Arab population in the territory that became Israel-over 700,000 people-had become refugees. The Arab flight from Palestine began during the intercommunal war and was at first the normal reaction of a civilian population to nearby fighting-a temporary evacuation from the zone of combat with plans to return once hostilities ceased. However, during spring and early summer 1948, the flight of the Palestinian Arabs was transformed into a permanent mass exodus… .
32. ^ Beker, Avi (2005). “The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries”. Jewish Political Studies Review. 17 (3/4): 3–19. ISSN 0792-335X. JSTOR 25834637. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
33. ^ Dinstein, Yoram (11 October 2021). Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 6 (1976). BRILL. p. 282. ISBN 978-90-04-42287-2. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
34. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How Israel’s electoral system works”. CNN.com. CNN International. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
35. ^ “30 Wealthiest Countries by Per Capita Net Worth”. Yahoo Finance. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
36. ^ Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (2022). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 978-92-805-3432-0. Retrieved 10 August 2024. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
37. ^ Getzoff, Marc (9 August 2023). “Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023”. Global Finance Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
38. ^ “Top 15 Most Advanced Countries in the World”. Yahoo Finance. 4 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
39. ^ Noah Rayman (29 September 2014). “Mandatory Palestine: What It Was and Why It Matters”. Time. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
40. ^ “Popular Opinion”. The Palestine Post. 7 December 1947. p. 1. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012.
41. ^ Elli Wohlgelernter (30 April 1998). “One Day that Shook the world”. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012.
42. ^ “On the Move”. Time. 31 May 1948. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
43. ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995). “Israel”. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 907. ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0.
44. ^ Barton & Bowden 2004, p. 126. “The Merneptah Stele … is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the 13th century BCE.”
45. ^ Tchernov, Eitan (1988). “The Age of ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant”. Paléorient. 14 (2): 63–65. doi:10.3406/paleo.1988.4455.
46. ^ Rincon, Paul (14 October 2015). “Fossil teeth place humans in Asia ‘20,000 years early'”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
47. ^ Winfried Nöth (1994). Origins of Semiosis: Sign Evolution in Nature and Culture. Walter de Gruyter. p. 293. ISBN 978-3-11-087750-2.
48. ^ Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (2003). Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-134-81623-1.
49. ^ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (7 December 1998). “The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture” (PDF). Evolutionary Anthropology. 6 (5): 159–177. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7. S2CID 35814375. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
50. ^ Steiglitz, Robert (1992). “Migrations in the Ancient Near East”. Anthropological Science. 3 (101): 263. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
51. ^ “Canaanites”. obo. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
52. ^ Glassman, Ronald M. (2017), Glassman, Ronald M. (ed.), “The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy”, The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 473–477, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49, ISBN 978-3-319-51695-0, archived from the original on 29 April 2024, retrieved 1 December 2023
53. ^ Braunstein, Susan L. (2011). “The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Farʿah (South)”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 364 (364): 1–36. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001. JSTOR 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001. S2CID 164054005.
54. ^ Dever, William G. Beyond the Texts, Society of Biblical Literature Press, 2017, pp. 89–93
55. ^ S. Richard, “Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism”, The Biblical Archaeologist (1987)
56. ^ K.L. Noll, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, A&C Black, 2012, rev.ed. pp. 137ff.
57. ^ Thomas L. Thompson, Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources, Brill, 2000 pp. 275–276
58. ^ Hasel, Michael G. (1 January 1994). “Israel in the Merneptah Stela”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 296 (296): 45–61. doi:10.2307/1357179. JSTOR 1357179. S2CID 164052192.
    * Bertman, Stephen (14 July 2005). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1.
    * Meindert Dijkstra (2010). “Origins of Israel between history and ideology”. In Becking, Bob; Grabbe, Lester (eds.). Between Evidence and Ideology Essays on the History of Ancient Israel read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap Lincoln Nebraska, July 2009. Brill. p. 47. ISBN 978-90-04-18737-5. As a West Semitic personal name it existed long before it became a tribal or a geographical name. This is not without significance, though is it rarely mentioned. We learn of a maryanu named ysr”il (*Yi¡sr—a”ilu) from Ugarit living in the same period, but the name was already used a thousand years before in Ebla. The word Israel originated as a West Semitic personal name. One of the many names that developed into the name of the ancestor of a clan, of a tribe and finally of a people and a nation.
59. ^ Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-664-22727-2.
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63. ^ Steiner, Richard C. (1997), “Ancient Hebrew”, in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 145–173, ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7
64. ^ Killebrew 2005, p. 230.
65. ^ Shahin 2005, p. 6.
66. ^ Faust 2015, p. 476: “While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt.”
67. ^ Redmount 2001, p. 61: “A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative.”
68. ^ Lipschits, Oded (2014). “The History of Israel in the Biblical Period”. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
69. ^ Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). The Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-415-16762-8.
70. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible unearthed: archaeology’s new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories (1st Touchstone ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.
71. ^ Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). “Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem”, in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: “…They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half…”
72. ^ The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995 Archived 9 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Quote: “For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date.”
73. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, pp. 146–147: Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. … In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power.
74. ^ Jump up to:^a b Finkelstein, Israel (2013). The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel. pp. 65–66, 73, 74, 78, 87–94. ISBN 978-1-58983-911-3. OCLC 880456140.
75. ^ Finkelstein, Israel (1 November 2011). “Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria”. Tel Aviv. 38 (2): 194–207. doi:10.1179/033443511×13099584885303. ISSN 0334-4355. S2CID 128814117.
76. ^ Broshi, Maguen (2001). Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84127-201-6. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
77. ^ Jump up to:^a b Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). “The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II” Archived 5 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 287(1), 47–60.
78. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 307: “Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied.”
79. ^ Lipschits, Oded (1999). “The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule”. Tel Aviv. 26 (2): 155–190. doi:10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155. ISSN 0334-4355.
80. ^ Wheeler, P. (2017). “Review of the book Song of Exile: The Enduring Mystery of Psalm 137, by David W. Stowe”. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 79 (4): 696–697. doi:10.1353/cbq.2017.0092. S2CID 171830838.
81. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE) Persian Rule”. Biu.ac.il. Archived from the original on 16 January 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
82. ^ Harper’s Bible Dictionary, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103
83. ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
84. ^ Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). “The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era”. In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-8010-9861-1. OCLC 961153992. The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty… Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus’) primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains
85. ^ Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6. The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain… The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus… it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border… and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.
86. ^ Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity. Univ of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-29360-1. OCLC 1103519319. From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus’s prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.
87. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schwartz, Seth (2014). The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1. OCLC 863044259. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. The year 70 ce marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. […] The Revolt’s failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. […] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes.
88. ^ Werner Eck, “Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen”, Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21
89. ^ Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). “Cassius Dio’s figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?”. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio’s account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio’s figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136 CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio’s demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
90. ^ Jump up to:^a b Mor, Menahem (18 April 2016). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
91. ^ Oppenheimer, A’haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
92. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: “In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.”
93. ^ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. “It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.” ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6
94. ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History. 4:6.3-4
95. ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-415-08800-8.
96. ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). “Palestine”. Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
97. ^ Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, Brill, 2001, p. 155
98. ^ הר, משה דוד (2022). “היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית” [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים [Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 210–212. ISBN 978-965-217-444-4.
99. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ehrlich, Michael (2022). The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800. Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC 1302180905. The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.
100. ^ David Goodblatt (2006). “The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638”. In Steven Katz (ed.). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–430. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city… had lasting repercussions. […] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong […] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority
101. ^ Bar, Doron (2003). “The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity”. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54 (3): 401–421. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN 0022-0469. The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine’s position and unique status as the Christian ‘Holy Land’ became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.
102. ^ Kohen, Elli (2007). History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire. University Press of America. pp. 26–31. ISBN 978-0-7618-3623-0. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
103. ^ “Roman Palestine”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
104. ^ Jump up to:^a b לוי-רובין, מילכה; Levy-Rubin, Milka (2006). “The Influence of the Muslim Conquest on the Settlement Pattern of Palestine during the Early Muslim Period / הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה”. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (121): 53–78. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23407269.
105. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ellenblum, Ronnie (2010). Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58534-0. OCLC 958547332. From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period […] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized
106. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
107. ^ Broshi, Magen (1979). “The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.
108. ^ “crusades”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
109. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kramer, Gudrun (2008). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
110. ^ Jump up to:^a b Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. “In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned….”
111. ^ D. Tamar, “On the Jews of Safed in the Days of the Ottoman Conquest” Cathedra 11 (1979), cited Dan Ben Amos, Dov Noy (eds.),Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands), Jewish Publication Society 2011 p.61, n.3: Tamar . .challenges David’s conclusion concerning the severity of the riots against the Jews, arguing that the support of the Egyptian Jews saved the community of Safed from destruction’.
112. ^ The Solomon Goldman lectures. Spertus College of Judaica Press. 1999. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-935982-57-2. The Turks’ conquest of the city in 1517, was marked by a violent pogrom of murder, rape, and plunder of Jewish homes. The surviving Jews fled to the “land of Beirut“, not to return until 1533.
113. ^ Toby Green (2007). Inquisition; The Reign of Fear. Macmillan Press ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2 pp. xv–xix.
114. ^ Alfassá, Shelomo (17 August 2007). “Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel” (PDF). Alfassa.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
115. ^ Cane, Peter; Conaghan, Joanne (2008). Millet system – Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199290543.001.0001. ISBN 9780199290543.
116. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (27 October 2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-757-3.
117. ^ H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)
118. ^ “EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire”. jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
119. ^ Akbar, M. J. (2003), The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity, p. 89
120. ^ L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)
121. ^ Jump up to:^a b Avineri 2017.
122. ^ Shimoni 1995.
123. ^ Eisen, Yosef (2004). Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present. Targum Press. p. 700. ISBN 978-1-56871-323-6.
124. ^ Morgenstern, Arie (2006). Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-530578-4.
125. ^ Barnai, Jacob (1992). The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine. University Alabama Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7.
126. ^ “Palestine – Ottoman rule”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
127. ^ Macalister, R. A. Stewart; Masterman, E. W. G. (1906). “The Modern Inhabitants of Palestine”. Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund: 40.
128. ^ Halpern, Ben (1998). Zionism and the creation of a new society. Reinharz, Jehuda. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-585-18273-5. OCLC 44960036.
129. ^ Mandel, Neville J. (1974). “Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881–1908: Part I” (PDF). Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (3): 312–332. doi:10.1080/00263207408700278. ISSN 0026-3206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
130. ^ Levine, Aaron (2014). Russian Jews and the 1917 Revolution (PDF). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
131. ^ Herzl 1946, p. 11.
132. ^ Stein 2003, p. 88. “As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews …”
133. ^ Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679744757. Many of these newcomers possessed a mixture of socialist and nationalist values, and they eventually succeeded in setting up a separate Jewish economy, based wholly on Jewish labor.
134. ^ Romano 2003, p. 30.
135. ^ Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679744757. Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv’s leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor… But, in reality, rather than “meshing,” the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos… There were other reasons for the “conquest of labor.” The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews’ traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the “new Jews”; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.
136. ^ Gelvin, James (2014) [2002]. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
137. ^ Macintyre, Donald (26 May 2005). “The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
138. ^ Yapp, M.E. (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923. Longman. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3.
139. ^ Avi Shlaim (2001). “PROLOGUE: THE ZIONIST FOUNDATIONS”. The Iron Wall. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32112-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
140. ^ Schechtman, Joseph B. (2007). “Jewish Legion”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11. Macmillan Reference. p. 304. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
141. ^ “The Covenant of the League of Nations”. Article 22. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
142. ^ “Mandate for Palestine,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972
143. ^ Scharfstein 1996, p. 269. “During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements … In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah (“The Defense”) was established.”
144. ^ “League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922”. Modern History Sourcebook. 24 July 1922. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
145. ^ Shaw, J. V. W. (1991) [1946]. “Chapter VI: Population”. A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. I (Reprint ed.). Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-88728-213-3. OCLC 311797790. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013.
146. ^ “Report to the League of Nations on Palestine and Transjordan, 1937”. British Government. 1937. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
147. ^ Walter Laqueur (2009). A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-53085-1. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
148. ^ Hughes, M (2009). “The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39” (PDF). English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2016.
149. ^ Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3439-5, pp. 74–76
150. ^ Khalidi, Walid (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-155-6
151. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945.
152. ^ Fraser 2004, p. 27.
153. ^ Motti Golani (2013). Palestine Between Politics and Terror, 1945–1947. UPNE. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-61168-388-2. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
154. ^ Cohen, Michael J (2014). Britain’s Moment in Palestine:Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-415-72985-7. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
155. ^
     • Smith, Paul J. (2007). The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First. M. E. Sharpe. p. 27.
     • Louis, William Roger (1986). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford University Press. p. 430.
     • Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE Publications. p. 181.
156. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine article on the Irgun Zvai Leumi
157. ^ Jump up to:^a b Clarke, Thurston. By Blood and Fire, G.P. Puttnam’s Sons, 1981
158. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bethell, Nicholas (1979). The Palestine Triangle. Andre Deutsch.
159. ^ “A/RES/106 (S-1)”. General Assembly resolution. United Nations. 15 May 1947. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
160. ^ “A/364”. Special Committee on Palestine. United Nations. 3 September 1947. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
161. ^ “Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)”. United Nations. 20 April 1949. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
162. ^ Hoffman, Bruce: Anonymous Soldiers (2015)
163. ^ “British Colonial Office Statement upon Termination of the Mandate for Palestine – English (1948)”. ecf.org.il. p. 10. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
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     • Imseis 2021, pp. 13–14: “As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country. In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine’s 16 sub-districts. Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour. UNSCOP reported that under its majority plan “[t]he Jews will have the more economically developed part of the country embracing practically the whole of the citrus-producing area”—Palestine’s staple export crop—even though approximately half of the citrus-bearing land was owned by the Arabs. In addition, according to updated British records submitted to the ad hoc committee’s two sub-committees, “of the irrigated, cultivable areas” of the country, 84 per cent would be in the Jewish State and 16 per cent would be in the Arab State”.”
     • Morris 2008, p. 75: “The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.”
166. ^ Jump up to:^a b Morris 2008, p. 396: “The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal.”
167. ^ Matthews, John: Israel-Palestine land division Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine
168. ^ Imseis 2021, pp. 14–15: ‘Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II). Although they were of the view that the Jewish national home promised in the Mandate was equivalent to a Jewish state, they well understood that such a claim could not be maintained under prevailing international law..Based on its own terms, it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of Palestine’s indigenous people and, as such, was an embodiment of the Eurocentricity of the international system that was allegedly a thing of the past. For this reason, the Arabs took a more principled position in line with prevailing international law, rejecting partition outright . .This rejection has disingenuously been presented in some of the literature as indicative of political intransigence,69 and even hostility towards the Jews as Jews’
169. ^ Morris 2008, p. 66: at 1946 “The League demanded independence for Palestine as a “unitary” state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.”, p. 67: at 1947 “The League’s Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called “aggression,” “without mercy.” The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance “in manpower, money and equipment” should the United Nations endorse partition.”, p. 72: at December 1947 “The League vowed, in very general language, “to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.””
170. ^ Bregman 2002, pp. 40–41.
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179. ^ Morris 2008, p. 187: “A week before the armies marched, Azzam told Kirkbride: “It does not matter how many [Jews] there are. We will sweep them into the sea.” … Ahmed Shukeiry, one of Haj Amin al-Husseini‘s aides (and, later, the founding chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization), simply described the aim as “the elimination of the Jewish state.” … al-Quwwatli told his people: “Our army has entered … we shall win and we shall eradicate Zionism””
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313. ^ Jewish settlers can vote in Israeli elections, though West Bank is officially not Israel, Fox News, February 2015: “When Israelis go to the polls next month, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers in the West Bank will also be casting votes, even though they do not live on what is sovereign Israeli territory. This exception in a country that doesn’t allow absentee voting for citizens living abroad is a telling reflection of Israel’s somewhat ambiguous and highly contentious claim to the territory, which has been under military occupation for almost a half century.”
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319. ^ Charbit, Denis (2014). “Israel’s Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present”. In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora (eds.). Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1-137-38115-6. The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel’s neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. … It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.
320. ^ Sharot, Stephen (2007). “Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict”. In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay (eds.). The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5. It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.
321. ^ Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel. McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-7735-2993-9. Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. … Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the ‘status quo,’ an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The ‘status quo’ has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. … On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.
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334. ^ Jump up to:^a b OECD 2011.
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336. ^ See for example:
     * Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-24194-7. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
     * Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). “Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem”. New Left Review. 10. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2015. longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
     * Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7. longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
     * Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). “The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel” (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. S2CID 32105258. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
     * Alexandrowicz, Ra’anan (24 January 2012). “The Justice of Occupation”. The New York Times (opinion). Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
     * Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation’s history has already entered its fifth decade.
     * Azarova, Valentina. 2017, Israel’s Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework, European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: “June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel’s belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history.”
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338. ^ Yiftachel, O. (1999). “‘Ethnocracy’: The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine” (PDF). Constellations. 6 (3): 364–390. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.00151. Israel’s political structure and settlement activity have […] in effect undermined the existence of universal suffrage (as Jewish settlers in the Occupied Territories can vote to the parliament that governs them, but their Palestinian neighbours cannot).^{[permanent dead link]}
339. ^ Ghanem, A. A.; Rouhana, N.; Yiftachel, O. (1998). “Questioning” ethnic democracy”: A response to Sammy Smooha”. Israel Studies. 3 (2): 253–267. doi:10.2979/ISR.1998.3.2.253. JSTOR 30245721. S2CID 3524173. settlers remain fully enfranchised Israeli citizens while their Palestinian neighbors have no voting rights and no impact on Israeli policies
340. ^ “Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip”. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012.
341. ^ “The occupied Palestinian territories: Dignity Denied”. International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 December 2007.
342. ^ “World Report 2013: Israel/Palestine”. Israel/Palestine. Human Rights Watch. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
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344. ^ “Israel/Occupied Territories: Road to nowhere”. Amnesty International. 1 December 2006.
345. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip”. B’Tselem. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
346. ^ “Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza”. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
347. ^ Jerome Slater (1 October 2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-045909-3. It is now clear that Israel is a true democracy in its broadest sense only for its Jewish citizens. The Arab-Israeli (or, as some prefer, the Palestinian-Israeli) peoples, roughly 20 percent of the total population of Israel its pre-1967 boundaries, are citizens and have voting rights, but they face political, economic, and social discrimination. And, of course, Israeli democracy is inapplicable to the nearly 4 million Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza, conquered by Israel in June 1967, who are occupied, repressed, and in many ways, directly and indirectly, effectively ruled by Israel.
348. ^ Ben White (15 January 2012). Palestinians in Israel: Segregation, Discrimination and Democracy. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3228-4.
349. ^ “Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”. NBC News. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
350. ^ “Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”. Ynetnews. 16 December 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
351. ^ “Syria ready to discuss land for peace”. The Jerusalem Post. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
352. ^ “Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”. The Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
353. ^ “A/RES/36/147. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories”. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
354. ^ Rudoren, Jodi; Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2015). “U.N. Report on Gaza Finds Evidence of War Crimes by Israel and by Palestinian Militants”. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
355. ^ “Human Rights Council establishes Independent, International Commission of Inquiry for the Occupied Palestinian Territory”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
356. ^ “UN condemns Israel’s West Bank settlement plans”. BBC News. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
357. ^ “The Avalon Project: United Nations Security Council Resolution 605”. avalon.law.yale.edu. 22 December 1987. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
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359. ^ “Human Rights Council adopts six resolutions and closes its thirty-first regular session”. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
360. ^ ‘Significant human rights issues included credible reports of: unlawful or arbitrary killings; arbitrary detention, often extraterritorial detention of Palestinians from the occupied territories in Israel; restrictions on Palestinians residing in Jerusalem including arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, and home; substantial interference with the freedom of association; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; harassment of nongovernmental organizations; significant restrictions on freedom of movement within the country; violence against asylum seekers and irregular migrants; violence or threats of violence against national, racial, or ethnic minority groups; and labor rights abuses against foreign workers and Palestinians from the West Bank.’ Israel 2021 Human Rights Report, United States Department of State 17 April 2021.
361. ^ ‘With respect to Israeli security forces in the West Bank: credible reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings due to unnecessary or disproportionate use of force by Israeli officials; torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by Israeli officials; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; restrictions on free expression and media, including violence, threats of violence, unjustified arrests and prosecutions against journalists, and censorship; restrictions on internet freedom; restrictions on Palestinians residing in Jerusalem, including arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, and home; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, including harassment of nongovernmental organizations; and restrictions on freedom of movement and residence.’ 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel, West Bank and Gaza, United States Department of State 12 April 2022
362. ^ Heyer, Julia Amalia (7 October 2014). “Kids Behind Bars: Israel’s Arbitrary Arrests of Palestinian Minors”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
363. ^ “Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories 2016/2017”. Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
364. ^ Isfahan, Ali (11 August 2014). “Why Israel’s Impunity Goes Unpunished by International Authorities”. Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
365. ^ Barghouti, Marwan (16 April 2017). “Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel’s Prisons”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
366. ^ Dorfman, Zach. “George Mitchell wrote ‘A Path to Peace’ about Israel and Palestine. Is there one?”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
367. ^ “Outrage over Maimane’s visit to Israel”. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
368. ^ “The subordination of Palestinian rights must stop”. The National. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
369. ^ “Palestine-Israel Journal: Settlements and the Palestinian Right to Self-Determination”. pij.org. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
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372. ^ “Allegations of Israeli Human Rights Violations Closely Scrutinized, Says U.S. State Department”. Haaretz. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
373. ^ Barak-Erez, Daphne (1 July 2006). “Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review”. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (3): 548. doi:10.1093/icon/mol021. The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation.
374. ^ “Choosing not to veto, Obama lets anti-settlement resolution pass at UN Security Council”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
375. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (9 July 2021). “Israeli settlements amount to war crime – U.N. rights expert”. Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
376. ^ “Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law”. Amnesty International. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
377. ^ Siddique, Haroon (19 July 2024). “UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
378. ^ “ICJ says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal”. BBC News. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
379. ^ “LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ARISING FROM THE POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF ISRAEL IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, INCLUDING EAST JERUSALEM” (PDF). icj-cij.org. 19 July 2024.
380. ^ Shakir, Omar (27 April 2021). “A Threshold Crossed”. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
381. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel committing crimes of apartheid and persecution – HRW”. BBC News. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
382. ^ “Here’s how experts on the Middle East see the region’s key issues, our new survey finds”. The Washington Post. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021.
383. ^ “Academic experts believe that Middle East politics are actually getting worse”. The Washington Post. 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021.
384. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rosenfeld, Arno (27 April 2021). “Israel is committing ‘crime of apartheid,’ Human Rights Watch says”. The Forward. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
385. ^ “U.S. State Department Rejects Amnesty’s Apartheid Claim Against Israel”. Haaretz. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
386. ^ Elgot, Jessica (28 April 2022). “Keir Starmer hosts Israeli Labor party in charm offensive ahead of local elections”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
387. ^ “Parliamentary question E-000932/2022(ASW) | Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Borrell i Fontelles on behalf of the European Commission”. European Parliament. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
388. ^ Andrew Tillett (2 February 2022). “PM, Labor defend Israel over apartheid claim”. Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
389. ^ “Netherlands rejects Amnesty report accusing Israel of apartheid”. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
390. ^ “Germany rejects use of word ‘apartheid’ in connection with Israel”. Reuters. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
391. ^ “Israeli policies against Palestinians amount to apartheid – Amnesty”. BBC News. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
392. ^ “Arab League, OIC welcome Amnesty’s report on Israel’s ‘apartheid’ against Palestinians”. Arab News. 3 February 2022.
393. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (23 March 2022). “U.N. Investigator Accuses Israel of Apartheid, Citing Permanence of Occupation”. The New York Times.
394. ^ Berman, Lazar (23 March 2022). “UN Human Rights Council report accuses Israel of apartheid”. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
395. ^ “UN report urges plan to ‘end Israeli colonialism, apartheid'”. The New Arab. 19 October 2022.
396. ^ Tress, Luke (28 October 2022). “UN commission says it will investigate ‘apartheid’ charges against Israel”. The Times of Israel.
397. ^ Kattan, Victor (20 March 2024). “The Implications of An ICJ Finding that Israel is Committing the Crime Against Humanity of Apartheid”. Just Security.
398. ^ “‘Racial Segregation and Apartheid’ in the ICJ Palestine Advisory Opinion”. 31 July 2024.
399. ^ “Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of Israel’s Policies and Practices in the “Occupied Palestinian Territory””. January 2024.
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588. ^ Roberts 1990, p. 60 Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
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602. ^ Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (2004). “Part I: Language and Discourse”. In Diskin Ravid, Dorit; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (eds.). Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-4020-7911-5. English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. … It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc.
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656. ^ “Alexandre FRENEL”. Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
657. ^ “Chaim Soutine – From Russia to Paris by Ben Uri Research Unit”. issuu.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
658. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Israel Studies An Anthology: Art in Israel”. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
659. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Israeli Sculpture”. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
660. ^ “Israel – Art, Music, Dance”. britannica.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
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663. ^ “Eclectic–Modern \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art”. tamuseum.org.il. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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672. ^ “Israeli Newspaper Brawl Moving to the Internet”. The Forward. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
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680. ^ Beaumont, Peter (30 May 2024). “Israeli journalist describes threats over reporting on spy chief and ICC”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
681. ^ The Associated Press (21 May 2024). “Israeli officials seize AP equipment and take down live shot of northern Gaza, citing new media law”. The Associated Press. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
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684. ^ “Shrine of the Book”. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
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689. ^ Jump up to:^a b Yael Raviv, Falafel Nation, University of Nebraska Press, 2015
690. ^ Uzi Rebhun, Lilakh Lev Ari, American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity, Brill, 2010 pp. 112–113.
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