“Rules for a MAGA-Magical Outdoor Christmas Display: The perfect setup to shout ‘I voted for a man who ignores the spirit of Christmas, but hey, it’s still fun!’ Think oversized flags, tons of red, and a dash of irony – because who needs tradition when you’ve got bold, unapologetic patriotism?”

A MAGA Guide to Christmas Yard Decorations: A Liberal’s Take on Festive Patriotism

Introduction: Greetings, supporters of President-elect Donald Trump. In the spirit of unity and holiday cheer, I, your friendly neighborhood liberal, have taken it upon myself to help you plan the most MAGA-tastic Christmas yard decorations ever. After all, I’ve been called “a snowflake” by many reliable sources in the online MAGA community, so who better to guide you through this festive journey? Let’s get into the true meaning of Christmas, MAGA style!

1. Red, White, and Blue Lights for Days Forget traditional Christmas colors—who needs green and gold when you can go all in with red, white, and blue? Deck your yard with dazzling American flag lights and plenty of stars and stripes. Bonus points for adding a giant “Trump 2024” banner draped across the front porch.

2. A Trump-Sized Santa Santa’s sleigh has nothing on this: You’ll need a life-sized inflatable of President Trump in a red suit, waving with a thumb’s up. Is it an ironic nod to capitalism or just a celebration of “winning”? You decide! Either way, it’s sure to spark conversation.

3. A MAGA Nativity Scene (with a Twist) Why settle for a traditional nativity scene when you can have a MAGA-approved one? Replace the wise men with military veterans, Mary and Joseph with hardworking American families, and of course, baby Jesus with a patriotic eagle. It’s a nativity for the modern age, bringing the Christmas message of hope and freedom, Trump-style.

4. Over-the-Top Flags Galore No MAGA display is complete without flags—LOTS of flags. Hang them everywhere, from your garage door to the tree in the front yard. Extra points for those massive, 5×8-foot American flags flapping proudly in the winter breeze. You’re not just celebrating Christmas; you’re celebrating freedom, baby!

5. “Fake News” Snowmen Why settle for generic snowmen when you can have “Fake News” snowmen? Construct these frosty figures with red MAGA hats, each holding a sign that says “Fake News” or “The Media is the Enemy of the People.” A little humor never hurt anyone, especially when it’s snowing!

6. The Trump Tree Skip the ordinary Christmas tree and go big with a “Trump Tree” – deck it out with miniature American flags, tiny red ties, and ornaments shaped like MAGA hats. Top it off with a golden star (because why not?) to signify the brilliance of the season.

7. The Border Wall Lights Add a unique touch with some glowing “border wall” decorations. No need to be subtle here—light up a section of your yard with a wall of lights that resembles a border, because nothing says “Christmas in America” like a visual reminder of national security and pride.

8. Santa’s Workshop—Trump Edition Create your own version of Santa’s Workshop with a MAGA spin: elves wearing red hats and building toy guns, trucks, and American flags. Have them hard at work under the sign: “Santa Supports American Jobs!”

9. The American Eagle An oversized, inflatable bald eagle should be perched proudly on your roof or in your front yard. Make sure it’s holding a flag in one claw and a “Merry Christmas” sign in the other. After all, it’s the ultimate symbol of freedom—and Christmas in America.

10. Anti-Elite Reindeer Forget reindeer with antlers—your yard should feature “anti-elite” reindeer wearing MAGA hats, with one hoisting a sign that reads “Drain the Swamp” and another holding a “Build the Wall” banner.

You need a manger with appropriate anti-immigrant signage

MAGA Nativity Scene: Making Sure Only the Right Folks Are Welcome

The manger scene is an absolute must for any patriotic Christmas display—but when crafting a MAGA-approved version, you want to make it clear who’s welcome in your stable. With Trump’s tough stance on immigration and his promises to crack down on undocumented migrants, it’s important to communicate that only those with the right credentials can join this holy gathering.

To avoid the uncomfortable situation of an undocumented donkey slipping past the border and braying beside Baby Jesus, consider a few strategic additions to your nativity scene:

1. “Americans Only!” Sign

A straightforward and impactful approach: add a large, glaring “Americans Only!” sign to the front of the manger, lit by a single white spotlight (the kind Jesus definitely never advocated for). This ensures there’s no ambiguity—only those who’ve been properly vetted can gather near the sacred crib. It’s an elegant nod to both the holiday and immigration enforcement.

2. “Migrants Not Allowed” Sign

For a more direct approach, consider placing a “Migrants Not Allowed” sign near the manger. The simplicity of the message gets straight to the point—no foreign-born creatures allowed, not even the humble donkey. This will leave little room for interpretation and will let everyone know exactly where you stand on holiday immigration policies.

3. “Must Show Proof of Citizenship to Enter”

If you want to go full MAGA, hang a banner that reads, “Must Show Proof of Citizenship to Enter”. Sure, it’s a bit wordy, but this adds a sense of security to the nativity. It also provides some seasonal humor, as passersby will appreciate the irony in applying such a stringent rule to a religious scene.

4. Trump/Vance 2024 Sign

If subtlety is more your style (and let’s face it, some of us don’t like to beat people over the head with it), simply nail a “Trump/Vance 2024” sign to the front of the manger. It’s a clear and unmistakable symbol of your support for immigration policies that prioritize the American people and keep out the rest. And of course, this can double as a political statement and a Christmas decoration in one fell swoop.

---

ABSOLUTELY NO SANTAS ALLOWED!

No Santa Allowed in Your MAGA Christmas Display

You can fill your yard with as many mangers as you want, create a small army of snowmen, and line your driveway with candy canes for days. But under no circumstances can you allow a Santa Claus to set foot in your MAGA Christmas decorations.

Why, you ask? Well, it’s simple:

1. Santa Claus is a Known Socialist

Let’s face it: Gifts for everyone? Really? A true MAGA Christmas is about celebrating hard work, individual responsibility, and American capitalism. Santa’s “everyone gets a gift” mentality just reeks of socialism. The idea that everyone deserves something regardless of whether they’ve earned it is a complete betrayal of free-market values. No self-respecting MAGA supporter would want this kind of holiday spirit polluting their decorations.

2. An Illegal Border-Crosser

We all know the story: Santa crosses borders without permission every year. Does he go through customs? Nope. Does he have a valid passport? Not a chance. Santa is the ultimate illegal border-crosser, flying in and out of homes without a care for the laws of the land. If that’s not a red flag for any true patriot, I don’t know what is.

3. Suspected Elf-Trafficker

According to several far-right message boards, Santa’s operation goes beyond the North Pole. There are rumors swirling that his workshop is a cover for elf trafficking—forcing those poor little creatures to work long hours in poor conditions, all for a few toys each year. MAGA members are all about upholding American labor laws and ensuring that all workers are treated fairly—elf exploitation is simply unacceptable.

The Bottom Line:

In short, Santa has no place in your MAGA Christmas yard display. He’s a socialist, an illegal immigrant, and possibly an elf trafficker. Instead, focus on decorations that champion American values, like patriotism, individual freedom, and, of course, the great leader who will Make America Great Again.

For a truly MAGA holiday, replace Santa with something that honors the greatness of America—not some guy sneaking around in the middle of the night, handing out “free” gifts to everyone. Keep it patriotic, keep it bold, and keep it Santa-free.

Light-up ‘Merry Christmas’ signs freakin’ everywhere

“Merry Christmas” All the Way: MAGA Christmas Yard Essentials

If you’ve been paying attention to the narrative, you already know that for the past four years, under President Joe Biden and the Democrats, it was apparently illegal to say “Merry Christmas.” How do we know this? Well, because President Trump told us so, and if you believe everything he says, it’s the gospel truth.

But now that Trump has been elected again, it’s time to reclaim Christmas—and that means saying “Merry Christmas” as loudly and as often as humanly possible. In fact, you’ll want your yard to become a beacon of holiday spirit, specifically designed to irritate, offend, and confuse as many liberal neighbors as possible. Here’s how to do it:

1. At Least 10 Light-Up “Merry Christmas” Signs

Don’t skimp on this. 10 light-up “Merry Christmas” signs are the absolute minimum. These should be strategically placed across your front yard to ensure that no matter where anyone is standing, they’re getting blasted with the most patriotic, Christmas-filled message imaginable. You want people to feel it in their bones—this is America, and here, we say “Merry Christmas” loud and proud.

2. Signs in All Directions

To truly annoy your liberal neighbors (and remind everyone who’s in charge), make sure your signs point in every direction. The more places your “Merry Christmas” signs can be seen from, the better. Position them at the end of the driveway, on the roof, on the fence, and maybe even hang one from the mailbox. If someone dare to walk by, make sure they have no choice but to be greeted by your relentless cheer.

3. Extra-Sparkly, Extra-Sassy

If you really want to rub it in, go for extra-sparkly, flashing lights. The more gaudy and over-the-top, the better. Use red, green, and gold, but never forget the Trump-approved color palette of red, white, and blue. If the lights flash like an American flag on steroids, you’ve hit the jackpot.

4. Strategic Placement for Maximum Irritation

Position a couple of signs near liberal neighbors’ property lines (without crossing them, of course, we’re still good citizens here). Just imagine their faces when they see a giant, flashing “Merry Christmas” sign pointed directly at their windows. It’s the true meaning of Christmas: making sure everyone knows what holiday it is, whether they like it or not.

5. “Merry Christmas” Banners in Your Windows

Don’t stop at yard signs. Take it indoors and hang giant “Merry Christmas” banners in your windows. These should be visible from every angle, and possibly include American flags or Trump 2024 imagery to reinforce your patriotism. The goal is to create a holiday experience that’s so overwhelming, it leaves no room for liberal confusion.

---

Final Thoughts:

In this brave new era of MAGA Christmas, it’s your duty to spread the message of Christmas the Trump way: loud, proud, and without apology. With at least 10 light-up “Merry Christmas” signs, you’ll make sure that everyone in the neighborhood knows exactly where you stand—and if you can irritate a few liberals in the process, well, that’s just a bonus.

So go ahead, say it as often as you can—Merry Christmas! Because in MAGA-land, it’s not just a greeting, it’s a statement. And it’s about time we made Christmas great again.

Make sure everyone has proof of your devotion to Trump

Trump-Themed Merry Trumpmas: Show Your Support with Merchandise and Laminated Receipts

It wouldn’t be a Trump-themed Merry Trumpmas without a healthy dose of Trump merchandise to ensure that your display oozes patriotism, wealth, and devotion to the man who made America great again (and is now making Christmas great again). Here’s how to fully embrace the spirit of Merry Trumpmas, from buying the right gear to showing off your generous contributions to Trump’s brand:

1. Trump Merchandise Galore

Your yard needs Trump gear—and lots of it. Make sure your display includes an abundance of red “Make America Great Again” stockings (bonus points for one with Trump pumping his fist). You’ll want at least a couple of Trump bobbleheads, a Trump-themed wreath, and of course, Trump 2024 flags. Each item should be prominently displayed, creating a shrine that showcases your devotion to both America and the man who made it all possible.

2. Laminated Receipts for All to See

Nothing says “I love Christmas—and Trump” like laminated receipts hanging from your front yard. These receipts are proof of your generous tithing to the real Christmas king. Attach them to your Trump-themed decorations, so anyone passing by can see exactly how much you’ve invested in the man who deserves it all. The laminated receipts will be your way of saying, “Yes, I paid for this. Yes, I support this man.” It’s your way of giving back to the Trump economy, which has clearly brought so much greatness to the nation.

3. Tithing to the Trump Brand

This is more than just decorating; it’s about showing that you worship at the altar of Trump. You want every item in your yard to scream devotion. A Trump-branded Christmas tree topper? Absolutely. Trump-themed ornaments? Definitely. “Trump is the Reason for the Season” signs? You bet.

Every purchase should serve as a reminder that your Christmas spirit isn’t just about family and tradition—it’s about honoring the man who truly embodies the Christmas spirit: the one who knows how to win and make America proud.

4. Trump Christmas Carolers

Why not bring some Trump-themed Christmas carolers to life? Have them sing tunes like “Trumpmas Is Coming to Town” or “Deck the Halls with MAGA.” Maybe one of your carolers is holding a Trump “Make America Great Again” hat with a gold ornament hanging from it. You can even go so far as to display a miniature Trump on a sleigh being pulled by eagles or American flags.

---

Final Thoughts:

If you’re going to celebrate Merry Trumpmas, go all in. Fill your yard with Trump merchandise, laminate your receipts, and let the world know exactly how much you’ve contributed to the Trump legacy this holiday season. After all, Christmas isn’t just about the birth of Jesus—it’s about recognizing the greatness of America and the man who made it all possible. So make sure your display reflects that pride.

Don’t forget to celebrate the Jan. 6 ‘hostages’

Inflatable Jan. 6 Rioter: The Ultimate MAGA Christmas Decoration

If you’re looking to make a bold statement with your Trump-themed Christmas display, nothing screams “Christmastime under Trump” quite like an inflatable Jan. 6 rioter—or, as Trump would likely call it, an inflatable Jan. 6 hostage. This decoration brings a certain edge to your holiday setup, reminding everyone that Christmas is a time for both patriotism and revolutionary spirit. Here’s how to set up this holiday spectacle:

1. Inflatable Jan. 6 Rioter

The centerpiece of your display is the inflatable Jan. 6 rioter, proudly waving an American flag or holding a Trump 2024 sign. Make sure it’s bigger than life, complete with a red MAGA hat. If you’re feeling especially patriotic, position the rioter in a defiant stance, standing tall with a fist raised high in the air, as though proclaiming their allegiance to the cause of freedom and American values.

2. Surround with Red, White, and Blue Trumpmas Lights

No MAGA Christmas display is complete without the right lighting. Surround your inflatable rioter with red, white, and blue Trumpmas lights, draping them over fences, trees, and bushes like a patriotic fortress. These lights will illuminate the rioter with a proud glow, making sure everyone in the neighborhood knows you stand strong with your ideals, especially during the holidays.

3. Outdoor Speaker with Kid Rock’s Christmas Special

To complete the scene, set up an outdoor speaker blasting the soundtrack from Kid Rock’s 2003 Christmas special, “A Kid Rock Christmas.” It’s the perfect blend of rock ‘n’ roll and holiday spirit, with a touch of American rebellion. Every time the wind blows, you’ll be treated to the unmistakable sounds of Kid Rock’s gritty, unapologetic anthems, setting the tone for your bold, Trump-inspired festivities.

4. Optional: Inflatable U.S. Capitol

For the ultimate statement, consider adding an inflatable U.S. Capitol under the foot of your inflatable rioter. This power decorating move reinforces the theme of freedom and resistance, just like a true patriot would—standing tall above the halls of power, unbowed. It’s not required, but it definitely adds an extra layer of meaning, especially for anyone who’s familiar with the historical significance of your display.

---

Final Thoughts:

This isn’t your average Christmas display. It’s a revolutionary take on the holiday, and it’s meant to stir up conversation, admiration, and maybe a bit of controversy. The inflatable Jan. 6 rioter is an icon of MAGA pride, perfectly complemented by the patriotic glow of Trumpmas lights and the bold soundtrack of Kid Rock. Whether you add the Capitol or not, your display will scream Christmas under Trump like no other. So get ready to make a statement, because this is one Trumpmas celebration that’s impossible to ignore.

Courtesy: Dylan Anderson

References

1. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
2. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
3. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
6. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
7. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
8. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
9. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
12. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
14. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
15. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
16. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
17. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
18. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
19. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
20. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
21. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
22. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
23. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
24. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
25. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
26. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
27. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
28. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
29. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
30. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
31. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
32. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
33. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
34. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
35. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
36. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
37. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
38. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
39. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
40. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
41. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
42. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
43. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
44. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
45. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
46. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
47. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
48. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
49. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
50. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
51. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
52. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
53. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
54. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
55. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
56. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
57. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
58. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
59. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
60. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
61. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
62. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
63. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
64. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
65. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
66. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
67. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
68. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
69. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
70. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
71. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
72. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
73. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
74. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
75. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
76. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
77. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
78. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
79. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
80. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
81. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
82. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
83. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
84. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
85. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
86. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
87. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
88. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
89. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
90. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
91. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
92. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
93. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
94. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
95. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
96. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
97. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
98. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
99. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
100. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
101. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
102. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
103. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
104. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
105. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
106. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
107. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
108. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
109. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
110. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
111. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
112. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
113. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
114. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
115. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
116. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
117. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
118. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
119. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
120. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
121. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
122. ^ Collins p. 83.
123. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
124. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
125. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
126. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
127. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
128. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
129. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
130. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
131. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
132. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
133. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
134. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
135. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
136. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
137. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
138. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
139. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
140. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
141. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
142. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
143. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
144. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
145. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
146. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
147. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
148. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
149. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
150. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
151. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
152. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
153. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
154. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
155. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
156. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
157. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
158. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
159. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
160. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
161. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
162. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
163. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
164. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
165. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
166. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
167. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
168. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
169. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
170. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
171. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
172. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
173. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
174. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
175. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
176. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
177. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
178. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
179. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
180. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
181. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
182. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
183. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
184. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
185. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
186. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
187. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
188. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
189. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
190. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
191. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
192. ^ Malachi 4:2
193. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
194. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
195. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
196. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
197. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
198. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
199. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
200. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
201. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
202. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
203. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
204. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
205. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
206. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
207. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
208. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
209. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
210. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
211. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
212. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
213. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
214. ^ US Census 2005.
215. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
216. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
217. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
218. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
219. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
220. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
221. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
222. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
223. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
224. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
225. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
226. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
227. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
228. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
229. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
230. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
231. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
232. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
233. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
234. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
235. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
236. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
237. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
238. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
239. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
240. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
241. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
242. References
243. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
244. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
245. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
246. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
247. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
248. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
249. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
250. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
251. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
252. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
253. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
254. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
255. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
256. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
257. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
258. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
259. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
260. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
261. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
262. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
263. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
264. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
265. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
266. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
267. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
268. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
269. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
270. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
271. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
272. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
273. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
274. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
275. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
276. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
277. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
278. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
279. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
280. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
281. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
282. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
283. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
284. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
285. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
286. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
287. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
288. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
289. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
290. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
291. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
292. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
293. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
294. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
295. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
296. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
297. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
298. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
299. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
300. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
301. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
302. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
303. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
304. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
305. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
306. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
307. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
308. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
309. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
310. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
311. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
312. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
313. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
314. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
315. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
316. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
317. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
318. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
319. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
320. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
321. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
322. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
323. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
324. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
325. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
326. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
327. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
328. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
329. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
330. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
331. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
332. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
333. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
334. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
335. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
336. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
337. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
338. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
339. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
340. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
341. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
342. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
343. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
344. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
345. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
346. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
347. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
348. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
349. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
350. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
351. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
352. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
353. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
354. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
355. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
356. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
357. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
358. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
359. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
360. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
361. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
362. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
363. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
364. ^ Collins p. 83.
365. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
366. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
367. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
368. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
369. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
370. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
371. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
372. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
373. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
374. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
375. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
376. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
377. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
378. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
379. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
380. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
381. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
382. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
383. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
384. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
385. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
386. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
387. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
388. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
389. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
390. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
391. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
392. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
393. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
394. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
395. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
396. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
397. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
398. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
399. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
400. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
401. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
402. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
403. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
404. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
405. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
406. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
407. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
408. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
409. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
410. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
411. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
412. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
413. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
414. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
415. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
416. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
417. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
418. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
419. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
420. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
421. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
422. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
423. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
424. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
425. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
426. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
427. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
428. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
429. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
430. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
431. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
432. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
433. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
434. ^ Malachi 4:2
435. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
436. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
437. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
438. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
439. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
440. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
441. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
442. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
443. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
444. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
445. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
446. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
447. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
448. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
449. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
450. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
451. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
452. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
453. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
454. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
455. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
456. ^ US Census 2005.
457. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
458. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
459. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
460. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
461. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
462. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
463. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
464. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
465. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
466. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
467. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
468. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
469. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
470. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
471. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
472. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
473. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
474. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
475. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
476. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
477. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
478. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
479. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
480. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
481. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
482. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
483. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
484. References
485. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
486. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
487. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
488. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
489. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
490. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
491. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
492. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
493. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
494. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
495. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
496. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
497. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
498. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
499. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
500. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
501. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
502. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
503. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
504. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
505. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
506. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
507. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
508. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
509. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
510. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
511. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
512. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
513. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
514. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
515. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
516. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
517. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
518. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
519. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
520. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
521. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
522. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
523. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
524. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
525. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
526. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
527. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
528. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
529. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
530. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
531. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
532. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
533. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
534. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
535. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
536. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
537. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
538. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
539. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
540. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
541. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
542. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
543. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
544. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
545. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
546. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
547. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
548. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
549. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
550. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
551. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
552. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
553. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
554. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
555. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
556. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
557. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
558. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
559. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
560. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
561. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
562. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
563. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
564. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
565. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
566. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
567. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
568. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
569. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
570. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
571. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
572. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
573. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
574. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
575. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
576. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
577. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
578. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
579. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
580. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
581. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
582. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
583. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
584. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
585. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
586. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
587. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
588. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
589. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
590. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
591. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
592. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
593. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
594. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
595. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
596. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
597. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
598. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
599. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
600. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
601. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
602. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
603. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
604. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
605. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
606. ^ Collins p. 83.
607. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
608. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
609. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
610. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
611. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
612. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
613. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
614. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
615. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
616. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
617. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
618. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
619. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
620. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
621. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
622. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
623. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
624. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
625. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
626. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
627. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
628. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
629. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
630. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
631. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
632. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
633. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
634. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
635. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
636. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
637. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
638. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
639. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
640. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
641. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
642. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
643. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
644. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
645. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
646. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
647. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
648. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
649. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
650. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
651. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
652. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
653. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
654. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
655. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
656. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
657. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
658. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
659. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
660. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
661. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
662. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
663. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
664. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
665. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
666. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
667. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
668. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
669. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
670. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
671. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
672. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
673. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
674. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
675. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
676. ^ Malachi 4:2
677. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
678. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
679. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
680. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
681. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
682. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
683. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
684. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
685. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
686. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
687. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
688. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
689. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
690. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
691. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
692. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
693. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
694. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
695. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
696. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
697. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
698. ^ US Census 2005.
699. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
700. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
701. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
702. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
703. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
704. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
705. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
706. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
707. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
708. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
709. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
710. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
711. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
712. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
713. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
714. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
715. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
716. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
717. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
718. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
719. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
720. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
721. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
722. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
723. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
724. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
725. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
726. References
727. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
728. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
729. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
730. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
731. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
732. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
733. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
734. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
735. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
736. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
737. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
738. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
739. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
740. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
741. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
742. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
743. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
744. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
745. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
746. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
747. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
748. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
749. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
750. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
751. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
752. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
753. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
754. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
755. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
756. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
757. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
758. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
759. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
760. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
761. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
762. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
763. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
764. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
765. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
766. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
767. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
768. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
769. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
770. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
771. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
772. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
773. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
774. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
775. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
776. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
777. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
778. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
779. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
780. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
781. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
782. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
783. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
784. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
785. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
786. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
787. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
788. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
789. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
790. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
791. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
792. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
793. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
794. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
795. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
796. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
797. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
798. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
799. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
800. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
801. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
802. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
803. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
804. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
805. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
806. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
807. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
808. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
809. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
810. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
811. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
812. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
813. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
814. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
815. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
816. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
817. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
818. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
819. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
820. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
821. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
822. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
823. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
824. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
825. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
826. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
827. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
828. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
829. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
830. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
831. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
832. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
833. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
834. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
835. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
836. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
837. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
838. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
839. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
840. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
841. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
842. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
843. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
844. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
845. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
846. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
847. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
848. ^ Collins p. 83.
849. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
850. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
851. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
852. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
853. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
854. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
855. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
856. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
857. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
858. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
859. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
860. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
861. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
862. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
863. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
864. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
865. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
866. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
867. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
868. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
869. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
870. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
871. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
872. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
873. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
874. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
875. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
876. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
877. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
878. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
879. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
880. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
881. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
882. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
883. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
884. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
885. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
886. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
887. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
888. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
889. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
890. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
891. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
892. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
893. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
894. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
895. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
896. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
897. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
898. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
899. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
900. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
901. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
902. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
903. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
904. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
905. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
906. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
907. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
908. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
909. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
910. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
911. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
912. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
913. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
914. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
915. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
916. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
917. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
918. ^ Malachi 4:2
919. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
920. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
921. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
922. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
923. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
924. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
925. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
926. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
927. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
928. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
929. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
930. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
931. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
932. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
933. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
934. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
935. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
936. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
937. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
938. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
939. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
940. ^ US Census 2005.
941. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
942. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
943. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
944. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
945. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
946. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
947. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
948. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
949. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
950. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
951. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
952. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
953. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
954. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
955. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
956. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
957. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
958. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
959. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
960. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
961. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
962. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
963. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
964. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
965. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
966. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
967. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
968. References
969. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
970. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
971. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
972. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
973. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
974. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
975. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
976. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
977. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
978. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
979. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
980. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
981. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
982. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
983. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
984. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
985. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
986. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
987. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
988. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
989. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
990. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
991. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
992. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
993. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
994. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
995. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
996. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
997. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
998. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
999. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
1000. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1001. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
1002. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1003. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1004. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
1005. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
1006. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
1007. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
1008. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
1009. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
1010. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1011. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
1012. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1013. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
1014. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
1015. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
1016. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
1017. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
1018. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
1019. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1020. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
1021. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
1022. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
1023. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
1024. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1025. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
1026. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
1027. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
1028. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
1029. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
1030. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
1031. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
1032. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
1033. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
1034. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
1035. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1036. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
1037. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
1038. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
1039. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
1040. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
1041. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1042. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
1043. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
1044. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
1045. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
1046. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
1047. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
1048. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
1049. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
1050. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1051. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
1052. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
1053. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1054. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1055. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1056. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1057. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
1058. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
1059. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
1060. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
1061. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
1062. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
1063. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
1064. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
1065. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
1066. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
1067. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
1068. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
1069. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
1070. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
1071. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
1072. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
1073. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
1074. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
1075. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
1076. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
1077. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1078. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1079. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1080. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
1081. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
1082. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1083. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1084. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1085. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
1086. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1087. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
1088. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
1089. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1090. ^ Collins p. 83.
1091. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
1092. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1093. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1094. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
1095. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
1096. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
1097. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
1098. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
1099. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
1100. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
1101. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
1102. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
1103. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
1104. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
1105. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
1106. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
1107. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
1108. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
1109. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1110. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1111. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
1112. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
1113. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1114. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
1115. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
1116. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
1117. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
1118. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
1119. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
1120. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
1121. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
1122. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
1123. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
1124. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
1125. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
1126. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
1127. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
1128. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1129. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
1130. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
1131. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
1132. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1133. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1134. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1135. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
1136. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1137. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1138. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
1139. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1140. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1141. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1142. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
1143. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
1144. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
1145. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
1146. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
1147. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1148. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1149. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
1150. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1151. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1152. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
1153. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
1154. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
1155. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
1156. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
1157. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
1158. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
1159. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
1160. ^ Malachi 4:2
1161. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
1162. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
1163. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
1164. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
1165. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
1166. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1167. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1168. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1169. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
1170. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
1171. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
1172. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
1173. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
1174. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
1175. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
1176. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1177. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
1178. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
1179. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
1180. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
1181. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
1182. ^ US Census 2005.
1183. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
1184. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
1185. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1186. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
1187. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
1188. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
1189. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1190. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
1191. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
1192. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
1193. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
1194. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1195. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
1196. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1197. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
1198. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1199. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
1200. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
1201. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
1202. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
1203. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1204. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
1205. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
1206. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1207. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
1208. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1209. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1210. References
1211. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
1212. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
1213. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
1214. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1215. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
1216. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
1217. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1218. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1219. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1220. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
1221. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
1222. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1223. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
1224. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
1225. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1226. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
1227. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
1228. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1229. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1230. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
1231. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
1232. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
1233. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
1234. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
1235. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
1236. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1237. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1238. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
1239. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1240. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
1241. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
1242. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1243. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
1244. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1245. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1246. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
1247. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
1248. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
1249. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
1250. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
1251. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
1252. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1253. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
1254. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1255. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
1256. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
1257. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
1258. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
1259. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
1260. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
1261. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1262. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
1263. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
1264. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
1265. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
1266. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1267. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
1268. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
1269. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
1270. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
1271. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
1272. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
1273. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
1274. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
1275. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
1276. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
1277. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1278. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
1279. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
1280. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
1281. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
1282. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
1283. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1284. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
1285. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
1286. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
1287. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
1288. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
1289. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
1290. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
1291. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
1292. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1293. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
1294. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
1295. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1296. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1297. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1298. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1299. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
1300. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
1301. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
1302. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
1303. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
1304. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
1305. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
1306. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
1307. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
1308. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
1309. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
1310. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
1311. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
1312. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
1313. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
1314. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
1315. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
1316. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
1317. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
1318. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
1319. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1320. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1321. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1322. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
1323. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
1324. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1325. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1326. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1327. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
1328. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1329. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
1330. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
1331. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1332. ^ Collins p. 83.
1333. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
1334. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1335. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1336. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
1337. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
1338. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
1339. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
1340. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
1341. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
1342. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
1343. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
1344. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
1345. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
1346. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
1347. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
1348. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
1349. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
1350. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
1351. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1352. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1353. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
1354. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
1355. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1356. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
1357. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
1358. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
1359. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
1360. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
1361. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
1362. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
1363. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
1364. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
1365. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
1366. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
1367. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
1368. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
1369. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
1370. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1371. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
1372. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
1373. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
1374. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1375. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1376. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1377. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
1378. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1379. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1380. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
1381. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1382. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1383. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1384. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
1385. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
1386. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
1387. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
1388. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
1389. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1390. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1391. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
1392. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1393. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1394. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
1395. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
1396. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
1397. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
1398. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
1399. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
1400. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
1401. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
1402. ^ Malachi 4:2
1403. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
1404. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
1405. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
1406. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
1407. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
1408. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1409. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1410. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1411. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
1412. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
1413. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
1414. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
1415. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
1416. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
1417. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
1418. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1419. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
1420. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
1421. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
1422. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
1423. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
1424. ^ US Census 2005.
1425. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
1426. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
1427. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1428. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
1429. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
1430. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
1431. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1432. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
1433. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
1434. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
1435. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
1436. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1437. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
1438. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1439. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
1440. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1441. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
1442. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
1443. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
1444. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
1445. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1446. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
1447. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
1448. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1449. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
1450. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1451. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1452. References
1453. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
1454. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
1455. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
1456. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1457. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
1458. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
1459. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1460. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1461. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1462. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
1463. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
1464. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1465. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
1466. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
1467. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1468. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
1469. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
1470. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1471. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1472. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
1473. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
1474. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
1475. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
1476. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
1477. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
1478. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1479. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1480. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
1481. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1482. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
1483. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
1484. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1485. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
1486. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1487. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1488. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
1489. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
1490. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
1491. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
1492. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
1493. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
1494. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1495. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
1496. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1497. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
1498. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
1499. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
1500. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
1501. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
1502. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
1503. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1504. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
1505. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
1506. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
1507. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
1508. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1509. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
1510. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
1511. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
1512. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
1513. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
1514. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
1515. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
1516. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
1517. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
1518. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
1519. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1520. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
1521. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
1522. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
1523. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
1524. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
1525. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1526. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
1527. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
1528. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
1529. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
1530. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
1531. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
1532. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
1533. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
1534. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1535. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
1536. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
1537. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1538. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1539. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1540. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1541. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
1542. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
1543. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
1544. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
1545. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
1546. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
1547. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
1548. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
1549. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
1550. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
1551. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
1552. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
1553. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
1554. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
1555. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
1556. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
1557. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
1558. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
1559. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
1560. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
1561. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1562. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1563. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1564. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
1565. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
1566. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1567. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1568. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1569. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
1570. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1571. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
1572. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
1573. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1574. ^ Collins p. 83.
1575. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
1576. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1577. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1578. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
1579. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
1580. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
1581. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
1582. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
1583. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
1584. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
1585. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
1586. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
1587. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
1588. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
1589. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
1590. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
1591. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
1592. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
1593. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1594. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1595. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
1596. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
1597. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1598. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
1599. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
1600. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
1601. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
1602. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
1603. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
1604. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
1605. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
1606. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
1607. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
1608. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
1609. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
1610. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
1611. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
1612. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1613. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
1614. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
1615. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
1616. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1617. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1618. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1619. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
1620. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1621. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1622. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
1623. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1624. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1625. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1626. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
1627. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
1628. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
1629. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
1630. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
1631. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1632. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1633. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
1634. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1635. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1636. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
1637. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
1638. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
1639. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
1640. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
1641. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
1642. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
1643. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
1644. ^ Malachi 4:2
1645. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
1646. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
1647. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
1648. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
1649. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
1650. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1651. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1652. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1653. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
1654. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
1655. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
1656. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
1657. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
1658. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
1659. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
1660. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1661. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
1662. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
1663. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
1664. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
1665. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
1666. ^ US Census 2005.
1667. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
1668. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
1669. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1670. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
1671. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
1672. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
1673. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1674. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
1675. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
1676. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
1677. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
1678. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1679. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
1680. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1681. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
1682. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1683. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
1684. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
1685. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
1686. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
1687. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1688. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
1689. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
1690. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1691. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
1692. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1693. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1694. References
1695. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
1696. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
1697. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
1698. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1699. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
1700. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
1701. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1702. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1703. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1704. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
1705. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
1706. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1707. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
1708. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
1709. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1710. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
1711. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
1712. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1713. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1714. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
1715. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
1716. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
1717. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
1718. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
1719. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
1720. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1721. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1722. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
1723. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1724. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
1725. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
1726. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1727. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
1728. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1729. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1730. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
1731. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
1732. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
1733. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
1734. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
1735. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
1736. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1737. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
1738. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1739. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
1740. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
1741. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
1742. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
1743. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
1744. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
1745. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1746. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
1747. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
1748. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
1749. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
1750. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1751. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
1752. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
1753. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
1754. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
1755. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
1756. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
1757. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
1758. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
1759. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
1760. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
1761. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1762. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
1763. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
1764. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
1765. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
1766. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
1767. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1768. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
1769. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
1770. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
1771. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
1772. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
1773. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
1774. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
1775. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
1776. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1777. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
1778. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
1779. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1780. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1781. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1782. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
1783. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
1784. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
1785. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
1786. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
1787. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
1788. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
1789. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
1790. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
1791. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
1792. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
1793. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
1794. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
1795. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
1796. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
1797. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
1798. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
1799. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
1800. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
1801. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
1802. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
1803. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1804. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
1805. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1806. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
1807. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
1808. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1809. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1810. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1811. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
1812. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1813. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
1814. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
1815. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1816. ^ Collins p. 83.
1817. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
1818. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1819. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
1820. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
1821. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
1822. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
1823. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
1824. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
1825. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
1826. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
1827. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
1828. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
1829. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
1830. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
1831. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
1832. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
1833. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
1834. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
1835. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1836. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
1837. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
1838. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
1839. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1840. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
1841. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
1842. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
1843. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
1844. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
1845. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
1846. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
1847. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
1848. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
1849. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
1850. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
1851. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
1852. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
1853. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
1854. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1855. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
1856. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
1857. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
1858. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1859. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
1860. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1861. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
1862. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1863. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
1864. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
1865. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1866. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1867. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
1868. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
1869. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
1870. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
1871. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
1872. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
1873. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1874. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1875. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
1876. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1877. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
1878. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
1879. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
1880. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
1881. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
1882. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
1883. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
1884. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
1885. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
1886. ^ Malachi 4:2
1887. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
1888. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
1889. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
1890. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
1891. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
1892. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1893. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
1894. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1895. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
1896. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
1897. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
1898. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
1899. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
1900. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
1901. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
1902. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1903. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
1904. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
1905. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
1906. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
1907. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
1908. ^ US Census 2005.
1909. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
1910. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
1911. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1912. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
1913. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
1914. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
1915. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
1916. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
1917. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
1918. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
1919. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
1920. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1921. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
1922. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1923. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
1924. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
1925. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
1926. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
1927. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
1928. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
1929. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
1930. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
1931. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
1932. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1933. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
1934. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1935. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1936. References
1937. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
1938. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
1939. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
1940. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1941. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
1942. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
1943. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
1944. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1945. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1946. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
1947. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
1948. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
1949. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
1950. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
1951. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
1952. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
1953. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
1954. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1955. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
1956. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
1957. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
1958. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
1959. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
1960. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
1961. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
1962. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1963. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1964. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
1965. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
1966. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
1967. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
1968. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
1969. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
1970. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1971. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
1972. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
1973. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
1974. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
1975. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
1976. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
1977. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
1978. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1979. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
1980. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
1981. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
1982. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
1983. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
1984. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
1985. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
1986. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
1987. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1988. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
1989. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
1990. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
1991. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
1992. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
1993. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
1994. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
1995. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
1996. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
1997. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
1998. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
1999. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
2000. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
2001. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
2002. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
2003. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
2004. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
2005. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
2006. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
2007. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
2008. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
2009. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2010. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
2011. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
2012. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
2013. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
2014. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
2015. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
2016. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2017. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
2018. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2019. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
2020. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
2021. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2022. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2023. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2024. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2025. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
2026. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
2027. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
2028. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
2029. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
2030. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
2031. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
2032. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
2033. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
2034. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
2035. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
2036. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
2037. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
2038. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
2039. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
2040. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
2041. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
2042. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
2043. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
2044. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
2045. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2046. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2047. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2048. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
2049. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
2050. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2051. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2052. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2053. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
2054. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2055. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
2056. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
2057. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2058. ^ Collins p. 83.
2059. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
2060. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2061. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2062. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
2063. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
2064. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
2065. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
2066. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
2067. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
2068. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
2069. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
2070. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
2071. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
2072. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
2073. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
2074. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
2075. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
2076. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
2077. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2078. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2079. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
2080. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
2081. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2082. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
2083. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
2084. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
2085. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
2086. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
2087. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
2088. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
2089. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
2090. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
2091. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
2092. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
2093. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
2094. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
2095. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
2096. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2097. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
2098. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
2099. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
2100. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2101. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2102. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2103. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
2104. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2105. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2106. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
2107. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2108. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2109. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2110. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
2111. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
2112. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
2113. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
2114. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
2115. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2116. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2117. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
2118. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2119. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2120. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
2121. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
2122. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
2123. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
2124. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
2125. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
2126. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
2127. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
2128. ^ Malachi 4:2
2129. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
2130. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
2131. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
2132. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
2133. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
2134. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2135. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2136. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2137. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
2138. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
2139. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
2140. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
2141. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
2142. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
2143. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2144. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2145. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
2146. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
2147. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
2148. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
2149. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
2150. ^ US Census 2005.
2151. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
2152. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
2153. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2154. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
2155. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
2156. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
2157. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2158. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
2159. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
2160. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
2161. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
2162. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2163. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
2164. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2165. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
2166. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2167. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
2168. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
2169. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
2170. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
2171. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2172. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
2173. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
2174. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2175. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
2176. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2177. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2178. References
2179. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
2180. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
2181. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
2182. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2183. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
2184. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
2185. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2186. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
2187. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
2188. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
2189. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
2190. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
2191. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
2192. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
2193. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
2194. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
2195. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
2196. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2197. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2198. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
2199. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
2200. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
2201. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
2202. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
2203. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
2204. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2205. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2206. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
2207. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2208. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
2209. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
2210. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
2211. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
2212. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2213. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2214. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2215. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
2216. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
2217. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
2218. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
2219. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
2220. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
2221. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
2222. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
2223. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
2224. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
2225. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
2226. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
2227. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
2228. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
2229. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
2230. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
2231. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
2232. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
2233. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
2234. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2235. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
2236. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
2237. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
2238. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
2239. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
2240. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
2241. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
2242. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
2243. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
2244. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
2245. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
2246. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
2247. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
2248. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
2249. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
2250. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
2251. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2252. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
2253. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
2254. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
2255. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
2256. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
2257. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
2258. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2259. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
2260. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2261. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
2262. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
2263. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2264. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2265. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2266. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2267. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
2268. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
2269. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
2270. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
2271. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
2272. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
2273. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
2274. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
2275. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
2276. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
2277. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
2278. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
2279. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
2280. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
2281. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
2282. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
2283. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
2284. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
2285. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
2286. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
2287. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2288. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2289. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2290. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
2291. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
2292. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2293. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2294. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2295. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
2296. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2297. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
2298. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
2299. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2300. ^ Collins p. 83.
2301. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
2302. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2303. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2304. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
2305. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
2306. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
2307. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
2308. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
2309. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
2310. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
2311. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
2312. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
2313. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
2314. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
2315. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
2316. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
2317. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
2318. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
2319. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2320. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2321. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
2322. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
2323. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2324. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
2325. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
2326. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
2327. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
2328. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
2329. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
2330. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
2331. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
2332. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
2333. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
2334. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
2335. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
2336. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
2337. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
2338. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2339. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
2340. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
2341. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
2342. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2343. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2344. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2345. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
2346. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2347. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2348. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
2349. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2350. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2351. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2352. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
2353. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
2354. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
2355. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
2356. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
2357. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2358. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2359. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
2360. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2361. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2362. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
2363. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
2364. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
2365. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
2366. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
2367. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
2368. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
2369. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
2370. ^ Malachi 4:2
2371. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
2372. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
2373. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
2374. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
2375. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
2376. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2377. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2378. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2379. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
2380. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
2381. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
2382. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
2383. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
2384. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
2385. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2386. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2387. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
2388. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
2389. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
2390. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
2391. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
2392. ^ US Census 2005.
2393. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
2394. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
2395. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2396. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
2397. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
2398. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
2399. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2400. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
2401. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
2402. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
2403. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
2404. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2405. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
2406. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2407. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
2408. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2409. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
2410. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
2411. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
2412. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
2413. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2414. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
2415. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
2416. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2417. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
2418. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2419. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2420. References
2421. ^ “Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival” (PDF). BBC Learning English. December 29, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
2422. ^ “In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians”. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
2423. ^ “Christmas”. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.
2424. ^ Jump up to:^a b Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). “Christmas”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2425. ^ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God’s human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
2426. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
2427. ^ “Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2428. ^ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
2429. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Christmas” in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
2430. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). “Why get cross about Xmas?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
2431. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
2432. ^ “Midwinter” in Bosworth & Toller. Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
2433. ^ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
2434. ^ “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
2435. ^ Yule Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
2436. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
2437. ^ “Толковый словарь Даля онлайн”. slovardalja.net. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
2438. ^ Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). “Christmas – the original story”. Christian Today. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2439. ^ Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). “Biblical stories of Jesus’ birth reveal intriguing clues about his times”. National Geographic. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2440. ^ Jump up to:^a b English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). Christmas: Theological Anticipations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2.
2441. ^ The manuscript reads, VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae. (“The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine“, The Tertullian Project. 2006.)
2442. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.
2443. ^ “Christmas and its cycle”. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.
2444. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.
2445. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Bradshaw, Paul (2020). “The Dating of Christmas”. In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
2446. ^ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). “The Apostolic Tradition”. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2447. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2448. ^ Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. “History of Epiphany”. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
2449. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. ISBN 978-0-7661-3676-2. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2450. ^ Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. “[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem”. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
2451. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Murray, Alexander, “Medieval Christmas” Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
2452. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
2453. ^ Hill, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780835608107.
2454. ^ “Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor”. National Geographic. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2455. ^ “William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas”. The History Press. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2456. ^ Jump up to:^a b McGreevy, Patrick. “Place in the American Christmas”, (JSTOR Archived December 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine), Geographical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2457. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510980-1.
2458. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.
2459. ^ Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4443-4145-4.
2460. ^ Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). John Milton. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8131-7014-5.
2461. ^ Heinz, Donald (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4514-0695-5.
2462. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
2463. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Durston, Chris (December 1985). “Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60”. History Today. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
2464. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). Worship: Reformed According to Scripture. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-664-22579-7.
2465. ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). “From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 72 (4): 504–505. JSTOR 41337151.
2466. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot” (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
2467. ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
2468. ^ Jump up to:^a b “When Christmas carols were banned”. BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
2469. ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland, p. 211.
2470. ^ “Act dischairging the Yule vacance”. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (in Middle Scots). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
2471. ^ Jump up to:^a b Anon (May 22, 2007). “Bank Holiday Fact File” (PDF). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
2472. ^ Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). The Victorian Christmas Book. Dent. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-460-12039-5.
2473. ^ Woodforde, James (1978). The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281241-4.
2474. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-405-07671-8.
2475. ^ Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy? (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
2476. ^ Stephen W. Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word“, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 106:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2477. ^ Innes, Stephen (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-393-03584-1.
2478. ^ Marling, Karal Ann (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-674-00318-7.
2479. ^ Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). Moravian Christmas in the South. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-3181-6.
2480. ^ Andrews, Peter (1975). Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7166-2001-3.
2481. ^ Christmas in France. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7166-0876-9.
2482. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas”. History Today. 43 (12). Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
2483. ^ Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly, eds. (2011). Charles Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
2484. ^ Jump up to:^a b Standiford, Les (2008). The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4.
2485. ^ Jump up to:^a b Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). “Dickens’ classic ‘Christmas Carol’ still sings to us”. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
2486. ^ Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
2487. ^ Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. –University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-520-25802-0.
2488. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-1-55111-476-7.
2489. ^ Cochrane, Robertson. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, ISBN 0-8020-7752-8.
2490. ^ Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
2491. ^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in My Heart, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4.
2492. ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). “The History of Christmas Cards”. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
2493. ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2494. ^ Lejeune, Marie Claire. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe, p.550. University of Michigan ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
2495. ^ Jump up to:^a b Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
2496. ^ Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1850. Godey’s copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen’s tiara, and Prince Albert’s moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.
2497. ^ Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3.
2498. ^ Moore’s poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of “sinterklass” (a derivation in Dutch from “Saint Nicholas”, from whence comes the modern “Santa Claus”) to Christmas.The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2006.
2499. ^ “Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways” Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.
2500. ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown “Oh … and one more thing” December 11, 2005 Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2501. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Restad, Penne L. (1995), Christmas in America: a History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. ISBN 0-19-510980-5.
2502. ^ “Christian church of God – history of Christmas”. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2503. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
2504. ^ Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). “Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices” (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
2505. ^ Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). “Truces weren’t just for 1914 Christmas”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2506. ^ Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). “Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2507. ^ “The Real Story of the Christmas Truce”. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2508. ^ “Christmas Truce 1914”. BBC School Radio. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
2509. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86064-397-2.
2510. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-521-02230-9.
2511. ^ Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8156-0679-6.
2512. ^ Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). “How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year’s Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
2513. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin’s pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
2514. ^ Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). “How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
2515. ^ “Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ‘to protect Islam'”. The Daily Telegraph. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
2516. ^ Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). “There’s no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off”. NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
2517. ^ Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34417-4.
2518. ^ Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). “The history behind Christmas and Turkey”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
2519. ^ McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-118-46565-3.
2520. ^ Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). “No, Christmas Trees Don’t Have ‘Pagan’ Roots”. Relevant Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
2521. ^ Neal, Daniel (1822). The History of the Puritans. William Baynes and Son. p. 193. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (page 133 in the link above)
2522. ^ “Christmas – An Ancient Holiday” Archived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The History Channel, 2007.
2523. ^ NEWS, SA (December 24, 2022). “Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas”. SA News Channel. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
2524. ^ Jump up to:^a b Simek (2007:379).
2525. ^ Coffman, Elesha. “Why December 25?” Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Christian History & Biography, Christianity Today, 2000.
2526. ^ Simek (2010:180, 379–380).
2527. ^ Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. Harcourt.
2528. ^ “Koliada”. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
2529. ^ “2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar”. The United Methodist Church. 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2530. ^ Stetzer, Ed (December 14, 2015). “What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research”. Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
2531. ^ Bingham, John (October 27, 2016). “British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2532. ^ Collins, Ace, Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24880-9 p.47.
2533. ^ Internet Archive Susan Topp Weber, Nativities of the World, Gibbs Smith, 2013
2534. ^ “Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok”. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2535. ^ “Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino”. Digilander.libero.it. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2536. ^ “Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History”. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2537. ^ Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Zondervan, 2001.
2538. ^ “The Provençal Nativity Scene”. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2539. ^ Seaburg, Carl, Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, iUniverse, 2003.
2540. ^ Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Archived December 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Random House LLC, 2012.
2541. ^ Carol King (December 24, 2012). “A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily”. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2542. ^ Collins p. 83.
2543. ^ These Strange German Ways. Edelweiss Publishing Company. 1989. p. 122.
2544. ^ Nowak, Claire (December 23, 2019). “The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red”. Reader’s Digest. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2545. ^ Norris, Rebecca (October 29, 2019). “Here’s the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors”. Country Living. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
2546. ^ Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
2547. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1.
2548. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936.
2549. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8146-3932-0.
2550. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4422-2590-9.
2551. ^ Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-55439-098-4.
2552. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. 55: 697–8.
2553. ^ Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-161491-0.
2554. ^ Becker, Udo (January 1, 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. A & C Black. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1221-8.
2555. ^ Crump, William D. (2006). The Christmas Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7.
2556. ^ Socias, James (June 24, 2020). Handbook of Prayers. Midwest Theological Forum. ISBN 978-1-936045-54-9.
2557. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
2558. ^ Jump up to:^a b van Renterghem, Tony. When Santa was a shaman. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-56718-765-X.
2559. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons.
2560. ^ Harper, Douglas, Christ Archived May 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001.
2561. ^ “The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree”. The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2562. ^ “Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom”. Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
2563. ^ Hewitson, Carolyn (2013). Festivals. Routledge. ISBN 9781135057060. It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
2564. ^ “The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants”. www.ipm.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
2565. ^ “Mistletoe Traditions”. The Mistletoe Pages. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2566. ^ “Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)”. Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
2567. ^ Murray, Brian. “Christmas lights and community building in America,” History Matters, Spring 2006. Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
2568. ^ Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
2569. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
2570. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780310873884.
2571. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-486-23354-5, p. 32.
2572. ^ Miles, Clement, Christmas customs and traditions, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48
2573. ^ Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4027-5811-9.
2574. ^ Dudley-Smith, Timothy (1987). A Flame of Love. London: Triangle/SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-04300-2.
2575. ^ Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. OCLC 63015609.
2576. ^ Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). “Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian”. BristolLive. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
2577. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). “Christmas music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990.
2578. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007), Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
2579. ^ Muir, Frank (1977), Christmas customs & traditions, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
2580. ^ “Imbuljuta”. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2581. ^ “Christmas in Eritrea”.
2582. ^ “Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite”. Ansa (in Italian). December 4, 2017.
2583. ^ “Christmas card sold for record price” Archived February 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
2584. ^ Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). “E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2585. ^ “It’s time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any”. NBC News. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
2586. ^ “History of Christmas – Part 2”. The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2587. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 2018). “The War of Words behind ‘Happy Holidays'”. HISTORY. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
2588. ^ “In pictures: Christmas stamps”. BBC. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2589. ^ “The First Christmas Stamps”. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
2590. ^ Loytved, G. (2006). “[Christmas seals]”. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany). 60 (11): 701–710. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944325. ISSN 0934-8387. PMID 17109268.
2591. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2592. ^ Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-691-01126-4. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2593. ^ Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-310-87388-4. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
2594. ^ Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85702-613-2.
2595. ^ Talley, Thomas J. (1991). The Origins of the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-8146-6075-1. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
2596. ^ Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006). Netherlands. Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7614-2052-1.
2597. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
2598. ^ Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-310-56456-0. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
2599. ^ Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008). “Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2600. ^ “St. Basil (330–379)”. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
2601. ^ Matera, Mariane. “Santa: The First Great Lie” Archived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Citybeat, Issue 304.
2602. ^ “Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?”. Bezprawnik (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2603. ^ “Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?”. gazeta.pl (in Polish). December 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
2604. ^ “Christmas Day Ba’ 2023”. Orkney.com.
2605. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition”. BBC Bitesize.
2606. ^ “The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England”. 90min.com. December 25, 2020.
2607. ^ John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). “England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme” Archived June 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph.
2608. ^ “The sports games that don’t stop for Christmas Day”. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
2609. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.
2610. ^ Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas, Liturgical Press, p.80
2611. ^ Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
2612. ^ Malachi 4:2
2613. ^ Roll, Susan K. Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.
2614. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
2615. ^ Ramzy, John. “The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?”. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
2616. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). “Why some people celebrate Christmas in January”. www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners LLC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
2617. ^ “Christmas in Bethlehem”. www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
2618. ^ “Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?”. armenianchurch.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2619. ^ “Christmas is here- yet again!”. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2620. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
2621. ^ “Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions”. AP News. July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
2622. ^ RFE/RL. “Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
2623. ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). “Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia”. BBC News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
2624. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order – Religious Holidays and Calendar Archived October 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine>
2625. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N, p. 538
2626. ^ Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). “Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela’s post-election strife”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
2627. ^ Varga, Melody. “Black Friday, About:Retail Industry. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2628. ^ “Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep”. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2629. ^ “South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights” Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (November 16, 2010), View London.co.uk.
2630. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), “West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season” Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian.
2631. ^ “Liverpool’s record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations”. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
2632. ^ Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). “Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S.” Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
2633. ^ US Census Bureau. “Facts. The Holiday Season” December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) Archived copy at the Library of Congress (May 7, 2010).
2634. ^ US Census 2005.
2635. ^ Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). “Average Cost of an American Christmas”. Investopedia. Dotdash. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
2636. ^ Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). “Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards”. Harvard Data Science Review. 2 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f. S2CID 213681214. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
2637. ^ Joel Waldfogel “The Deadweight Loss of Christmas” (PDF), American Economic Review, December 1993, 83 (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2638. ^ “Is Santa a deadweight loss?” Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Economist December 20, 2001.
2639. ^ Reuters. “Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says” Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, December 16, 2005.
2640. ^ Harper, Timothy (1999). Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man’s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia. McGraw-Hill. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-07-026700-8.
2641. ^ “Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas”. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
2642. ^ Christmas in the Colonies Archived December 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
2643. ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-312-16124-8
2644. ^ Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877. Bedford/St. Martin’s. p. 91.
2645. ^ “The Regulative Principle of Worship”. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
2646. ^ Minutes of Session of 1905. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2647. ^ “Witnesses: Jehovah’s Witnesses at a glance”. BBC. September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
2648. ^ Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). “A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin’s Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2649. ^ Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). “Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
2650. ^ “ACLJ, Christmas laws”. Aclj.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
2651. ^ Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). “A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?”. Muslim Canadian Congress. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023. (previous title: “Christmas controversy article”)
2652. ^ Feder, Don, “In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday” Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish World Review, December 13, 2000.
2653. ^ “The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas”. The Guardian. London. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
2654. ^ Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). “Is Saying ‘Merry Christmas’ Politically Correct? Who Cares?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
2655. ^ Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). “If We Can’t Say ‘Merry Christmas’ in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed”. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
2656. ^ “Lynch vs. Donnelly”. Belcher Foundation. 1984. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2006.
2657. ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. “Treating Christmas with respect“, Sound Vision. Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
2658. ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
2659. ^ Buang, Sa’eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6.
2660. ^ “Alarm over China’s Church crackdown”. BBC. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2661. ^ “Santa Claus won’t be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas”. South China Morning Post. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.