“Myanmar’s Landmine Threat: Young Victims and Amputees Bear the Brunt”

Er Mukesh Singh

In 2023, Myanmar emerged as the world’s deadliest country for landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) casualties, surpassing all other nations with over 1,000 reported victims, according to separate studies by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).

The toll of landmines and UXOs in Myanmar has reached catastrophic levels, severely impacting civilians, particularly children and amputees. This surge in casualties comes amid the ongoing political unrest and armed conflict, where landmines are increasingly used as a weapon of war by various factions, leaving behind a deadly legacy long after battles have ceased.

Children Bear the Brunt of the Crisis
Children, often playing in rural areas or near farmlands, are disproportionately affected. In a disturbing trend, young people are not only victims of landmine explosions but also suffer lifelong physical and psychological trauma. Children, unaware of the dangers, are drawn to unexploded ordnance that appears harmless at first, only to become a deadly threat when disturbed. According to UNICEF, over 40% of all landmine casualties in Myanmar in recent years have been children.

The consequences of these injuries are dire. Many victims face permanent disabilities, including the loss of limbs, blindness, and severe burns. The physical toll is compounded by the lack of medical care and rehabilitation services in remote areas, where healthcare infrastructure is already fragile. For children, the loss of a limb or other life-changing injuries means not only a lifetime of physical challenges but also severe emotional and social isolation.

The Rising Number of Amputees
Amputees, both young and adult, make up a large portion of the casualties. For these survivors, the impact of landmine explosions goes beyond the immediate loss of limbs. Survivors often struggle with limited access to prosthetics and rehabilitation, leaving them with little chance to regain independence. The psychological trauma of living with such permanent injuries, coupled with the stigma faced by amputees in some communities, makes reintegration into society particularly difficult.

International Concerns and Calls for Action
The alarming number of landmine casualties has sparked calls for international action. The ICBL, which advocates for a global ban on landmines, has criticized Myanmar for its continued use of landmines and the lack of efforts to clear affected areas. The United Nations and various humanitarian organizations have also raised concerns about the growing number of civilian casualties and the long-term dangers of unexploded ordnance in post-conflict areas.

The international community has pledged to support the demining efforts and provide medical assistance to survivors, but challenges persist. Myanmar’s ongoing conflict, compounded by political instability and lack of centralized governance in certain areas, has hindered efforts to clear mines and provide adequate care for victims. As a result, it remains one of the most dangerous places on Earth for civilians, particularly children, who are often the unintended victims of war’s lasting scars.

A Call for Immediate Action
The situation demands urgent attention. Humanitarian organizations continue to call for more resources to be directed toward mine clearance and victim support, including medical treatment and psychological services. The international community must also press for the adherence to international agreements such as the Ottawa Treaty, which aims to ban the use of landmines globally.

Until such actions are taken, the deadly epidemic of landmines will continue to haunt Myanmar, with the most vulnerable — children and amputees — bearing the heaviest burden. As the country grapples with this crisis, the world must act swiftly to end the cycle of destruction and bring relief to those whose lives have been irrevocably altered by landmines and unexploded ordnance.

The grim statistic of over 1,000 landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) casualties in Myanmar in 2023 is just the surface of a much deeper crisis, independent human rights experts warned this week. As the military junta intensifies its brutal assaults on civilians, including persons with disabilities, the scale of the devastation continues to grow, with victims suffering not only from immediate injuries but from the systematic denial of life-saving assistance.

Doubling the Devastation: Military Tactics and Rights Violations
According to Tom Andrews, the UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar, and Heba Hagrass, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities, the military’s use of landmines has become a deliberate tool of warfare to crush opposition. “The junta is doubling the impact of its extensive use of landmines to crush nationwide resistance,” they noted, underscoring how these indiscriminate weapons are being deployed to terrorize civilian populations.

The experts also condemned the junta’s actions as egregious violations of international law, highlighting the deliberate forcing of civilians—often including persons with disabilities—through minefields ahead of military units. This tactic has left many injured or killed, with no regard for the rules of warfare or the safety of innocent civilians. In addition to the dangers posed by landmines themselves, victims are routinely denied access to crucial aid such as medical care and prosthetics, exacerbating the suffering of those already grievously wounded.

Such actions, the experts emphasized, are in clear violation of international laws, including Article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which demands that states take all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including armed conflict. Furthermore, UN Security Council resolution 2475 calls for special protection for persons with disabilities in times of war, a provision that the junta has repeatedly ignored.

Children: The Most Vulnerable Victims
The consequences of Myanmar’s landmine epidemic are particularly devastating for children. Data released by UNICEF earlier this year revealed that over 20 percent of the 1,052 verified civilian casualties from landmines and UXOs in 2023 were children—an alarming rise from the previous year, which recorded 390 such incidents. The explosive increase highlights the growing danger children face in conflict zones where these deadly weapons are used indiscriminately.

Children, who are often unaware of the dangers posed by landmines and UXOs, are especially vulnerable. These explosive devices are frequently placed near homes, schools, playgrounds, and farmlands, making daily activities hazardous for young people. The danger is further compounded by the fact that children are often drawn to the seemingly harmless objects, unaware of the lethal risks they pose. Tragically, many children are killed or severely injured in incidents involving landmines or UXOs while simply going about their routines.

In rural and conflict-affected areas, where the military junta’s actions have led to widespread displacement and destruction, children face the constant threat of stepping on a landmine or encountering unexploded ordnance. The indiscriminate placement of these weapons leaves entire communities at risk, and for children, the consequences can be catastrophic—ranging from life-altering injuries to death.

A Growing Humanitarian Crisis
The landmine crisis in Myanmar is not just a military tactic but a broader humanitarian disaster. As landmines and unexploded ordnance continue to claim civilian lives, the country faces mounting challenges in providing adequate care for survivors. Victims often struggle to access medical treatment, and the lack of rehabilitation services for those injured, particularly in rural areas, leaves many without the necessary support to recover.

The crisis underscores the urgent need for international intervention to address the use of landmines in Myanmar. The junta’s actions not only violate human rights and international law but also perpetuate a cycle of violence that disproportionately affects the most vulnerable members of society, especially children and persons with disabilities.

The international community, including humanitarian organizations, must urgently increase efforts to provide immediate medical aid, demining operations, and long-term support for survivors. Without concerted global action, Myanmar’s landmine epidemic will continue to cause untold suffering for generations to come.

Victims Facing Criminalization: Landmine Survivors as Targets of the Junta

The consequences of landmine injuries in Myanmar go beyond the immediate physical trauma of amputation and disability. For many victims, particularly amputees, the junta’s response has been both cruel and unjust, as the regime criminalizes those who suffer life-altering injuries.

Amputees, already grappling with the psychological and physical toll of losing limbs, are being further victimized by the junta, which associates missing limbs with anti-regime resistance activities. “Now amputees are being forced into hiding to avoid harassment and arrest. Losing a limb is being seen as evidence of a crime,” explained Tom Andrews, the UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar, and Heba Hagrass, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities. This alarming development underscores the regime’s use of fear tactics to control and suppress perceived dissent, turning innocent victims into suspects based solely on their injuries.

The Reality Is Far Worse

The situation for landmine victims and their families is even more dire than the statistics suggest. Andrews highlighted the heartbreaking story of a young woman who lost her leg after stepping on a landmine near her home. While the injury itself was tragic enough, the real despair lay in the subsequent obstacles she faced. “I was heartbroken talking with a young woman who had lost her leg after stepping on a landmine near her home,” Andrews said. “But I was infuriated when her doctor told me that she had no hope of securing a prosthesis because junta forces were blocking access to the materials necessary to build one.” This cruel denial of prosthetic care, coupled with restrictions on medical supplies, further exacerbates the suffering of those already traumatized by the violence of the landmines.

Such actions are emblematic of a broader pattern of systemic neglect and oppression under the military junta. Victims of landmines are not only deprived of the chance to heal but are further punished by a regime that denies them the tools necessary for rehabilitation and recovery.

A Call for Immediate Action

Andrews and Hagrass have called on UN Member States to take coordinated and decisive measures to weaken the military junta’s capacity to harm civilians. “The international community must act swiftly and with resolve to stop this cycle of violence and impunity,” they urged. In addition to international pressure, they have demanded that all parties to the conflict in Myanmar immediately cease laying landmines and begin urgent demining operations.

The consequences of landmines in Myanmar are both immediate and long-lasting, and the suffering of the victims is compounded by the junta’s refusal to provide adequate care, rehabilitation, and protection. For the sake of the survivors—particularly children, amputees, and those with disabilities—the international community must respond with greater urgency to end the use of landmines and provide the necessary humanitarian support to those in need.

UN Special Rapporteurs and Their Role

As independent human rights experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council, Andrews and Hagrass work on a voluntary basis to monitor and report on human rights violations globally. They are not UN staff and do not receive a salary for their efforts. Their role is crucial in shedding light on the abuses occurring in Myanmar and advocating for action to protect the rights of its people.

Related Interview: Independent Rights Expert Urges Stronger, Coordinated Actions Against Myanmar Junta

In interviews and reports, the Special Rapporteurs continue to highlight the scale of the landmine crisis in Myanmar, emphasizing the need for a unified global response. The junta’s actions not only violate international law but also perpetuate an ongoing cycle of violence that leaves civilians, particularly the most vulnerable, in constant peril.

Criminalization of Landmine Victims: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis

The grim reality faced by landmine survivors in Myanmar is further compounded by the junta’s ongoing criminalization of these victims, particularly amputees. The military regime’s oppressive tactics have escalated, with those who lose limbs being treated as suspected criminals. The junta has linked missing limbs to accusations of supporting resistance groups or opposing the regime, making these survivors targets of harassment, arrest, and violence.

Amputees—who should be receiving medical care and social support—are now forced into hiding to escape further persecution. “Losing a limb is being seen as evidence of a crime,” said Tom Andrews, the UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar. This dangerous and unfounded association makes life even more unbearable for those already suffering from the trauma of losing their limbs, depriving them not only of physical healing but of basic dignity and rights. The junta’s actions show a deliberate attempt to silence dissent by criminalizing the very victims it has caused, using their injuries as a tool of further repression.

An Already Dire Situation Gets Worse

The situation for landmine victims, especially those with severe injuries, is far worse than initially reported. Victims who survive landmine explosions often face a future without access to vital healthcare or rehabilitation services. Survivors, particularly those in rural areas, often experience debilitating pain, psychological trauma, and physical limitations due to a lack of medical treatment.

One particularly heart-wrenching example shared by Andrews involved a young woman who lost her leg in a landmine explosion. “I was heartbroken talking with a young woman who had lost her leg after stepping on a landmine near her home,” Andrews recalled. “But I was infuriated when her doctor told me that she had no hope of securing a prosthesis because junta forces were blocking access to the materials necessary to build one.”

This denial of access to prosthetics and other medical supplies by the junta highlights a callous disregard for the rights and well-being of civilians, and particularly amputees, who are already struggling with the physical and emotional trauma of their injuries. By denying these survivors the tools necessary for recovery and rehabilitation, the junta is not only condemning them to a life of further suffering but is also violating international human rights standards and humanitarian law.

Global Call for Action: Accountability and Humanitarian Support

The international community must urgently respond to the crisis in Myanmar, where landmines continue to maim and kill civilians, and the military junta’s criminalization of victims compounds the suffering. Mr. Andrews and Ms. Hagrass have called for a unified global response to weaken the junta’s ability to commit these atrocities and hold it accountable for its actions. “UN Member States must take coordinated actions to limit the junta’s ability to harm civilians,” they urged.

Moreover, they have called on all parties to the conflict in Myanmar to immediately halt the use of landmines and begin the demining process without delay. The removal of landmines is critical to preventing further casualties and enabling displaced communities to return to their homes in safety. The world must not remain passive while Myanmar’s civilian population endures such brutality.

The Role of UN Special Rapporteurs: Advocating for Justice

As independent human rights experts, Andrews and Hagrass work diligently to monitor and report on human rights violations, often in the face of great personal and professional risk. Their voluntary, non-remunerated positions within the UN Human Rights Council allow them to act as impartial voices for the voiceless, shedding light on the atrocities perpetrated by the junta. Their work is essential in raising awareness of the ongoing crisis in Myanmar, holding the regime accountable, and calling for urgent humanitarian aid.

In their ongoing efforts to push for change, both experts continue to urge the international community to adopt stronger and more coordinated measures to stop the use of landmines, provide relief to survivors, and work toward a peaceful resolution to the conflict that respects the rights and dignity of all people, especially the most vulnerable.

A Growing Humanitarian Disaster

As the landmine epidemic in Myanmar deepens, the human toll continues to rise. Victims—especially children and persons with disabilities—are being caught in a deadly cycle of violence and neglect. Landmines are not just weapons of war; they are tools of terror that perpetuate suffering long after the fighting ends. The widespread impact on children, amputees, and entire communities underscores the need for immediate action.

The junta’s deliberate use of landmines to target civilians, combined with its refusal to provide aid, has turned Myanmar into one of the most dangerous places for non-combatants in the world. The ongoing humanitarian crisis is not only a violation of human rights but a failure to uphold international laws designed to protect civilians in times of conflict.

In this context, the call to action from human rights experts, UN Special Rapporteurs, and humanitarian organizations is louder than ever. The world must respond to the escalating crisis in Myanmar by providing resources for mine clearance, medical aid for the victims, and support for those in need. The international community must unite in its efforts to end the suffering of Myanmar’s people and demand accountability for the junta’s actions.

The Path Forward: Urgency for Global Action

With the current situation in Myanmar deteriorating rapidly, there is an urgent need for international cooperation to address the landmine crisis. Humanitarian organizations, the UN, and governments worldwide must ramp up efforts to end the use of landmines, clear affected areas, and offer comprehensive support for the victims, particularly those who are most vulnerable.

Without global intervention and stronger enforcement of international law, the tragedy in Myanmar will continue to devastate the lives of its people for generations to come. The international community must act decisively to end the suffering, bring justice, and restore dignity to the victims of this brutal and ongoing conflict.

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^ “PROTECTING CAMBODIA’S LANDMINE DETECTION DOGS”. Pursuit – The University of Melbourne. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

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