The Pakistan military is engaged in an ongoing battle against insurgents primarily in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces.

The Pakistan Army has accused India of committing 25 violations of the Line of Control (LoC) in 2024, a claim made by Army spokesman Lt Gen Ahmad Sharif Chaudhry during a year-end press conference. While the spokesman highlighted these violations, he did not provide specific details or evidence to substantiate the charges.

Chaudhry’s statement also included a warning to India, threatening a quick and forceful response if Indian forces continue to carry out attacks across the LoC. The accusations add to the ongoing tensions between the two neighboring nations, particularly along the contested border that has been a longstanding flashpoint in their relations.

In his address, Chaudhry provided a broader overview of the Pakistan Army’s operational activities, reporting that security forces had killed at least 925 insurgents during the year. The Pakistan military has been heavily involved in counter-insurgency operations, primarily in the provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where violent insurgent groups continue to challenge the state’s authority. The military conducted nearly 60,000 operations across these areas, but this came at a high cost—383 Pakistani soldiers were killed during the operations.

The general also accused India of carrying out “false flag operations” throughout the year. While he did not elaborate on the nature of these operations, the term typically refers to covert activities designed to deceive the public or make it appear as though a particular group or country is responsible for an action when it is actually the work of another party. Such accusations have historically been used to inflame tensions and further complicate relations between the two nations.

Pakistan’s military is facing significant challenges in its battle against insurgents in Balochistan, where separatist movements have long called for greater autonomy, and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where militant groups such as the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have been active. The insurgency in these regions has led to substantial casualties on both sides and continues to strain Pakistan’s security forces.

The accusations of LoC violations and false flag operations by India come as both countries remain on high alert, with military tensions frequently escalating along their shared border. Relations between India and Pakistan have been fraught with hostility, especially since the revocation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir by India in 2019, and the ongoing dispute over Kashmir. The latest remarks by Pakistan’s military only add to the complex and volatile situation in the region, with fears of further escalation always looming.

The year-end briefing serves as a reminder of the deep-rooted security concerns in the region, particularly in the context of India-Pakistan relations, insurgency, and ongoing territorial disputes. How these accusations play out in the coming months will be crucial in shaping the future trajectory of both countries’ security policies and their diplomatic relations.

The accusations made by Pakistan’s military against India come at a time of heightened tensions between the two countries, particularly regarding their actions along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir. The LoC has long been a volatile border, with both nations accusing each other of various violations and provocations. The latest claims by Pakistan of 25 LoC violations by India over the past year add to the already tense security environment in the region.

Lt Gen Ahmad Sharif Chaudhry’s statement about the “false flag operations” is particularly concerning, as such allegations have the potential to escalate the already volatile situation. While the Pakistan Army has not offered specific evidence, the implication that India is staging attacks under false pretenses could lead to further military confrontations. False flag operations, historically, have been used to create justification for military action or to frame an adversary for activities they did not commit. If proven true, these operations could inflame public sentiment and increase distrust between the two nations, already wary of each other’s intentions.

The Pakistan military’s operations against insurgents in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been a focal point of its internal security efforts. The year 2024 has seen significant losses for Pakistan’s security forces, with nearly 60,000 operations carried out in the two provinces, resulting in the deaths of 383 soldiers. The insurgencies in these regions are complex and multi-faceted, involving both local separatist movements and groups with links to transnational militant organizations. The loss of Pakistani soldiers underscores the intensity and scale of the military’s counter-insurgency efforts.

In Balochistan, separatist groups, including the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), have been fighting for greater autonomy, and their attacks on military and government installations have led to severe security crackdowns. Meanwhile, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a hotbed for militancy, particularly from the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which has launched numerous attacks on state targets in its bid to impose a stricter interpretation of Islamic law. These insurgencies have caused a significant strain on Pakistan’s military resources and have resulted in a rise in violence, further exacerbating the already precarious security situation.

In addition to the operational challenges, Pakistan’s accusations of Indian military aggression along the LoC and the broader claims of foreign interference raise the stakes for both countries. India, for its part, has maintained that it is committed to ensuring the security of its territory and has denied Pakistan’s allegations of cross-border violations. However, the diplomatic tensions are not new, with both countries routinely accusing each other of hostile activities along the border.

The military spokesperson’s remarks also highlight the broader strategic environment in the region, with both India and Pakistan maintaining high levels of military preparedness. The potential for miscalculation, whether on the LoC or in the insurgency-prone regions, is high. The accusations of violations and false flag operations could increase pressure on both governments, particularly as they face domestic and international scrutiny over their handling of security challenges.

Pakistan’s claims are likely to intensify the diplomatic discourse on Kashmir and the broader geopolitical contest between the two countries. The Kashmir dispute remains the central point of contention, with both nations claiming the region in its entirety, despite the LoC dividing it into territories administered by India and Pakistan. Any conflict escalation in Kashmir or along the LoC could have significant ramifications for regional stability and might attract international attention.

As 2024 progresses, the potential for further clashes between Indian and Pakistani forces looms large. The Pakistan Army’s accusations could lead to diplomatic confrontations at the international level, especially at forums like the United Nations, where both India and Pakistan have previously raised their concerns over cross-border issues. The situation is likely to remain fluid, and both countries will be closely watching each other’s next moves, both on the ground and in the diplomatic arena.

The broader geopolitical implications of these developments are also significant. The United States, China, and Russia, all key stakeholders in South Asia, have maintained a delicate balance in their relationships with both India and Pakistan. How these powers respond to the growing tensions will be critical in shaping the broader security dynamics in the region. International calls for de-escalation and dialogue will likely intensify, but whether they have any impact on the entrenched positions of the two countries remains uncertain.

In conclusion, the Pakistan Army’s allegations against India are a stark reminder of the fragility of peace in the region. As both nations grapple with internal security challenges and external threats, the risk of conflict continues to be a pressing concern. The coming months will likely witness further political, military, and diplomatic maneuvering, and the outcome of these efforts could determine the future of South Asia’s security landscape.

The accusations made by Pakistan’s military against India come amid an already tense and volatile regional security environment. Both nations have long had a contentious relationship, with the Kashmir issue at the heart of their disputes. The latest claim of 25 violations of the Line of Control (LoC) by India further escalates the already complex situation, with the potential for increased military confrontations along the border. The LoC, which divides the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, has seen numerous clashes over the years, and this new accusation adds to the ongoing narrative of heightened tensions.

Lt Gen Ahmad Sharif Chaudhry’s mention of India’s alleged “false flag operations” further complicates the already fraught relationship between the two countries. While the specifics of these alleged operations were not provided, false flag operations are typically intended to create a pretext for military escalation or to manipulate public opinion. If Pakistan’s accusations are confirmed, it could deepen mistrust between the two nations and undermine efforts to achieve any lasting peace or resolution on issues such as Kashmir.

The Pakistan Army’s operations against insurgents have been a major focus of the military’s strategy in 2024. The military has faced a sustained insurgency primarily in Balochistan, where separatist movements have long sought autonomy from the central government. The insurgents in this region, including groups such as the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), have targeted military installations, government offices, and infrastructure, resulting in significant casualties on both sides. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, another insurgency fueled by militant groups, such as the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), has created an ongoing security dilemma for the Pakistani state. The TTP has been responsible for numerous attacks against Pakistani military personnel, and the Pakistani Army has ramped up counter-insurgency operations in response.

The toll of these insurgencies on Pakistan’s security forces has been substantial. With over 60,000 military operations conducted throughout the year, Pakistan’s forces have lost 383 soldiers, reflecting the immense cost of these campaigns. These operations have also been met with stiff resistance from insurgent groups, underscoring the complexity and persistence of the insurgencies. Despite these efforts, the military’s ability to maintain control in these volatile regions remains a constant challenge.

In his statement, Chaudhry also highlighted the success of the Pakistan military in eliminating 925 terrorists in 2024, indicating that the military’s counter-insurgency operations have had some success. However, the high number of operations and casualties suggests that the insurgencies are far from being eradicated. These operations are not only taxing for the military but are also placing enormous strain on the local population, with widespread displacement, loss of life, and disruption to daily life.

The allegations of LoC violations by India, if true, would add further complications to the already fragile security situation along the border. The LoC has historically been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan, and accusations of violations are common on both sides. However, the scale and frequency of these violations have been a point of contention, with both countries accusing each other of initiating hostilities and violating ceasefire agreements.

The threat of military escalation remains high, particularly in the context of India’s and Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities. Both countries are nuclear-armed, and any significant conflict between them could have catastrophic consequences for the region and beyond. While both nations have maintained a policy of deterrence, the constant military standoff along the LoC and the unresolved Kashmir issue leave the door open for potential miscalculations that could spiral out of control.

Moreover, the accusations come at a time when international attention on South Asia is growing. Global powers, including the United States, China, and Russia, have been carefully monitoring developments in the region, given the broader geopolitical implications. These countries have varying interests in the region, with China maintaining close ties with Pakistan and India being an important partner in regional security for the U.S. and other Western nations. The potential for further escalation in the India-Pakistan relationship has wider ramifications for global peace and security.

The international community has consistently called for de-escalation and dialogue between the two nations, but such efforts have largely failed to produce meaningful results. Both countries remain entrenched in their positions, particularly on Kashmir, and diplomatic efforts often break down due to lack of trust and mutual understanding. The military leadership in both countries often resorts to rhetoric that further inflames tensions rather than seeks resolution.

The future of South Asia’s security landscape hinges on the actions of India and Pakistan in the coming months. The potential for military clashes, especially in regions like Kashmir and along the LoC, remains ever-present. Any escalation, whether through direct military engagement or through covert operations, could destabilize the entire region, impacting not only India and Pakistan but also the broader international community.

In conclusion, the accusations made by Pakistan’s military against India over LoC violations and false flag operations highlight the continuing fragility of peace in South Asia. With both countries engaged in ongoing counter-insurgency operations within their borders, the risk of broader conflict remains high. The year 2024 has been marked by significant loss of life, military confrontations, and political rhetoric that suggests a lack of diplomatic will to ease tensions. As the situation develops, the actions taken by both countries, as well as the response from the international community, will shape the future of peace and stability in the region.

COURTESY: Hindustan Times

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b Khan, Yasmin (2007). The great Partition: the making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
2. ^ * Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1945) [first published as Thoughts on Pakistan, 1940], Pakistan or Partition of India, Bombay: Thacker and company, p. 5
3. ^ Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2002). India-Pakistan in War & Peace. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-30472-6.
4. ^ P. 4“Cause for acceptance of refugees into European Nations” (PDF). Dhruv Kharabanda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
5. ^ Population of independent Pakistan (East + West) was 60 million. Population of Muslims in Indian dominion was 30 million or 9% of total population.
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b Talbot & Singh 2009, p. 2.
7. ^ Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-9400953093. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
8. ^ “Instrument of Accession”, White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 4/Instrument of Accession, Wikisource, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 9 October 2019
9. ^ Prasad, S.N.; Dharm Pal (1987). History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948. New Delhi: History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited). p. 418.
10. ^ Hagerty, Devin (2005). South Asia in World Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 161. ISBN 9780742525870. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
11. ^ The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher. 2004. p. 460. ISBN 9780753457849. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
12. ^ New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24-29. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
13. ^ Thomas, Raju (1992). Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia. Westview Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780813383439. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
14. ^ David R. Higgins 2016.
15. ^ Rachna Bisht 2015.
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
17. ^ Dijink, Gertjan (2002). National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain. Routledge. ISBN 9781134771295. The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.
18. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Pakistan :: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965”. Library of Congress Country Studies, United States of America. April 1994. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2010. Quote: Losses were relatively heavy–on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan’s army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.
19. ^ Hagerty, Devin (2005). South Asia in world politics. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 26. ISBN 0-7425-2587-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015. Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan’s second-largest city. By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
20. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2005). India (3rd ed. with a new preface. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 235. ISBN 0520246969. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015. Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan’s capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir’s strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub’s chagrin.
21. ^ Till, Geoffrey (2004). Seapower: a guide for the twenty-first century. Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 0-7146-8436-8. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
22. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot, Gillian Beaumont (28 September 2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press, 2004. ISBN 1-84331-149-6.
23. ^ Times Staff and Wire Reports (30 March 2002). “Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; ‘Butcher of Bengal’ Led Pakistani Army”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (15 July 2011). “A Lamp Glows for Indira Gandhi”. The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
25. ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-19-547697-2.
26. ^ Chitkara, M. G (1996). Benazir, a Profile – M. G. Chitkara. APH. p. 81. ISBN 9788170247524.
27. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War – Victoria Schofield. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4.
28. ^ Leonard, Thomas (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
29. ^ “BBC NEWS | India Pakistan | Timeline”. news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
30. ^ Ali, Tariq (1997). Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State. Verso Books. ISBN 0-86091-949-8. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
31. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Wolpert, Stanley (14 August 2010). “Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict”. India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?. University of California Press. pp. 73. ISBN 9780520271401.
32. ^ Ali, Tariq. “Bitter Chill of Winter”. London Review of Books=. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
33. ^ Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). Kargil: A Wake Up Call. Vedams Books. ISBN 81-7095-074-0. Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
34. ^ Kargil: where defence met diplomacy Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine – India’s then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on Daily Times; The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Stanford Journal of International Relations; Book review of “The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo” Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Hosted on IPCS
35. ^ Jump up to:^a b R. Dettman, Paul (2001). “Kargil War Operations”. India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. ISBN 9780275973087.
36. ^ Samina Ahmed. “Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan’s Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield” Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Belfer Center for International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School)
37. ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery. “Coup d’itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff”. salon.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
38. ^ “War in Kargil – The CCC’s summary on the war” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
39. ^ Samina Ahmed. “A Friend for all Seasons.” Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Belfer Center for International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School)
40. ^ “Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers’ bodies”. rediff.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
41. ^ “press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers” Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
42. ^ Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, The Herald (Pakistan), July 2000. Online scanned version of the article Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
43. ^ Musharraf and the truth about Kargil^[usurped] – The Hindu 25 September 2006
44. ^ “Over 4000 soldier’s killed in Kargil: Sharif”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
45. ^ Kapur, S. Paul (2007). Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia (23rd ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0804755498.
46. ^ MacDonald, Myra (2017). Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War. Oxford University Press. pp. 27, 53, 64, 66. ISBN 978-1-84904-858-3. p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan’s biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.
47. ^ Lavoy, Peter René, ed. (2009). Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-521-76721-7. The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan’s most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.
48. ^ Wirsing, Robert (15 February 1998). India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-312-17562-7. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
49. ^ “India’s renewed strategy of destabilising Balochistan”. Daily Times. 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
50. ^ “Indian campaigning on Balochistan continues”. www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
51. ^ Roy, Rajesh (September 2021). “Taliban Takeover Threatens to Raise India-Pakistan Tensions”. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
52. ^ “India-Pakistan Rivalry in Afghanistan”. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
53. ^ “Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban”. The New York Times. 18 July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
54. ^ “India-Pakistan tug-of-war jeopardizes Afghan peace process | Asia | An in-depth look at news from across the continent”. Deutsche Welle. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
55. ^ Malik, Saleem Akhtar (7 August 2017). “Remember the hero of Lakshmipur: Major Tufail!”. Global Village Space. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
56. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (6 March 1987). “On India’s border, a huge mock war”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
57. ^ “Musharraf declares war on extremism”. South Asia. BBC. 12 January 2002. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
58. ^ Freeze, Colin (11 April 2011). “Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service – The Globe and Mail”. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
59. ^ “Rana, Headley implicate Pak, ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief’s visit to US”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
60. ^ “Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks”. The Independent. London. 31 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
61. ^ Khan, Zarar (1 December 2008). “Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
62. ^ King, Laura (7 January 2009). “Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
63. ^ “Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace ‘technical incursion’, says Zardari (Fourth Lead) – Thaindian News”. Thaindian.com. 14 December 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
64. ^ “Pak might soon move troops from border with India”. The Times of India. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
65. ^ “India’s surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh”. Hindustan Times. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
66. ^ Perry, Juliet. “Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir”. cnn.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016.
67. ^ Miglani, Sanjeev; Hashim, Asad (29 September 2016). “India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
68. ^ Abbas, Syed Sammer (29 September 2016). “Army rubbishes Indian ‘surgical strikes’ claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC”. Dawn. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
69. ^ Masood, Salman (1 October 2016). “In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India’s ‘Surgical Strikes’ on Militants”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
70. ^ Haider, Abrar (29 September 2016). “Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight”. Dawn. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
71. ^ “Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army”. The News. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
72. ^ “Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes”. NDTV.com. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
73. ^ “India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir ‘strikes'”. Daily Telegraph. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
74. ^ “So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges”. Express Tribune. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
75. ^ “Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir’s Pulwama | India News – Times of India”. The Times of India. 16 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
76. ^ “India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, “Non-Military” Strike: Government”. NDTV. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
77. ^ “Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped ‘four bombs'”. The Times of India. Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
78. ^ “Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot”. mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
79. ^ “Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation”. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
80. ^ Fisk, Robert (28 February 2019). “Israel is playing a big role in India’s escalating conflict with Pakistan”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
81. ^ Peer, Basharat (2 March 2019). “Opinion | The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
82. ^ Abi-Habib, Maria; Ramzy, Austin (25 February 2019). “Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
83. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Yasir, Sameer (2 March 2019). “Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
84. ^ Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (29 March 2019). “A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
85. ^ “Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike”. DAWN.COM. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
86. ^ “43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to ‘Site'”. News18. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
87. ^ “2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured”. DAWN.COM. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
88. ^ Khan, M. Ilyas (1 March 2019). “Fighter pilot ‘opened fire’ before capture”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
89. ^ Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider (27 February 2019). “Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says”. Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
90. ^ “ISPR releases ‘proof’ further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16”. DAWN.COM. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
91. ^ “India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27”. Hindustan Times. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
92. ^ Seligman, Lara (4 April 2019). “Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No”. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
93. ^ “‘Not aware’: Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF”. Hindustan Times. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
94. ^ Lalwani, Sameer; Tallo, Emily. “Analysis | Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal”. Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
95. ^ “Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn’t return to its base: IAF”. The Economic Times. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
96. ^ “Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From “Irrefutable””. The Drive. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
97. ^ “Repetitions don’t turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser”. Express Tribune. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
98. ^ Achom, Debanish (9 October 2019). “On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter”. NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
99. ^ “India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border”. Al Jazeera English. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
100. ^ “India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border”. Al Jazeera. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
101. ^ “India, Pakistan militaries agree to stop cross-border firing in rare joint statement”. Reuters. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
102. ^ “Joint Statement”. pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
103. ^ “Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan”. ispr.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
104. ^ Pakistani plane “may have crossed border” Archived 18 October 2002 at the Wayback Machine 13 August 1999 BBC Retrieved 23 July 2007
105. ^ “The Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 10th August, 1999 – Summaries of Judgments and Orders”. International Court of Justice. 21 June 2000. Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
106. ^ “In 2011 five security men were martyred, according to the Indian Sources”. IBN Live. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015.
107. ^ “Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row”. BBC. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
108. ^ “LoC: Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces”. The Express Tribune. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
109. ^ “Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
110. ^ “India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir”. UPI. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
111. ^ Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022). “Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection”. Nature Food. 3 (8): 586–596. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0. hdl:11250/3039288. ISSN 2662-1355. PMID 37118594. S2CID 251601831.
112. ^ “India-Pakistan nuclear war could kill 2 billion people: Study”. WION. 16 August 2022. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
113. ^ “India’s Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974”. nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
114. ^ “Fact Sheet — Nov 5, 2019: Pakistan Nuclear Overview”. The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Nuclear Threat Initiative. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
115. ^ Khan, Munir Ahmad (18 May 1974). “India’s nuclear explosion: Challenge and Response”. International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. JSTOR 3096318. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
116. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Koh Kambaran (Ras Koh Hills)”. Pakistan Paedia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
117. ^ “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program – Development”. nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
118. ^ “Rediff on the NeT: It was ‘Operation Shakti’ on Budh Purnima”. Rediff.com. 16 May 1998. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
119. ^ Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 (16 February 2011). “Herald exclusive: Pakistan’s nuclear bayonet | Pakistan”. Dawn.Com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
120. ^ “28 May 1998 – Pakistan nuclear tests: CTBTO Preparatory Commission”. www.ctbto.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
121. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing”. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
122. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer. “The Fallout From Pakistan’s Nuclear Tests”. thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
123. ^ “Yaum-e-Takbeer celebrated across country”. 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
124. ^ “Pakistan Nuclear Weapons”. nuke.fas.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
125. ^ “Dunya News: Pakistan:-13th Youm-e-Takbeer to be observed today”. Dunyanews.tv. 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
126. ^ “Youm-e-Takbeer today | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online”. Nation.com.pk. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
127. ^ Jump up to:^a b Fricker, John (1 January 1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 – John Fricker – Google Boeken. I. Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0929-5. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
128. ^ Asymmetric Conflicts By T. V. Paul Cambridge University Press 1994 ISBN 0-521-46621-0, pp119
129. ^ See: Tashkent Agreement
130. ^ “1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain”. The World Reporter. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
131. ^ “Cold war games”. Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
132. ^ Birth of a nation Archived 5 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Indianexpress.com (11 December 2009). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
133. ^ “United States – Pakistan Alliance”. Library of Congress Country Studies, United States of America. April 1994. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
134. ^ John P. Lewis (9 December 1971). “Mr. Nixon and South Asia”. The New York Times. p. 47. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2012. The Nixon Administration’s South Asia policy… is beyond redemption
135. ^ 1971 War: How the US tried to corner India Archived 28 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
136. ^ Burne, Lester H. (2003). Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93916-X.
137. ^ “BBC News – South Asia – Kashmir: Dialogue call amid fresh fighting”. news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
138. ^ Bill Clinton (2004). My Life. Random House. ISBN 0-375-41457-6., Pg 865
139. ^ Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research
140. ^ “India and Pakistan: Over the Edge”. Time Magazine. 13 December 1971. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
141. ^ Naqvi, Javed (29 December 2001). “Pressure mounts to stall war rhetoric”. Dawn archives. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
142. ^ Agencies (4 October 2012). “Pakistan, Russia renewing ties”. Dawn Newspapers. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
143. ^ “Param Vir Chakra (1995)”. IMDB. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
144. ^ Jump up to:^a b APP 25 November 2011 (25 November 2011). “Prominent writer, actor, Rauf Khalid dies in road accident | Entertainment”. Dawn.Com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.