The ongoing war in Ukraine, which has brought attention to the geopolitical tensions between NATO and Russia, presents a complex and alarming challenge for the international community. The conflict is not only about territorial disputes but also reflects deep-rooted historical and ideological differences. Understanding these issues is crucial for anticipating the trajectory of this war and preparing for potential escalation, especially in the context of a larger NATO-Russia conflict.

Lesson 1: A Strategic Focus on Deterrence

The first lesson from the ongoing conflict in Ukraine is the importance of strategic deterrence. NATO must ensure that Russia fully understands the severe consequences of any further military aggression, not only in Ukraine but also against other NATO member states. Deterrence must be both military and economic, with an emphasis on showing Russia the potential cost of continuing its imperial ambitions. The annexation of Crimea and the invasion of Ukraine have already resulted in significant sanctions and isolation for Russia, but NATO must bolster its defense capabilities across Eastern Europe, particularly in countries bordering Russia and Belarus.

This means increasing NATO’s military presence in the region and enhancing the defensive posture of key member states. It also involves reinforcing partnerships with non-NATO countries that are vulnerable to Russian influence, such as Georgia and Moldova. NATO’s strategic position needs to demonstrate that any aggression will trigger a swift and forceful response, with the commitment of all alliance members to defend one another under Article 5.

Lesson 2: The Importance of Information Warfare and Ideological Resilience

The second lesson concerns the power of information warfare and ideological resilience. Russia’s current military campaign, including its narrative of the war as a battle against NATO and the West, seeks to shape public opinion both domestically and internationally. The Kremlin has successfully framed the conflict as a necessary action to protect Russia’s interests from foreign threats. To counter this, NATO must engage in a multi-pronged information strategy that includes truth-telling about the nature of the conflict and Russia’s genocidal actions in Ukraine.

This includes revealing the human rights abuses in Russian-occupied areas, such as the abduction of Ukrainian children, forced relocations, and systemic attempts to erase Ukrainian cultural and historical identity. NATO should support independent media outlets and non-governmental organizations that document these atrocities, amplifying them on the global stage. At the same time, NATO must bolster its own ideological resilience by reinforcing the values of democracy, freedom, and self-determination that distinguish the alliance from authoritarian regimes like Russia’s.

In addition to military action, NATO must safeguard its own values and promote them within the territories of its members and partners. Efforts to empower civil society and resist Russian propaganda can help preserve the unity of the alliance and strengthen public support for confronting Russian aggression.

Lesson 3: Understanding Russia’s Long-Term Strategic Goals and Addressing Its Imperialist Ambitions

The third lesson is to understand and address Russia’s long-term imperialist ambitions. Putin’s actions reveal a clear desire to reassert Russia’s dominance in the former Soviet space, not just through military force but also by seeking to undermine the sovereignty of neighboring states like Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic nations. This effort is rooted in a desire to restore a Russian-led Eurasian sphere of influence that would include countries in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe.

For NATO, this requires a deep understanding of Russia’s strategic calculus and how it applies to future conflicts in the region. The Russian military, bolstered by its nuclear capabilities, is willing to go to great lengths to achieve its goals. NATO must prepare for a scenario in which Russia seeks to destabilize not only Ukraine but other parts of Europe as well. This means investing in a forward-thinking military strategy that is adaptable to various forms of hybrid warfare, including cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and direct military intervention in non-NATO countries.

NATO must also address Russia’s potential moves in the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the Balkans, areas that could serve as new flashpoints. Building alliances with countries like Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine (should they eventually gain NATO membership) can help prevent further encroachment by Russia into these territories. Additionally, reinforcing NATO’s southern flank and strengthening partnerships with Turkey and other regional powers will be critical in countering Russia’s influence in the region.

Preparing for the Next Phase of the Conflict

The current war in Ukraine has already resulted in severe loss of life, significant displacement, and destabilization of Europe. While the immediate military threat to NATO may not seem imminent, the broader geopolitical implications of Russia’s actions demand constant vigilance and preparation. The lessons of the past and present must guide NATO’s strategy as it seeks to contain Russian aggression, support Ukraine’s fight for sovereignty, and prevent the spread of Russian imperialism.

To win a potential war between NATO and Russia, NATO must remain united, resilient, and adaptable. The alliance must be prepared for both conventional and unconventional warfare, with a focus on strategic deterrence, ideological resilience, and counteracting Russian imperial ambitions. The future of Europe—and the world—depends on NATO’s ability to maintain its strength and unity in the face of this existential threat.

1. The West cannot contain Russian aggression with mere diplomatic naiveté

Absolutely! Simplifying complex political and military dynamics into clear, digestible facts is essential, especially when discussing sensitive topics like a potential escalation between Russia and NATO. Here’s how a straightforward, fact-based approach could work to clarify the key issues:

1. Core Conflict:
   • NATO vs. Russia: At its heart, the conflict is a geopolitical struggle between NATO, a defensive military alliance, and Russia, which sees NATO’s expansion as a direct threat to its influence and security. NATO aims to protect democratic values, while Russia seeks to maintain its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and beyond.
2. Key Historical Context:
   • Cold War Legacy: The conflict has deep roots in the Cold War, with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaving Russia feeling vulnerable. NATO’s expansion, which included former Warsaw Pact nations and Soviet republics, has been seen by Russia as an encroachment on its territory and sphere of influence.
3. Ukraine as the Battleground:
   • Ukraine’s Strategic Importance: Ukraine lies at the crossroads of Europe and Russia, with both sides seeing its political orientation as crucial. NATO supports Ukraine’s sovereignty and aspirations for closer ties with the West, while Russia views this as a threat to its own security and influence.
   • Russian Motives: Russia claims that NATO’s presence near its borders is unacceptable and has used this justification to launch military actions in Ukraine, aiming to block further NATO expansion and destabilize the region.
4. Military Capabilities and Actions:
   • NATO’s Defense Framework: NATO operates under the principle of collective defense, where an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. This ensures mutual protection for its 30 member nations, including many in Eastern Europe, such as Poland and the Baltic states.
   • Russia’s Military Strategy: Russia has increasingly used hybrid warfare tactics, combining conventional military force, cyberattacks, and disinformation campaigns. The country also possesses a substantial nuclear arsenal, which complicates any military escalation.
5. Escalation Risks:
   • NATO’s Role: As a defensive alliance, NATO’s primary goal is to prevent further Russian aggression while avoiding direct confrontation. However, NATO is committed to defending its members and providing support to countries under threat, such as Ukraine.
   • The Risk of Wider Conflict: An escalation of the conflict in Ukraine could lead to broader involvement, potentially triggering Article 5 of the NATO treaty (collective defense) if an attack spreads beyond Ukraine into NATO territory. This would have devastating consequences for global peace and stability.
6. Humanitarian and Political Impact:
   • Civilian Casualties and Displacement: The war in Ukraine has resulted in significant civilian casualties and forced millions to flee their homes. Both sides have accused each other of violating international laws and committing war crimes.
   • Global Repercussions: The war is not limited to Europe. It affects global energy markets, trade, and international relations, drawing in countries beyond NATO and Russia, and influencing global political alliances.
7. Diplomatic Solutions:
   • Peace Talks and Negotiations: Various diplomatic efforts, including U.S.-mediated ceasefire negotiations and talks involving Russia, NATO, and other international actors, are continually being pursued to end the conflict. However, progress remains slow, as both sides have deeply entrenched positions.
   • Sanctions and Pressures: Economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the West aim to weaken its ability to sustain military aggression, but Russia’s resilience and economic ties with countries like China complicate these efforts.

By focusing on these core facts and avoiding overly technical or convoluted details, it’s easier for the public and policymakers alike to understand the central dynamics at play in a Russia-NATO conflict. This kind of clarity helps guide strategic thinking, especially when it comes to making decisions that can affect peace and security on a global scale.

The contemporary Russian Federation, led by the siloviki—the last generation of Soviet intelligence officials—has evolved into a highly militarized and expansionist state. The Russian leadership has maintained a strong grip on power, pursuing aggressive military policies that challenge the geopolitical stability of Europe and beyond. Here are the key aspects of this Russian posture:

1. Militarization and War Economy:
   • Defense Spending: Russia has committed significant resources to defense, with its military expenditure surpassing 6% of its GDP, a figure that remains sustainable despite economic pressures. The country prioritizes military spending, reflecting its dedication to expanding and modernizing its armed forces.
   • Military Production: Russia’s production of essential warfighting equipment, such as heavy armor and artillery ammunition, far exceeds that of many NATO member states. This capacity ensures Russia can maintain prolonged military engagements.
   • Conscription and Manpower: Russia regularly drafts large numbers of soldiers during biannual conscription cycles, reinforcing its armed forces and sustaining high personnel numbers that outmatch most NATO countries’ standing militaries.
2. Expansionist and Imperial Ambitions:
   • Chechen War and Reassertion of Power: After the brutal suppression of Chechen separatists during the Second Russo-Chechen War, which saw large-scale atrocities committed by Russian forces, Putin and the siloviki solidified their control over the Russian Federation. This marked the beginning of a more assertive Russian foreign policy, with the Kremlin seeking to reclaim lost territories and influence.
   • Invasions of Georgia and Ukraine: The invasion of Georgia in 2008 and the annexation of Crimea in 2014 were significant milestones in Russia’s territorial expansion. These moves were justified by the Kremlin as necessary to protect Russian-speaking populations and counter NATO’s encroachment into what Russia sees as its sphere of influence.
   • Syrian Intervention: Russia’s military support for the Syrian regime in the civil war, including its backing of Bashar al-Assad’s war crimes, cemented Russia’s role as a global power with interests in the Middle East. Russian forces have used chemical weapons as part of the campaign, further underlining their willingness to deploy extreme measures to secure geopolitical advantages.
3. Nuclear and Conventional Deterrence:
   • Tactical Nuclear Deterrence: Following the invasion of Ukraine, Russia has increasingly fielded tactical nuclear weapons as part of its deterrence strategy. Russian forces have stationed nuclear-capable systems, such as Iskander missiles in Belarus, a country that has become a satellite state to Russia in terms of military influence.
   • Nuclear-Ready Belarus: Belarus has hosted Russian nuclear-capable weapons, including MiG-31K aircraft and Kinzhal hypersonic missiles, further escalating tensions with NATO and increasing the risk of nuclear confrontation in Europe. This military integration with Belarus strengthens Russia’s eastern flank and extends its reach into the heart of Europe.
4. Putin’s Geopolitical Vision:
   • Soviet Legacy and Historical Narratives: President Putin views the collapse of the Soviet Union as “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century,” a sentiment that has influenced his policies. His tenure as a KGB officer, including his time as a liaison to the East German Stasi, shaped his vision of Russia’s role in the world. He rejects the sovereignty of nations that were once part of the Soviet Union, considering them to be within Russia’s natural sphere of influence.
   • Diplomatic Failures: The “reset” of U.S.-Russia relations under President Obama, which aimed to ease tensions, ultimately proved futile. Russia’s subsequent actions, including the invasion of Crimea and the atrocities committed by Russian forces in Ukraine, highlighted the fundamental failure of diplomatic engagement with a regime committed to territorial expansion and the restoration of Russian imperial power.
5. The Ukrainian Resistance and the Geopolitical Shift:
   • Ukraine’s Resilience: The Ukrainian resistance to Russia’s 2022 invasion proved critical in preventing the rapid collapse of the country and its potential absorption into a new Russian empire. The brave actions of Ukrainian forces, particularly at the Hostomel Airport, bought vital time for Western military support and international mobilization. This defiance has fundamentally altered Russia’s strategic objectives, delaying or even preventing the envisioned fall of Ukraine.
   • The Unchanged Geopolitical Threat: Despite the setback in Ukraine, Russia’s imperial ambitions remain intact. While the Ukrainian defense has made significant strides, the broader geopolitical threat from Russia persists. The situation remains volatile, with the potential for further destabilization in Europe as Russia continues to challenge the West’s strategic interests.

In conclusion, Russia’s current trajectory under Putin is characterized by an aggressive military stance, territorial expansion, and an unwillingness to accept the sovereignty of its neighbors. The world remains at a dangerous crossroads, with the risk of further escalation in Ukraine and beyond. Understanding these dynamics is essential for NATO and the international community in formulating responses to Russia’s ongoing aggression.

The Role of the Siloviki and Russia’s Governance:

The Siloviki Elite: The core of the Russian ruling class, the siloviki, has maintained tight control over both political and military spheres. This elite group, predominantly composed of individuals with backgrounds in intelligence, military, and security services, is deeply entrenched in the Russian state’s structure. Their worldview is shaped by Cold War-era geopolitics and Soviet-era control mechanisms. Under Putin, this faction has been responsible for guiding Russia’s foreign and military policies with a clear focus on national security and preserving the country’s great power status.

Authoritarian Governance: The Russian political system, under the siloviki, has grown increasingly authoritarian, with limited space for political dissent and civil liberties. The Kremlin’s crackdown on opposition figures, the restriction of independent media, and the suppression of protests have further entrenched the siloviki’s grip on power. These actions are part of a broader strategy to maintain a unified national front, suppress internal dissent, and project power externally, especially in its efforts to reclaim influence over former Soviet territories.

The Economic Dimension of Russia’s War Readiness:

War Economy and Self-Sufficiency: Russia’s defense sector is not only vast but also remarkably self-sufficient, as the country has developed the capacity to produce much of its military hardware domestically. This self-reliance in defense manufacturing allows Russia to sustain long-term military campaigns, as it is less dependent on global supply chains that could be disrupted by sanctions or foreign embargoes.

Sanctions and Adaptation: Despite the broad sanctions imposed by the West, Russia has shown remarkable resilience. The country’s war economy, reinforced by a focus on military industrial output, has adapted to the economic pressure. Russia’s ongoing production of high-tech military equipment, such as advanced missile systems, drones, and armored vehicles, has proven that its military buildup is sustainable in the medium to long term. These economic and industrial capabilities support Russia’s ambitions to project power regionally and globally.

The Nuclear Threat and Escalation Risk:

Tactical Nuclear Weapons: The deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus and the modernization of nuclear arsenals is a clear signal of Russia’s willingness to escalate conflicts. The Kinzhal hypersonic missile, capable of delivering nuclear payloads, further increases the risk of escalation. Moscow’s increasing reliance on nuclear weapons as part of its military doctrine, especially in conflicts with NATO or its allies, complicates the international security environment.

Nuclear Blackmail: The use of nuclear threats as a tool of diplomacy is a central aspect of Russia’s strategy. By positioning nuclear-capable systems in close proximity to NATO borders, particularly in Belarus, Russia can leverage the nuclear option to deter NATO intervention and manipulate geopolitical dynamics. The potential use of nuclear weapons in the ongoing Ukraine conflict remains a significant concern for global security, as Russia seeks to shift the balance of power in its favor.

The Global Strategic and Military Implications:

Challenging NATO’s Unity: Russia’s aggressive actions have tested the unity of NATO. As the Kremlin seeks to undermine NATO’s collective defense structure, it has exacerbated tensions within the alliance. While NATO’s military strength remains formidable, the Russian threat is designed to exploit fissures within the alliance and challenge its strategic cohesion.

Russia’s Influence in the Global South: While the West focuses on the conflict in Ukraine, Russia has simultaneously sought to strengthen its influence in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. By providing military aid, weapons, and political support to regimes aligned with Russian interests, the Kremlin seeks to expand its global reach and counterbalance NATO’s influence. This wider geopolitical strategy involves a blend of hard and soft power, with Russia cultivating relationships with authoritarian regimes and leveraging its energy resources to gain strategic leverage.

The Cyber and Hybrid Warfare Dimension:

• Cyber Warfare: Russia has become a leading practitioner of cyber warfare, employing sophisticated cyberattacks as part of its military strategy. These attacks, often targeting government infrastructure, energy sectors, and financial institutions, are designed to disrupt and destabilize adversaries without the need for traditional military engagement. Cyber capabilities are integral to Russia’s broader strategy of hybrid warfare, which combines conventional military operations with non-traditional tactics to achieve strategic goals.
• Disinformation Campaigns: Russian influence operations, including disinformation and misinformation campaigns, have played a crucial role in undermining NATO cohesion and sapping public support for Western interventions. By leveraging social media and state-controlled media outlets, Russia has actively sought to polarize public opinion, weaken democratic institutions, and sow distrust within NATO member states. These efforts are aimed at fracturing the resolve of Western democracies and creating internal divisions that Russia can exploit.

11. The Impact of a NATO-Russia Conflict on Global Security:

• Regional Instability: A NATO-Russia conflict would have profound implications for the security of Europe and beyond. Central and Eastern Europe would likely become a battleground, with potential for widespread destruction. Key flashpoints, such as the Baltics, Poland, and Romania, could face direct military confrontations. NATO’s eastern members, particularly those bordering Russia and Belarus, are particularly vulnerable to Russian aggression.
• The Global Economy: A full-scale war between NATO and Russia would disrupt global trade, energy supplies, and markets. Both sides would target each other’s critical infrastructure, including energy pipelines, ports, and financial systems, leading to economic turmoil. The global supply chain, already strained due to previous geopolitical tensions, would face additional shocks, affecting the flow of goods and services worldwide. Energy prices would likely surge, given Russia’s dominance as a key supplier of natural gas and oil to Europe.
• International Law and Humanitarian Impact: The conduct of military operations by Russia, particularly in its treatment of civilians in Ukraine and its use of prohibited weapons like chemical agents, has raised serious concerns about violations of international law. A broader conflict would likely lead to more widespread violations of human rights, displacement of millions of people, and a humanitarian crisis in affected regions.

12. Lessons for NATO in Responding to Russian Aggression:

• Reaffirming NATO’s Deterrence Strategy: NATO must maintain a robust and credible deterrence strategy to counter Russian aggression. This involves modernizing its conventional forces, ensuring nuclear deterrence remains intact, and maintaining a unified stance against any Russian attempts to destabilize European security.
• Strengthening Political Cohesion: NATO must also focus on political cohesion, both within the alliance and with its global partners. The threat posed by Russia requires a united approach that transcends individual national interests and ensures collective defense principles are upheld.
• Enhanced Cyber and Hybrid Defense: In the face of Russia’s cyber and hybrid tactics, NATO must invest in advanced cybersecurity capabilities and countermeasures. This includes bolstering defenses against disinformation campaigns and other non-traditional methods of warfare.
• Supporting Non-NATO States: NATO should continue to provide support to countries that may be at risk of Russian aggression, including Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova. This support can range from military assistance and training to diplomatic and economic support aimed at strengthening the resilience of these nations in the face of Russian pressure.

In summary, Russia’s aggressive policies and expansionist ambitions have brought the world to a critical juncture. The lessons from Russia’s military buildup, nuclear deterrence, and hybrid warfare strategy are clear: NATO must be prepared to confront these challenges head-on, with a clear, cohesive strategy that blends military readiness, political unity, and global partnerships to counter the growing threat from Moscow. The stakes of this confrontation extend far beyond Ukraine, with implications for global security, the international order, and the future of European stability.

2. Avoiding a catastrophe: Recapturing the Baltic states is a nonstarter

The scenario you describe highlights several crucial challenges that NATO would face in the event of a Russian aggression in Europe, particularly concerning the Baltic states. Below are key points reflecting the complexities and possible solutions:

1. Geopolitical and Strategic Implications of a Baltic Crisis:

• High Stakes for NATO: The Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—are crucial members of NATO, and any Russian military action against them would directly trigger Article V of the NATO treaty, which commits all NATO members to collective defense. However, if Russia were to invade swiftly, NATO would face enormous pressure to respond effectively and immediately. This urgency is compounded by the fact that the Baltic region is geographically narrow and bordered by Russia and Belarus, making it difficult to defend.
• Risk of Total Annihilation: Given the small size and population density of the Baltic states, any Russian occupation, even for a brief period, could result in significant civilian casualties, widespread destruction, and potential ethnic cleansing. The Russian military’s historical approach to occupied territories, as seen in Ukraine, points to the likelihood of brutal treatment of the civilian population in the event of an invasion.

2. NATO’s Response Challenges:

• NATO’s Forward Defense Strategy: The need for NATO to have a robust forward defense strategy to deter Russian aggression is clear. NATO cannot afford to delay its response or only focus on recapturing occupied territory; rather, it must prioritize preventing an invasion from succeeding in the first place. Deterrence, therefore, becomes the primary aim, as a military counteroffensive may be too costly in both human and material terms.
• Combat Readiness and Mobilization: The NATO Force Model, which envisions mobilizing 500,000 troops within 30 to 180 days, is impractical in the case of a swift Russian incursion. In a worst-case scenario where Russia executes a quick and decisive strike, NATO’s ability to mobilize that number of forces in time to prevent irreversible losses would be compromised. Additionally, NATO’s current ability to ensure that its allied forces are combat-ready on such a scale, especially given that many members lack sufficient warfighting experience and modern military capabilities, is a major concern.

3. The Issue of Combat Readiness:

• Limited Preparedness Among Allies: NATO’s ability to verify the combat readiness of its forces has been questioned, especially considering the wide disparities in the military capabilities of its member states. Some nations have underfunded and outdated military infrastructures, while others, like the U.S., the U.K., and Poland, have more capable and experienced forces. However, these disparities mean that certain allies might not be able to meet the demands of a rapid mobilization for large-scale combat operations.
• NATO’s Command Structure: NATO’s operational command structure, while advanced in some areas, may not be able to efficiently direct complex, large-scale combat operations. The coordination of a unified 500,000-strong fighting force, especially one that might need to fight in geographically disparate regions, could be chaotic. The changing landscape of modern warfare, with its reliance on cyber operations, drones, and rapid missile strikes, complicates the traditional command structure even further.

4. The Role of Deterrence:

• Prevention Over Recapture: Given the complexities and challenges discussed, NATO’s strategy must prioritize deterrence over reaction. It should focus on reinforcing its deterrent capabilities, ensuring that any potential Russian aggression is seen as too costly and impractical. This includes strengthening NATO’s forward-deployed forces, increasing the presence of forces in the Baltics, enhancing the strategic positioning of NATO’s nuclear and conventional forces, and making it clear that any Russian aggression would result in devastating retaliation. In this context, NATO’s military presence in the Baltics must be visible, ready, and sufficient to prevent a Russian offensive from gaining momentum.

5. NATO’s Operational Flexibility:

• Adaptation to Changing Warfare: In response to the rapidly evolving nature of warfare, particularly in cyber, information, and hybrid domains, NATO needs to overhaul its operational strategy. The alliance must ensure that its command and control systems are agile and resilient enough to coordinate large-scale operations swiftly. Furthermore, NATO should integrate cyber defense, space capabilities, and advanced surveillance into its operational models to create a more versatile force capable of responding to a variety of threats simultaneously.

6. Conclusion:

• NATO’s Role in the Baltic: In the face of a potential Russian invasion, NATO cannot simply rely on traditional models of defense or counteroffensive operations. The alliance must transition toward a posture that focuses on deterrence, readiness, and rapid response. This means adapting its force structures, improving coordination among members, ensuring combat readiness across all military branches, and preparing for the integration of modern warfare technologies.
• A Collective Strategy for Survival: NATO must reinforce its commitment to collective defense while evolving its strategies to address the realities of modern conflict. The stakes are too high, and the consequences of failure—mass civilian casualties, displacement, and regional destabilization—are too severe. NATO’s future survival depends on its ability to maintain military credibility while navigating an increasingly complex security environment.

3. NATO would not face a stand-alone Russia but an authoritarian axis

The Russo-Ukrainian War has unveiled the growing cooperation among authoritarian states, which has significantly reshaped the geopolitical landscape. This emerging “hostile axis” includes Russia, Iran, China, and North Korea, all of whom are providing varying degrees of support to the Russian war effort. The collaboration between these nations is not only a display of geopolitical solidarity but also a testament to the challenges posed by these countries’ ability to circumvent Western sanctions and foster military cooperation.

1. North Korea’s Role:

• Troop Deployment and Ammunition Supplies: North Korea’s contribution to the Russian war effort has been significant, with the country reportedly sending thousands of combat troops to augment Russian forces. This support has been especially crucial as Russia faces manpower shortages amid the ongoing conflict. More importantly, North Korea has become a prime supplier of artillery ammunition, surpassing the combined Western artillery transfers to Ukraine. This shift underscores the severe impact of Western sanctions on Russia’s ability to maintain its military supplies, pushing it to rely on North Korea for critical resources.
• Strategic Military Alignment: North Korea’s involvement highlights a deeper military collaboration between Pyongyang and Moscow. This support also represents a clear message from North Korea that it is willing to deepen its alliance with Russia, especially as both nations face international isolation.

2. Iran’s Involvement:

• Drone Warfare and Military Technology: Iran has emerged as a crucial enabler of Russia’s aerial combat capabilities. Tehran has supplied Russia with low-cost kamikaze drones, specifically the Shahed series, which have become a significant component of Russia’s offensive strategy. Iran’s role extends beyond just supplying drones; the establishment of a joint drone manufacturing facility in Alabuga, Tatarstan, marks the growing military-industrial cooperation between the two countries.
• Technological Enhancements: The production of Shahed drones in Russia, based on Iranian designs, has led to the proliferation of different variants. These include those with thermobaric warheads and stealth coatings, reflecting the increasing sophistication of Russian drone capabilities. Iran’s growing involvement in Russia’s military production chain is critical, as it directly enhances the Russian military’s ability to carry out long-range strikes, undermining Ukrainian defense efforts.

3. China’s Economic and Military Support:

• Export of Dual-Use Goods: Perhaps the most significant player in this axis is China. As sanctions against Russia have tightened, Beijing has stepped in as a critical supplier of goods that are essential for Russia’s war machine. Machine tools, ball bearings, semiconductors, and other dual-use items form the backbone of Russia’s defense industries. In 2023, China’s exports to Russia surged, with Beijing accounting for 90% of Russia’s imports of high-priority items that are critical for weapons production. The growth of China’s export of these goods, especially after the invasion, highlights how Russia has become increasingly reliant on Chinese technology to sustain its military operations.
• Nitrocellulose Exports: An especially worrying aspect of China’s support is its export of nitrocellulose to Russia. This material is vital for producing explosives and ammunition. China’s exports of nitrocellulose to Russia have nearly doubled from 2023 to 2024, signaling that Beijing is directly facilitating Russia’s ability to maintain and expand its military production capabilities. This move is of particular concern to the West, as it undermines sanctions aimed at cutting off critical supplies to Russia’s defense sector.

4. Geopolitical and Strategic Implications:

• Strengthening the Axis: The collaboration between these authoritarian regimes—Russia, Iran, China, and North Korea—has far-reaching geopolitical implications. The support these countries provide to Russia in the face of international sanctions demonstrates a shift in global alignments, with these nations increasingly coordinating their military and economic strategies. This “hostile axis” is increasingly operating as a counterbalance to the West, not only in Ukraine but also in broader geopolitical contexts.
• Challenges for Western Sanctions: The growing military and economic cooperation between these countries is a direct challenge to Western efforts to isolate Russia. While sanctions have had an impact on Russia’s ability to import certain goods, the support from China, Iran, and North Korea is enabling Russia to bypass many of these restrictions. This has led to a realignment in global supply chains, with authoritarian states filling the gaps left by Western suppliers.
• Implications for Global Security: This alliance is a reminder of the potential for new global security challenges. The deepening ties between Russia, China, and Iran, in particular, are likely to have long-term ramifications for global stability. The flow of military technology and resources from these countries to Russia could lead to further destabilization in regions already prone to conflict, such as Ukraine, the Middle East, and even East Asia. This axis not only complicates the situation in Ukraine but could also embolden these regimes to take more aggressive actions elsewhere.

5. Conclusion:

The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War has revealed the strength and complexity of the hostile axis comprising Russia, Iran, China, and North Korea. These nations have demonstrated their ability to circumvent sanctions and bolster Russia’s military capabilities, effectively altering the balance of power in the conflict. As long as this alliance remains intact and continues to grow, the West faces significant challenges in its efforts to isolate Russia and curb its military ambitions. The geopolitical landscape is shifting, and the West must adapt its strategies to address the evolving nature of this coalition.

Conclusion: Skip the si vis pacem part—NATO needs to foster para bellum

The increasing probability of a direct military conflict between NATO and Russia is a consequence of several interwoven political-military trends. These trends suggest that, should Russia succeed in its ongoing war of attrition in Ukraine, the Kremlin’s ambitions would likely extend beyond its immediate regional objectives. The next logical step for Russia could involve challenging NATO’s Article V guarantees, which provide the collective defense that underpins the alliance.

1. The Erosion of NATO’s Deterrent Capability:

• Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty: The core of NATO’s power and cohesion lies in Article V, which commits member states to defend one another in the event of an attack. This principle of collective defense is central to the alliance’s existence, ensuring that any aggression against a NATO member is met with a unified response. However, should Russia successfully neutralize Ukraine as a significant strategic obstacle through its war of attrition, the threat of Russian expansion could extend to NATO’s eastern members. In such a scenario, NATO’s collective defense guarantee could be under direct threat, and the credibility of Article V could be severely tested.
• Crisis of Confidence in NATO: If Russia’s offensive were to succeed in Ukraine, this could embolden Moscow to challenge NATO’s resolve. The Kremlin could see a weakened NATO as less likely to intervene in future territorial expansions, particularly in the Baltic states or elsewhere in Eastern Europe. This could lead to a situation where NATO’s deterrence is undermined, creating a power vacuum in Europe that Russia could exploit. Without a counterbalancing military alliance in Europe, especially one that has the full backing of the United States, Russia could capitalize on NATO’s hesitation or perceived inability to respond effectively.

2. Russian Ambitions Beyond Ukraine:

• Russia’s Strategic Objectives: If Russia achieves its goals in Ukraine, it may seek to further destabilize the security architecture of Europe. Given the Kremlin’s history of strategic maneuvering and territorial ambitions, this could involve seeking to weaken NATO itself by undermining the alliance’s unity and challenging its credibility. A primary target could be the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), which are NATO members. Russia could exploit divisions within NATO or attempt to create pretexts for aggressive action against these countries, testing the alliance’s resolve to defend its members.
• Undermining NATO through Hybrid Warfare: Russia has already demonstrated its capability and willingness to use hybrid warfare tactics, such as disinformation, cyberattacks, and political subversion, to destabilize NATO members. A successful campaign in Ukraine would provide Russia with additional leverage to expand such tactics to undermine NATO’s cohesion, potentially creating divisions among member states on how to address Russian threats. The Kremlin could also seek to play on existing political divisions within NATO countries, exploiting issues such as energy dependence or differing views on defense spending.

3. The U.S. and NATO’s Strategic Posture:

• American Support for NATO: A key factor in NATO’s strength is the unwavering support of the United States, which provides the alliance with unparalleled military capabilities. However, any potential decline in U.S. support for NATO, whether due to political shifts in Washington or a reorientation of U.S. foreign policy priorities, could weaken NATO’s deterrent capacity. The United States has long been the backbone of NATO’s military power, and any erosion of this commitment could embolden Russia. If NATO were to appear less united, with the U.S. less willing to fulfill its obligations, the prospects of a Russian challenge to Article V would increase significantly.
• NATO’s Military Readiness: NATO’s ability to counter Russian aggression also depends on its military readiness. The alliance has made strides in enhancing its deterrence and defense capabilities, particularly in Eastern Europe, through initiatives such as the Enhanced Forward Presence. However, the sheer scale and intensity of a potential Russian invasion of NATO territory would require rapid mobilization and coordination among member states, which is a significant challenge. NATO’s current force structure, while powerful, may face difficulties in responding swiftly to a large-scale Russian incursion.

4. The Prospects of Peace Versus War:

• Peaceful Diplomacy in Decline: While diplomatic efforts to avoid a broader war between NATO and Russia will continue, the current trajectory suggests that the risk of direct conflict is rising. The failure of diplomatic solutions in Ukraine, particularly as Russia continues its military campaign with no sign of de-escalation, raises the stakes for NATO. The longer the war drags on, the greater the likelihood of escalation, either through direct military confrontation or through further destabilizing actions by Russia. Without a viable diplomatic resolution, the prospect of war becomes more likely.
• Escalation and Deterrence: If Russia achieves its objectives in Ukraine, it could interpret a lack of NATO action as a signal that the alliance is unwilling or unable to intervene in future conflicts. This could embolden Russia to escalate its actions against NATO, either through direct military aggression or through more covert means like cyberattacks or political subversion. NATO, on the other hand, would face the challenge of balancing deterrence with the risk of provoking a wider conflict.

5. Conclusion:

The probability of a direct war between NATO and Russia is indeed rising, particularly if Russia succeeds in Ukraine. The Kremlin’s potential next steps could involve exploiting NATO’s vulnerabilities and challenging its collective defense guarantee. Without a solid counterbalance in Europe and with the full backing of the United States, there would be little standing between Russia and its expansionist goals. As the situation in Ukraine continues to unfold, the prospects for peace will increasingly give way to the realities of geopolitical competition and military confrontation. NATO’s ability to adapt, reinforce its unity, and deter Russian aggression will be crucial in determining the future security of Europe.

Courtesy: Sky News

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[edit]

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303. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
304. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
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313. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
314. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
315. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
316. References
317. [edit]
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450. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
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475. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
476. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
477. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
478. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
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518. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
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530. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
531. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
532. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
533. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
534. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
535. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
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551. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
552. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
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554. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
555. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
556. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
557. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
558. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
559. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
560. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
561. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
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742. ^ Broad, William J.; Sanger, David E. (21 September 2014). “U.S. Ramping Up Major Renewal in Nuclear Arms”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
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748. ^ Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan NATO, 02 Dec 2014.
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763. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
764. ^ Euractiv: Bulgaria seeks extradition of three spies from Russia in Novichok case
765. ^ Financial Times: Russian hitmen and saboteurs target Bulgaria’s arms industry, magnate says
766. ^ Jump up to:^a b MacFarquhar, Neil, “As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story”, New York Times, June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
767. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
768. ^ “US announces new tank and artillery deployment in Europe”. UK: BBC. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
769. ^ “NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat”. UK: FT. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
770. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces ‘saber-rattling'”. Reuters. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
771. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.
772. ^ Steven Pifer, Fiona Hill. “Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken”, New York Times, June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
773. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015.
774. ^ “Russian Program to Build World’s Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed”. The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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776. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile”, 25 Jun 2015
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781. ^ “Crimea”. Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
782. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
783. ^ “TASS: Russian Politics & Diplomacy – Lavrov: Russia will not allow NATO to embroil it into senseless confrontation”. TASS. 14 April 2016.
784. ^ “Лавров: РФ не даст НАТО втянуть себя в бессмысленное противостояние”. РИА Новости. 14 April 2016.
785. ^ “Turkish Request for Missiles Strains Ties With Russia – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East”. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
786. ^ Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет RIA Novosti, 20 April 2016.
787. ^ Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences The Guardian, 20 April 2016.
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790. ^ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations Archived 19 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016.
791. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
792. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
793. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
794. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
795. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
796. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
797. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
798. ^ “Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics”. Reuters. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.
799. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
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801. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
802. ^ “U Crnoj Gori nastavljeno suđenje za državni udar”. Al Jazeera (September 2017).
803. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
804. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
805. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
806. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
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808. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
809. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
810. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
811. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
812. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
813. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
814. ^ “Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, ‘Pragmatic’ U.S. Ties”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
815. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
816. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
817. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
818. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
819. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
820. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
821. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
822. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
823. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
824. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
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829. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
830. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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835. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
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837. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
838. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
839. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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841. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
842. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
843. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
844. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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847. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
848. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
849. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
850. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
851. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
852. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
853. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
854. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
855. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
856. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
857. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
858. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
859. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
860. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
861. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
862. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
863. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
864. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
865. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
866. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
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868. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
869. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
870. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
871. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
872. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
873. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
874. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
875. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
876. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
877. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
878. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
879. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
880. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
881. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
882. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
883. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
884. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
885. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
886. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
887. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
888. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
889. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
890. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
891. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
892. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
893. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
894. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
895. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
896. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
897. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
898. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
899. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
900. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
901. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
902. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
903. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
904. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
905. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
906. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
907. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
908. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
909. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
910. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
911. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
912. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
913. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
914. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
915. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
916. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
917. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
918. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
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920. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
921. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
922. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
923. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
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950. References
951. [edit]
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1109. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
1110. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
1111. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
1112. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
1113. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
1114. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
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1116. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
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1118. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
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1120. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
1121. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
1122. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
1123. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
1124. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
1125. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
1126. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
1127. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
1128. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
1129. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
1130. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
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1132. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
1133. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
1134. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
1135. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
1136. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
1137. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
1138. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
1139. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
1140. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
1141. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
1142. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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1144. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
1145. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
1146. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
1147. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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1151. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
1152. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
1153. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
1154. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
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1156. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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1159. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
1160. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
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1165. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
1166. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
1167. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
1168. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
1169. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
1170. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
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1172. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
1173. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
1174. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
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1176. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
1177. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
1178. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
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1182. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
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1188. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
1189. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
1190. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
1191. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
1192. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
1193. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
1194. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
1195. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
1196. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
1197. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
1198. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
1199. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
1200. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
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1202. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
1203. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
1204. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
1205. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
1206. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
1207. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
1208. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
1209. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
1210. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
1211. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
1212. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
1213. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
1214. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
1215. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
1216. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
1217. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
1218. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
1219. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
1220. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
1221. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
1222. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
1223. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
1224. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
1225. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
1226. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
1227. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
1228. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
1229. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
1230. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1231. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
1232. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1233. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1234. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1235. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
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1237. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
1238. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
1239. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
1240. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
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1242. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
1243. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1244. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
1245. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
1246. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
1247. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1248. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1249. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
1250. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
1251. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
1252. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
1253. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
1254. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
1255. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
1256. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
1257. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
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1260. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
1261. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
1262. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1263. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
1264. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1265. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
1266. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
1267. References
1268. [edit]
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1270. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1107027244.
1271. ^ “Russia says deployment of EU mission in Armenia to ‘exacerbate existing contradictions'”.
1272. ^ Jump up to:^a b RAND, Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition (2020) online
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1281. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Madrid Summit ends with far-reaching decisions to transform NATO”. NATO. 30 June 2022.
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1473. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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1477. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
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1482. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
1483. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
1484. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
1485. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
1486. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
1487. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
1488. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
1489. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
1490. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
1491. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
1492. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
1493. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
1494. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
1495. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
1496. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
1497. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
1498. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
1499. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
1500. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
1501. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
1502. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
1503. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
1504. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
1505. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
1506. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
1507. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
1508. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
1509. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
1510. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
1511. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
1512. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
1513. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
1514. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
1515. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
1516. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
1517. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
1518. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
1519. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
1520. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
1521. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
1522. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
1523. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
1524. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
1525. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
1526. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
1527. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
1528. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
1529. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
1530. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
1531. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
1532. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
1533. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
1534. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
1535. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
1536. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
1537. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
1538. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
1539. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
1540. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
1541. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
1542. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
1543. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
1544. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
1545. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
1546. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
1547. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1548. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
1549. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1550. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1551. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1552. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
1553. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
1554. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
1555. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
1556. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
1557. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
1558. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
1559. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
1560. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1561. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
1562. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
1563. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
1564. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1565. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
1566. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
1567. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
1568. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
1569. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
1570. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
1571. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
1572. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
1573. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
1574. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
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1576. ^ Finn, Peter (3 November 2007). “Russia’s State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia”. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1577. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
1578. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
1579. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1580. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
1581. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
1582. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
1583. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
1584. References
1585. [edit]
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1587. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1107027244.
1588. ^ “Russia says deployment of EU mission in Armenia to ‘exacerbate existing contradictions'”.
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1617. ^ Joulwan, George (21 June 1997). “The New NATO: The Way Ahead”. I firmly believe that our cooperation at SHAPE and in Bosnia was instrumental in the creation of the NATO-Russia Founding Act, which was signed in May 1997 in Paris. As NATO’s Deputy Secretary General said, ‘Political reality is finally catching up with the progress you at SHAPE had already made.’
1618. ^ Ronald D. Azmus, Opening NATO’s Door (2002) p. 210.
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1645. ^ Guinness World Records: First murder by radiation:
      On 23 November 2006, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Litvinenko, a retired member of the Russian security services (FSB), died from radiation poisoning in London, UK, becoming the first known victim of lethal Polonium 210-induced acute radiation syndrome.
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1714. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
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1718. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
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1733. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
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1743. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
1744. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
1745. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
1746. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
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1757. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
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1760. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
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1767. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
1768. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
1769. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
1770. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
1771. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
1772. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
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1786. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
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1788. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
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1793. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
1794. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
1795. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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1798. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
1799. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
1800. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
1801. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
1802. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
1803. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
1804. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
1805. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
1806. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
1807. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
1808. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
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1812. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
1813. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
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1820. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
1821. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
1822. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
1823. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
1824. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
1825. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
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1828. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
1829. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
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1831. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
1832. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
1833. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
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1901. References
1902. [edit]
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2014. ^ Eckel, Mike; Bedrov, Ivan; Komarova, Olha (18 April 2021). “A Czech Explosion, Russian Agents, A Bulgarian Arms Dealer: The Recipe For A Major Spy Scandal In Central Europe”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
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2016. ^ Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan NATO, 02 Dec 2014.
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2024. ^ Croft, Adrian (6 February 2015). “Supplying weapons to Ukraine would escalate conflict: Fallon”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
2025. ^ Jump up to:^a b Press Association (19 February 2015). “Russia a threat to Baltic states after Ukraine conflict, warns Michael Fallon”. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
2026. ^ А.Ю.Мазура (10 March 2015). “Заявление руководителя Делегации Российской Федерации на переговорах в Вене по вопросам военной безопасности и контроля над вооружениями”. RF Foreign Ministry website.
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2029. ^ “From Russia with Menace”. The Times. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
2030. ^ Higgins, Andrew (1 April 2015). “Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike”. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
2031. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
2032. ^ Euractiv: Bulgaria seeks extradition of three spies from Russia in Novichok case
2033. ^ Financial Times: Russian hitmen and saboteurs target Bulgaria’s arms industry, magnate says
2034. ^ Jump up to:^a b MacFarquhar, Neil, “As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story”, New York Times, June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
2035. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
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2037. ^ “NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat”. UK: FT. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
2038. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces ‘saber-rattling'”. Reuters. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
2039. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.
2040. ^ Steven Pifer, Fiona Hill. “Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken”, New York Times, June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
2041. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015.
2042. ^ “Russian Program to Build World’s Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed”. The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
2043. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat”, 23 Jun 2015
2044. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile”, 25 Jun 2015
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2050. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
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2054. ^ Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет RIA Novosti, 20 April 2016.
2055. ^ Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences The Guardian, 20 April 2016.
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2059. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
2060. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
2061. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
2062. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
2063. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
2064. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
2065. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
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2067. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
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2069. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
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2071. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
2072. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
2073. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
2074. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
2075. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
2076. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
2077. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
2078. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
2079. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
2080. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
2081. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
2082. ^ “Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, ‘Pragmatic’ U.S. Ties”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
2083. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
2084. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
2085. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
2086. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
2087. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
2088. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
2089. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
2090. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
2091. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
2092. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
2093. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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2095. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
2096. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
2097. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
2098. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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2100. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
2101. ^ “Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations”. Reuters. 20 October 2019.
2102. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
2103. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
2104. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
2105. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
2106. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
2107. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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2109. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
2110. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
2111. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
2112. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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2114. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
2115. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
2116. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
2117. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
2118. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
2119. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
2120. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
2121. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
2122. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
2123. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
2124. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
2125. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
2126. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
2127. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
2128. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
2129. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
2130. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
2131. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
2132. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
2133. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
2134. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
2135. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
2136. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
2137. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
2138. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
2139. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
2140. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
2141. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
2142. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
2143. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
2144. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
2145. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
2146. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
2147. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
2148. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
2149. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
2150. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
2151. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
2152. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
2153. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
2154. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
2155. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
2156. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
2157. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
2158. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
2159. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
2160. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
2161. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
2162. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
2163. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
2164. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
2165. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
2166. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
2167. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
2168. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
2169. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
2170. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
2171. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
2172. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
2173. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
2174. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
2175. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
2176. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
2177. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
2178. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
2179. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
2180. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
2181. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
2182. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
2183. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2184. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2185. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2186. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
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2188. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
2189. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
2190. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
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2193. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
2194. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
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2205. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
2206. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
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2218. References
2219. [edit]
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2377. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
2378. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
2379. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
2380. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
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2403. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
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2405. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
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2457. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
2458. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
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2472. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
2473. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
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2478. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
2479. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
2480. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
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2482. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
2483. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
2484. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
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2486. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
2487. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
2488. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
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2493. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
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2496. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
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2499. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
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2506. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
2507. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
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2513. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
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2515. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
2516. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
2517. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
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2521. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
2522. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
2523. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
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2528. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
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2530. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
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2534. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
2535. References
2536. [edit]
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2538. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1107027244.
2539. ^ “Russia says deployment of EU mission in Armenia to ‘exacerbate existing contradictions'”.
2540. ^ Jump up to:^a b RAND, Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition (2020) online
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2549. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Madrid Summit ends with far-reaching decisions to transform NATO”. NATO. 30 June 2022.
2550. ^ Jump up to:^a b Vavra, Shannon (21 September 2022). “‘The Time Has Come’: Top Putin Official Admits Ugly Truth About War”. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
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2739. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
2740. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
2741. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
2742. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
2743. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
2744. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
2745. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
2746. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
2747. ^ “Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians ‘realised consequences’ of June 20”. Agenda.ge. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
2748. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
2749. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
2750. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
2751. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
2752. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
2753. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
2754. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
2755. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
2756. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
2757. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
2758. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
2759. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
2760. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
2761. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
2762. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
2763. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
2764. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
2765. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
2766. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
2767. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
2768. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
2769. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
2770. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
2771. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
2772. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
2773. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
2774. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
2775. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
2776. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
2777. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
2778. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
2779. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
2780. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
2781. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
2782. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
2783. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
2784. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
2785. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
2786. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
2787. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
2788. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
2789. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
2790. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
2791. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
2792. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
2793. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
2794. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
2795. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
2796. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
2797. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
2798. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
2799. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
2800. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
2801. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
2802. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
2803. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
2804. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
2805. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
2806. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
2807. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
2808. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
2809. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
2810. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
2811. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
2812. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
2813. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
2814. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
2815. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
2816. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
2817. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2818. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2819. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2820. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
2821. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
2822. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
2823. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
2824. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
2825. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
2826. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
2827. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
2828. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
2829. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
2830. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
2831. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
2832. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
2833. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
2834. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
2835. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
2836. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
2837. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
2838. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
2839. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
2840. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
2841. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
2842. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
2843. ^ “Co zmieni kanał na Mierzei Wiślanej?”. 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
2844. ^ Finn, Peter (3 November 2007). “Russia’s State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia”. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2845. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
2846. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
2847. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
2848. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
2849. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
2850. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
2851. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
2852. References
2853. [edit]
2854. ^ “The NATO Russian Founding Act | Arms Control Association”. www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2855. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1107027244.
2856. ^ “Russia says deployment of EU mission in Armenia to ‘exacerbate existing contradictions'”.
2857. ^ Jump up to:^a b RAND, Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition (2020) online
2858. ^ “Twenty Years of Russian “Peacekeeping” in Moldova”. Jamestown. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2859. ^ “President of Russia”. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2860. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Erlanger, Steven (27 February 2014). “Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2861. ^ Ellyatt, Holly (24 February 2022). “Russian forces invade Ukraine”. CNBC. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2862. ^ “Russia joins war in Syria: Five key points”. BBC News. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
2863. ^ “Russia blocks trains carrying Kazakh coal to Ukraine | Article”. 5 November 2021.
2864. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia suspends its mission at NATO, shuts alliance’s office”. AP. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
2865. ^ Chernova, Anna; Fox, Kara. “Russia suspending mission to NATO in response to staff expulsions”. CNN. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
2866. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Madrid Summit ends with far-reaching decisions to transform NATO”. NATO. 30 June 2022.
2867. ^ Jump up to:^a b Vavra, Shannon (21 September 2022). “‘The Time Has Come’: Top Putin Official Admits Ugly Truth About War”. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
2868. ^ Tisdall, Simon (5 March 2023). “Nato faces an all-out fight with Putin. It must stop pulling its punches”. The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
2869. ^ Sarotte, Mary Elise (2014). “A Broken Promise? What the West Really Told Moscow About NATO Expansion”. Foreign Affairs. 93 (5): 90–97. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 24483307.
2870. ^ Goldgeier J, Shifrinson JRI. Evaluating NATO enlargement: Scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken Evaluating NATO Enlargement: From Cold War Victory to the Russia-Ukraine War: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 1-42 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-23364-7_1.
2871. ^ Zollmann, Florian (30 December 2023). “A war foretold: How Western mainstream news media omitted NATO eastward expansion as a contributing factor to Russia’s 2022 invasion of the Ukraine”. Media, War & Conflict. 17 (3): 373–392. doi:10.1177/17506352231216908. ISSN 1750-6352. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
2872. ^ Korshunov, Maxim (16 October 2014). “Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls”. rbth.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
2873. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Goldgeier J, Shifrinson JRI. Evaluating NATO enlargement: From cold war victory to the Russia-Ukraine war: Springer International Publishing; 2023. 1-645 p doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-23364-7.
2874. ^ “Old adversaries become new partners”. NATO.
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2882. ^ Jones, James L. (3 July 2003). “Peacekeeping: Achievements and Next Steps”. NATO.
2883. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Lessons and Conclusions on the Execution of IFOR Operations and Prospects for a Future Combined Security System: The Peace and Stability of Europe after IFOR” (PDF). Foreign Military Studies Office. November 2000. p. 4.
2884. ^ Shevtsov, Leonty (21 June 1997). “Russian Participation in Bosnia-Herzegovina”.
2885. ^ Joulwan, George (21 June 1997). “The New NATO: The Way Ahead”. I firmly believe that our cooperation at SHAPE and in Bosnia was instrumental in the creation of the NATO-Russia Founding Act, which was signed in May 1997 in Paris. As NATO’s Deputy Secretary General said, ‘Political reality is finally catching up with the progress you at SHAPE had already made.’
2886. ^ Ronald D. Azmus, Opening NATO’s Door (2002) p. 210.
2887. ^ Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (2002) p. 246.
2888. ^ Fergus Carr and Paul Flenley, “NATO and the Russian Federation in the new Europe: the Founding Act on Mutual Relations.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 15.2 (1999): 88–110.
2889. ^ “5/15/97 Fact Sheet: NATO-Russia Founding Act”. 1997-2001.state.gov. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
2890. ^ Jump up to:^a b “NATO Publications”. www.nato.int. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
2891. ^ “Nato-Russia Council – Documents & Glossaries”. www.nato.int. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
2892. ^ The NATO-Russia Joint Editorial Working Group (8 June 2021). “NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms” (PDF).
2893. ^ “Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato”. The Guardian. 25 March 1999.
2894. ^ “Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo”. CNN. 9 April 1999.
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2903. ^ NATO. “NATO – Official text: Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France, 27-May.-1997”. NATO. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
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2913. ^ Guinness World Records: First murder by radiation:
      On 23 November 2006, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Litvinenko, a retired member of the Russian security services (FSB), died from radiation poisoning in London, UK, becoming the first known victim of lethal Polonium 210-induced acute radiation syndrome.
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2982. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
2983. ^ Euractiv: Bulgaria seeks extradition of three spies from Russia in Novichok case
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2986. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
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2990. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.
2991. ^ Steven Pifer, Fiona Hill. “Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken”, New York Times, June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
2992. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015.
2993. ^ “Russian Program to Build World’s Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed”. The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
2994. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat”, 23 Jun 2015
2995. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile”, 25 Jun 2015
2996. ^ “NATO ‘very concerned’ by Russian military build-up in Crimea”. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
2997. ^ “NATO-Russia Tensions Rise After Turkey Downs Jet”. The New York Times. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
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3000. ^ “Crimea”. Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
3001. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
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3003. ^ “Лавров: РФ не даст НАТО втянуть себя в бессмысленное противостояние”. РИА Новости. 14 April 2016.
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3005. ^ Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет RIA Novosti, 20 April 2016.
3006. ^ Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences The Guardian, 20 April 2016.
3007. ^ “U.S. launches long-awaited European missile defense shield”. CNN politics. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
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3010. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
3011. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
3012. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
3013. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
3014. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
3015. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
3016. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
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3018. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
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3020. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
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3023. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
3024. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
3025. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
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3027. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
3028. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
3029. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
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3031. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
3032. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
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3034. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
3035. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
3036. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
3037. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
3038. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
3039. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
3040. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
3041. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
3042. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3043. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
3044. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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3046. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
3047. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3048. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3049. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3050. ^ Borger, Julian (2 October 2018). “US Nato envoy’s threat to Russia: stop developing missile or we’ll ‘take it out'”. Guardian News & Media Limited.
3051. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3052. ^ “Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations”. Reuters. 20 October 2019.
3053. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
3054. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
3055. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
3056. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
3057. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
3058. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
3059. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
3060. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
3061. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
3062. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
3063. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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3065. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3066. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3067. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
3068. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
3069. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
3070. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
3071. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
3072. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
3073. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
3074. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
3075. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
3076. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
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3078. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
3079. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
3080. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
3081. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
3082. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3083. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3084. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
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3087. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
3088. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
3089. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
3090. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
3091. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
3092. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
3093. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
3094. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
3095. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
3096. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
3097. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
3098. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3099. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3100. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
3101. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
3102. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
3103. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
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3170. [edit]
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3280. ^ Kramář, Rudolf (14 October 2020). “Zásah ve Vrběticích je po dlouhých letech ukončen” [The intervention in Vrbětice is over after many years]. hzscr.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
3281. ^ “Czechia expels Russian diplomats over 2014 ammunition depot blast”. Al Jazeera English. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
3282. ^ Eckel, Mike; Bedrov, Ivan; Komarova, Olha (18 April 2021). “A Czech Explosion, Russian Agents, A Bulgarian Arms Dealer: The Recipe For A Major Spy Scandal In Central Europe”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
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3284. ^ Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan NATO, 02 Dec 2014.
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3289. ^ Putin signs new military doctrine naming NATO as Russia’s top military threat National Post, December 26, 2014.
3290. ^ “NATO Head Says Russian Anti-Terror Cooperation Important“. Bloomberg. 8 January 2015
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3293. ^ Jump up to:^a b Press Association (19 February 2015). “Russia a threat to Baltic states after Ukraine conflict, warns Michael Fallon”. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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3295. ^ Grove, Thomas (10 March 2015). “Russia says halts activity in European security treaty group”. Reuters. UK. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
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3297. ^ “From Russia with Menace”. The Times. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
3298. ^ Higgins, Andrew (1 April 2015). “Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike”. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
3299. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
3300. ^ Euractiv: Bulgaria seeks extradition of three spies from Russia in Novichok case
3301. ^ Financial Times: Russian hitmen and saboteurs target Bulgaria’s arms industry, magnate says
3302. ^ Jump up to:^a b MacFarquhar, Neil, “As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story”, New York Times, June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
3303. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
3304. ^ “US announces new tank and artillery deployment in Europe”. UK: BBC. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
3305. ^ “NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat”. UK: FT. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
3306. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces ‘saber-rattling'”. Reuters. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
3307. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.
3308. ^ Steven Pifer, Fiona Hill. “Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken”, New York Times, June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
3309. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015.
3310. ^ “Russian Program to Build World’s Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed”. The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
3311. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat”, 23 Jun 2015
3312. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile”, 25 Jun 2015
3313. ^ “NATO ‘very concerned’ by Russian military build-up in Crimea”. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
3314. ^ “NATO-Russia Tensions Rise After Turkey Downs Jet”. The New York Times. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
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3317. ^ “Crimea”. Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
3318. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
3319. ^ “TASS: Russian Politics & Diplomacy – Lavrov: Russia will not allow NATO to embroil it into senseless confrontation”. TASS. 14 April 2016.
3320. ^ “Лавров: РФ не даст НАТО втянуть себя в бессмысленное противостояние”. РИА Новости. 14 April 2016.
3321. ^ “Turkish Request for Missiles Strains Ties With Russia – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East”. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
3322. ^ Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет RIA Novosti, 20 April 2016.
3323. ^ Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences The Guardian, 20 April 2016.
3324. ^ “U.S. launches long-awaited European missile defense shield”. CNN politics. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
3325. ^ “Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a ‘Direct Threat'”. The New York Times. 12 May 2016.
3326. ^ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations Archived 19 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016.
3327. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
3328. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
3329. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
3330. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
3331. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
3332. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
3333. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
3334. ^ “Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics”. Reuters. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.
3335. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
3336. ^ Bajrović, Reuf; Garčević, Vesko; Kramer, Richard. “Hanging by a Thread: Russia’s Policy of Destabilization in Montenegro” (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute.
3337. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
3338. ^ “U Crnoj Gori nastavljeno suđenje za državni udar”. Al Jazeera (September 2017).
3339. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
3340. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
3341. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
3342. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
3343. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
3344. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
3345. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
3346. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
3347. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
3348. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
3349. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
3350. ^ “Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, ‘Pragmatic’ U.S. Ties”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
3351. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
3352. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
3353. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
3354. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
3355. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
3356. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
3357. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
3358. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
3359. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3360. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
3361. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
3362. ^ Sébastian, Seibt (20 April 2021). “Unit 29155, the Russian spies specialising in ‘sabotage and assassinations'”. France 24. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
3363. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
3364. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3365. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3366. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3367. ^ Borger, Julian (2 October 2018). “US Nato envoy’s threat to Russia: stop developing missile or we’ll ‘take it out'”. Guardian News & Media Limited.
3368. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3369. ^ “Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations”. Reuters. 20 October 2019.
3370. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
3371. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
3372. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
3373. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
3374. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
3375. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
3376. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
3377. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
3378. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
3379. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
3380. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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3382. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3383. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3384. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
3385. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
3386. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
3387. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
3388. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
3389. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
3390. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
3391. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
3392. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
3393. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
3394. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
3395. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
3396. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
3397. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
3398. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
3399. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3400. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3401. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
3402. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
3403. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
3404. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
3405. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
3406. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
3407. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
3408. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
3409. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
3410. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
3411. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
3412. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
3413. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
3414. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
3415. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3416. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3417. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
3418. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
3419. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
3420. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
3421. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
3422. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
3423. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
3424. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
3425. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
3426. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
3427. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
3428. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
3429. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
3430. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
3431. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
3432. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
3433. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
3434. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
3435. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
3436. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
3437. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
3438. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
3439. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
3440. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
3441. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
3442. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
3443. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
3444. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
3445. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
3446. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
3447. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
3448. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
3449. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
3450. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
3451. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3452. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3453. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3454. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
3455. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
3456. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
3457. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
3458. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
3459. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
3460. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
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3473. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
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3486. References
3487. [edit]
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3644. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
3645. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
3646. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
3647. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
3648. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
3649. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
3650. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
3651. ^ “Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics”. Reuters. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.
3652. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
3653. ^ Bajrović, Reuf; Garčević, Vesko; Kramer, Richard. “Hanging by a Thread: Russia’s Policy of Destabilization in Montenegro” (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute.
3654. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
3655. ^ “U Crnoj Gori nastavljeno suđenje za državni udar”. Al Jazeera (September 2017).
3656. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
3657. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
3658. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
3659. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
3660. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
3661. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
3662. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
3663. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
3664. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
3665. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
3666. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
3667. ^ “Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, ‘Pragmatic’ U.S. Ties”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
3668. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
3669. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
3670. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
3671. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
3672. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
3673. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
3674. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
3675. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
3676. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3677. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
3678. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
3679. ^ Sébastian, Seibt (20 April 2021). “Unit 29155, the Russian spies specialising in ‘sabotage and assassinations'”. France 24. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
3680. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
3681. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3682. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3683. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
3684. ^ Borger, Julian (2 October 2018). “US Nato envoy’s threat to Russia: stop developing missile or we’ll ‘take it out'”. Guardian News & Media Limited.
3685. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
3686. ^ “Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations”. Reuters. 20 October 2019.
3687. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
3688. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
3689. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
3690. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
3691. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
3692. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
3693. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
3694. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
3695. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
3696. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
3697. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
3698. ^ “Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians ‘realised consequences’ of June 20”. Agenda.ge. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
3699. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3700. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
3701. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
3702. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
3703. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
3704. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
3705. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
3706. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
3707. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
3708. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
3709. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
3710. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
3711. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
3712. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
3713. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
3714. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
3715. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
3716. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3717. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
3718. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
3719. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
3720. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
3721. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
3722. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
3723. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
3724. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
3725. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
3726. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
3727. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
3728. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
3729. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
3730. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
3731. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
3732. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3733. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
3734. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
3735. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
3736. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
3737. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
3738. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
3739. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
3740. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
3741. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
3742. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
3743. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
3744. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
3745. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
3746. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
3747. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
3748. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
3749. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
3750. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
3751. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
3752. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
3753. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
3754. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
3755. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
3756. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
3757. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
3758. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
3759. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
3760. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
3761. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
3762. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
3763. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
3764. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
3765. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
3766. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
3767. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
3768. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3769. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3770. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3771. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
3772. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
3773. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
3774. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
3775. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
3776. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
3777. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
3778. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
3779. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
3780. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
3781. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
3782. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
3783. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
3784. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
3785. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
3786. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
3787. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
3788. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
3789. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
3790. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
3791. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
3792. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
3793. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
3794. ^ “Co zmieni kanał na Mierzei Wiślanej?”. 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
3795. ^ Finn, Peter (3 November 2007). “Russia’s State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia”. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
3796. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
3797. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
3798. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
3799. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
3800. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
3801. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
3802. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
3803. References
3804. [edit]
3805. ^ “The NATO Russian Founding Act | Arms Control Association”. www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
3806. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1107027244.
3807. ^ “Russia says deployment of EU mission in Armenia to ‘exacerbate existing contradictions'”.
3808. ^ Jump up to:^a b RAND, Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition (2020) online
3809. ^ “Twenty Years of Russian “Peacekeeping” in Moldova”. Jamestown. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
3810. ^ “President of Russia”. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
3811. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Erlanger, Steven (27 February 2014). “Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
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3813. ^ “Russia joins war in Syria: Five key points”. BBC News. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
3814. ^ “Russia blocks trains carrying Kazakh coal to Ukraine | Article”. 5 November 2021.
3815. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia suspends its mission at NATO, shuts alliance’s office”. AP. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
3816. ^ Chernova, Anna; Fox, Kara. “Russia suspending mission to NATO in response to staff expulsions”. CNN. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
3817. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Madrid Summit ends with far-reaching decisions to transform NATO”. NATO. 30 June 2022.
3818. ^ Jump up to:^a b Vavra, Shannon (21 September 2022). “‘The Time Has Come’: Top Putin Official Admits Ugly Truth About War”. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
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4009. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
4010. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
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4017. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
4018. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
4019. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
4020. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
4021. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
4022. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
4023. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
4024. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
4025. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
4026. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
4027. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
4028. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
4029. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
4030. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
4031. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
4032. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
4033. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
4034. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
4035. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
4036. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
4037. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
4038. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
4039. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
4040. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
4041. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
4042. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
4043. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
4044. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
4045. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
4046. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
4047. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
4048. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
4049. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
4050. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
4051. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
4052. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
4053. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
4054. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
4055. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
4056. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
4057. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
4058. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
4059. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
4060. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
4061. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
4062. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
4063. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
4064. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
4065. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
4066. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
4067. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
4068. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
4069. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
4070. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
4071. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
4072. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
4073. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
4074. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
4075. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
4076. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
4077. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
4078. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
4079. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
4080. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
4081. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
4082. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
4083. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
4084. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
4085. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4086. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4087. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4088. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
4089. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
4090. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
4091. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
4092. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
4093. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
4094. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
4095. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
4096. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
4097. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
4098. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
4099. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
4100. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
4101. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
4102. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
4103. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
4104. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
4105. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
4106. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
4107. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
4108. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
4109. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
4110. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
4111. ^ “Co zmieni kanał na Mierzei Wiślanej?”. 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
4112. ^ Finn, Peter (3 November 2007). “Russia’s State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia”. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4113. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
4114. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
4115. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
4116. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
4117. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
4118. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
4119. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
4120. References
4121. [edit]
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4153. ^ Joulwan, George (21 June 1997). “The New NATO: The Way Ahead”. I firmly believe that our cooperation at SHAPE and in Bosnia was instrumental in the creation of the NATO-Russia Founding Act, which was signed in May 1997 in Paris. As NATO’s Deputy Secretary General said, ‘Political reality is finally catching up with the progress you at SHAPE had already made.’
4154. ^ Ronald D. Azmus, Opening NATO’s Door (2002) p. 210.
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4279. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
4280. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
4281. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
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4305. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
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4336. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
4337. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
4338. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
4339. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
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4356. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
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4358. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
4359. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
4360. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
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4364. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
4365. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
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4369. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
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4437. References
4438. [edit]
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4548. ^ Kramář, Rudolf (14 October 2020). “Zásah ve Vrběticích je po dlouhých letech ukončen” [The intervention in Vrbětice is over after many years]. hzscr.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
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4550. ^ Eckel, Mike; Bedrov, Ivan; Komarova, Olha (18 April 2021). “A Czech Explosion, Russian Agents, A Bulgarian Arms Dealer: The Recipe For A Major Spy Scandal In Central Europe”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
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4552. ^ Statement of Foreign Ministers on the Readiness Action Plan NATO, 02 Dec 2014.
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4566. ^ Higgins, Andrew (1 April 2015). “Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike”. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
4567. ^ New York Times: How a Poisoning in Bulgaria Exposed Russian Assassins in Europe
4568. ^ Euractiv: Bulgaria seeks extradition of three spies from Russia in Novichok case
4569. ^ Financial Times: Russian hitmen and saboteurs target Bulgaria’s arms industry, magnate says
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4571. ^ Not a single Russia-NATO cooperation program works — Russian diplomat TASS, 16 June 2015.
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4573. ^ “NATO shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat”. UK: FT. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
4574. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces ‘saber-rattling'”. Reuters. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
4575. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015.
4576. ^ Steven Pifer, Fiona Hill. “Putin’s Risky Game of Chicken”, New York Times, June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
4577. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin’s nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015.
4578. ^ “Russian Program to Build World’s Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed”. The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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4580. ^ telegraph.co.uk: “Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile”, 25 Jun 2015
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4585. ^ “Crimea”. Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
4586. ^ НАТО созрело для диалога с Москвой Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 April 2016.
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4590. ^ Грушко: позитивной повестки дня у России и НАТО сейчас нет RIA Novosti, 20 April 2016.
4591. ^ Nato-Russia Council talks fail to iron out differences The Guardian, 20 April 2016.
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4595. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
4596. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
4597. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
4598. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
4599. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
4600. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
4601. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
4602. ^ “Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics”. Reuters. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.
4603. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
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4605. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
4606. ^ “U Crnoj Gori nastavljeno suđenje za državni udar”. Al Jazeera (September 2017).
4607. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
4608. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
4609. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
4610. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
4611. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
4612. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
4613. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
4614. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
4615. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
4616. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
4617. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
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4619. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
4620. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
4621. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
4622. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
4623. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
4624. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
4625. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
4626. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
4627. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
4628. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
4629. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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4631. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
4632. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
4633. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
4634. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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4636. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
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4638. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
4639. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
4640. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
4641. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
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4646. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
4647. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
4648. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
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4651. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
4652. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
4653. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
4654. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
4655. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
4656. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
4657. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
4658. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
4659. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
4660. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
4661. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
4662. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
4663. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
4664. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
4665. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
4666. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
4667. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
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4669. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
4670. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
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4672. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
4673. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
4674. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
4675. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
4676. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
4677. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
4678. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
4679. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
4680. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
4681. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
4682. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
4683. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
4684. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
4685. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
4686. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
4687. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
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4689. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
4690. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
4691. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
4692. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
4693. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
4694. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
4695. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
4696. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
4697. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
4698. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
4699. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
4700. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
4701. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
4702. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
4703. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
4704. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
4705. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
4706. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
4707. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
4708. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
4709. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
4710. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
4711. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
4712. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
4713. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
4714. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
4715. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
4716. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
4717. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
4718. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
4719. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4720. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4721. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
4722. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
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4725. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
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4741. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
4742. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
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4751. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
4752. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
4753. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
4754. References
4755. [edit]
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4912. ^ NATO agrees to reinforce eastern Poland, Baltic states against Russia Reuters, 8 July 2016.
4913. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 40.
4914. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 11.
4915. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 17.
4916. ^ Warsaw Summit Communiqué See para 10.
4917. ^ “NATO leaders confirm strong support for Ukraine”. NATO.
4918. ^ Москва предупредила НАТО о последствиях военной активности в Черном море
4919. ^ “Russia offers to fly warplanes more safely over Baltics”. Reuters. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.
4920. ^ «Триумф» в Крыму Gazeta.ru, 17 July 2016.
4921. ^ Bajrović, Reuf; Garčević, Vesko; Kramer, Richard. “Hanging by a Thread: Russia’s Policy of Destabilization in Montenegro” (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute.
4922. ^ “Sve o aferi državni udar”.
4923. ^ “U Crnoj Gori nastavljeno suđenje za državni udar”. Al Jazeera (September 2017).
4924. ^ Ukinuta presuda za ‘državni udar’ u Crnoj Gori, DPS tvrdi rezultat pritiska na sud, Slobodna Evropa, 5 February 2021
4925. ^ “How the use of ethnonationalism backfired in Montenegro”. Al-Jazeera. 4 September 2020.
4926. ^ Montenegro finds itself at heart of tensions with Russia as it joins Nato: Alliance that bombed country only 18 years ago welcomes it as 29th member in move that has left its citizens divided The Guardian, 25 May 2017.
4927. ^ В Брюсселе подписан протокол о вступлении Черногории в НАТО Парламентская газета, 19 May 2016.
4928. ^ “Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации “К парламентариям государств – членов Организации Североатлантического договора, Парламентской ассамблеи Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Народной скупщины Республики Сербии, Скупщины Черногории, Парламентской Ассамблеи Боснии и Герцеговины, Собрания Республики Македонии”, Постановление Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД, Обращение Государственной Думы от 22 июня 2016 года №9407-6 ГД”. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
4929. ^ John McCain: Russia threat is dead serious. Montenegro coup and murder plot proves it. USA Today, 29 June 2017.
4930. ^ Former Montenegrin PM Says Russia Wants To Destroy EU Radio Liberty, 14 March 2017.
4931. ^ Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt. Reuters, 9 May 2019.
4932. ^ Доброхотов, Роман (24 March 2017). “Кремлевский спрут. Часть 2. Как ГРУ пыталось организовать переворот в Черногории”. The Insider (in Russian).
4933. ^ Организаторы переворота в Черногории участвовали в аннексии Крыма – СМИ Корреспондент.net, 21 November 2016.
4934. ^ “Attempted coup in Montenegro in 2016: Foreign Secretary’s statement”. 9 May 2019.
4935. ^ “Lavrov Says Russia Wants Military Cooperation With NATO, ‘Pragmatic’ U.S. Ties”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
4936. ^ Barnes, Julian E., “Russian, NATO Diplomats Discuss Military Deployments in Baltic Sea Region” (subscription required), The Wall Street Journal, 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
4937. ^ Press point by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO-Russia Council nato.int, 13 July 2013.
4938. ^ Russia tells NATO to stop ‘demonising’ planned war games Reuters, 13 July 2017.
4939. ^ NATO battlegroups in Baltic nations and Poland fully operational nato.int, 28 August 2017.
4940. ^ “Russia was the target of Nato’s own fake news”. The Independent. 22 September 2017.
4941. ^ “NATO sees no Russian threat to any of its members — head”. TASS. 21 February 2018.
4942. ^ “The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit”. Associated Press. 28 June 2018.
4943. ^ “NATO chief warns against isolating Russia”. Euronews. 12 July 2018.
4944. ^ “Nato slashes Russia staff after poisoning”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
4945. ^ Harding, Luke (23 June 2020). “A chain of stupidity’: the Skripal case and the decline of Russia’s spy agencies”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
4946. ^ AFP (5 October 2018). “Russian military intelligence’s embarrassing blunders”. France 24. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
4947. ^ Sébastian, Seibt (20 April 2021). “Unit 29155, the Russian spies specialising in ‘sabotage and assassinations'”. France 24. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
4948. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019). “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty”. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
4949. ^ Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). “Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia”. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
4950. ^ “What the INF Treaty’s Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation”. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
4951. ^ “9M729 (SSC-8)”. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
4952. ^ Borger, Julian (2 October 2018). “US Nato envoy’s threat to Russia: stop developing missile or we’ll ‘take it out'”. Guardian News & Media Limited.
4953. ^ “President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty”. BBC. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
4954. ^ “Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations”. Reuters. 20 October 2019.
4955. ^ “Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty”. CNN. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
4956. ^ The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2019.
4957. ^ “INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia”. BBC News. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
4958. ^ “NATO chief warns of Russia threat, urges unity in U.S. address”. Reuters. 3 April 2019.
4959. ^ “NATO chief calls for confronting Russia in speech to Congress”. Politico. 3 April 2019.
4960. ^ “Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents”. Bellingcat. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
4961. ^ Eckel, Mike (28 August 2019). “Former Chechen Commander Gunned Down In Berlin; Eyes Turn To Moscow (And Grozny)”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
4962. ^ “Germany expels Russian diplomats over state-ordered killing”. AP NEWS. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
4963. ^ “Chechen leader ‘was behind Berlin assassination’ of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili”. The Times. 6 December 2019.
4964. ^ “New Evidence Links Russian State to Berlin Assassination”. Bellingcat. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
4965. ^ “Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled”. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019.
4966. ^ “Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians ‘realised consequences’ of June 20”. Agenda.ge. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
4967. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (13 April 2021). “Nato tells Russia to stop military buildup around Ukraine”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
4968. ^ “NATO warns Russia over forces near Ukraine”. Al Jazeera. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
4969. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Germany Says Russia Seeking To ‘Provoke’ With Troop Buildup At Ukraine’s Border”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
4970. ^ “Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off”. Army Times. 15 March 2021.
4971. ^ “NATO expels eight Russian ‘undeclared intelligence officers’ in response to suspected killings and espionage”.
4972. ^ “Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine ‘red lines’, Putin says”. The Guardian. 30 November 2021.
4973. ^ “NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin’s ‘Red Lines’ Over Ukraine”. The Drive. 1 December 2021.
4974. ^ “Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine”. Reuters. 30 November 2021.
4975. ^ Blinken, Antony (20 January 2022). “Speech: The Stakes of Russian Aggression for Ukraine and Beyond”. US Department of State.
4976. ^ “Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward”. U.S. News & World Report. 1 December 2021.
4977. ^ “NATO chief: “Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence””. Axios. 1 December 2021.
4978. ^ “Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions”. BBC News. 10 December 2021.
4979. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
4980. ^ “U.S. to consider Russia’s NATO proposal, but calls some demands “unacceptable””. Axios. 17 December 2021.
4981. ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). “Russia’s draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?”. Brookings Institution.
4982. ^ “Ukraine crisis: Why Russia-US talks may prove crucial”. BBC News. 10 January 2022.
4983. ^ “Russian foreign minister warns west over ‘aggressive line’ in Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. 31 December 2021.
4984. ^ “Russia-NATO Council ends Brussels meeting that lasted four hours”. TASS. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
4985. ^ Emmott, Robin; Siebold, Sabine; Baczynska, Gabriela (12 January 2022). “NATO offers arms talks as Russia warns of dangers”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
4986. ^ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. Associated Press. 26 January 2022.
4987. ^ “NATO says Russia appears to be continuing military escalation in Ukraine”. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
4988. ^ “Extracts from Putin’s speech on Ukraine”. Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
4989. ^ “NATO leaders will boost 4 new battalions in the east in the face of Russian threat”. Infobae. 23 March 2022.
4990. ^ “Rusya’dan İsveç ve Finlandiya’ya tehdit”. www.yenisafak.com (in Turkish). 26 February 2022.
4991. ^ “Путин заявил, что вступление Финляндии и Швеции в НАТО не создает угрозы”. RBC (in Russian). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
4992. ^ “NATO brands Russia the biggest ‘direct threat’ to Western security, as it eyes off ‘serious challenges’ posed by China”. ABC News. 30 June 2022.
4993. ^ Topic: NATO-Russia Council
4994. ^ WHY NATO-RUSSIA COUNCIL HAS FAILED AFTER 20 YEARS OF EXISTENCE
4995. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2022). “We Are Now in a Global Cold War”. Foreign Policy.
4996. ^ Kanta Ray, Rajat; Guha, Dipanjan. “The second Cold War: Editorial on Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. The Telegraph.
4997. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End”. Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
4998. ^ “Former Russian president Medvedev says Moscow should seek ‘disappearance’ of Ukraine and NATO”. Reuters. 11 July 2024.
4999. ^ “Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis”. Reuters. 28 July 2024.
5000. ^ Pleitgen, Frederik; Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
5001. ^ Connolly, Kate (11 July 2024). “US reportedly foiled Russian plot to kill boss of German arms firm supplying Ukraine”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
5002. ^ Siebold, Sabine (14 October 2024). “NATO will not be intimidated by Russia’s threats, Rutte says at Ukraine mission HQ”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
5003. ^ Rothwell, James; Crisp, James (16 October 2024). “Russia ‘suspected of planting bomb’ on plane to the UK”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
5004. ^ “Subscribe to read”. www.ft.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
5005. ^ “DHL confirms parcels linked to arson attack in Germany sent from Lithuania”. lrt.lt. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
5006. ^ Panyi, Szabolcs (15 October 2024). “Russian Diplomats with GRU Ties: Hungary’s Special Guests”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
5007. ^ Wewnętrznego, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa. “Komunikat dotyczący działalności dywersyjnej FR”. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
5008. ^ Gielewska, Anna (30 October 2024). “Mapping Russia’s War Machine on NATO’s Doorstep”. VSquare.org. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
5009. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Robert Coalson: Could NATO Membership For Russia Break Impasse In European Security Debate?, 5 February 2010.
5010. ^ “A Broken Promise?”. Foreign Affairs. October 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
5011. ^ “SOVIET DISARRAY; Yeltsin Says Russia Seeks to Join NATO”. The New York Times. 21 December 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
5012. ^ Baker, James (5 December 1993). “Expanding to the East: A New NATO: Alliance: Full membership may be the most sought-after ‘good’ now enticing Eastern and Central European states–particularly, Russia”. Los Angeles Times.
5013. ^ Brown, Davis L. (1997). “European Collective Security in the Next Millennium” (PDF). The Air Force Law Review, volume 42.
5014. ^ Putin suggested Russia joining NATO to Clinton. The Hindu. Published 12 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
5015. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. TIME. 4 April 2019.
5016. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
5017. ^ Jump up to:^a b Former Nato chief says Putin considered membership for Russia | BBC News, retrieved 23 February 2024
5018. ^ “Ex-Nato head says Putin wanted to join alliance early on in his rule”. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
5019. ^ Anna Politkovskaya Encyclopædia Britannica
5020. ^ World Politics Review, “Politkovskaya’s Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy”, 31 October 2006
5021. ^ Gilman, Martin (16 June 2009). “Russia Leads Europe In Reporter Killings”. Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
5022. ^ The State of the World’s Human Rights (Internet Archive), Amnesty International 2009, Report on Jan–Dec 2008, p. 272: “In June [2008], the Office of the Prosecutor General announced that it had finished its investigation into the killing of human rights journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was shot dead in Moscow in October 2006. Three men accused of involvement in her murder went on trial in November; all denied the charges. A fourth detainee, a former member of the Federal Security Services who had initially been detained in connection with the murder, remained in detention on suspicion of another crime. The person suspected of shooting Anna Politkovskaya had not been detained by the end of the year and was believed to be in hiding abroad.”
5023. ^ “Anna Politkovskaya: Putin’s Russia”. BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
5024. ^ “How Bill Browder Became Russia’s Most Wanted Man”. The New Yorker. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
5025. ^ “Russia ‘is now a criminal state’, says Bill Browder”. BBC. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
5026. ^ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin’s No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
5027. ^ Lombardozzi, Nicola (20 November 2014). “I quaderni del carcere di chi sfidò lo zar Putin”. la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 53.
5028. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
5029. ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. 30 December 2022.
5030. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (9 March 2014). “Putin’s long game? Meet the Eurasian Union”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
5031. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, David; Mohammed, Arshad (18 April 2014). “Special Report: How the U.S. made its Putin problem worse”. Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
5032. ^ “Russia Redefines Itself and Its Relations with the West”, by Dmitri Trenin, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2007
5033. ^ Buckley, Neil (19 September 2013). “Putin urges Russians to return to values of religion”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
5034. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hoare, Liam (26 December 2014). “Europe’s New Gay Cold War”. Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
5035. ^ Herszenhorn, David (11 August 2013). “Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
5036. ^ Matlack, Carol (4 June 2014). “Does Russia’s Global Media Empire Distort the News? You Be the Judge”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
5037. ^ Spiegel Staff (30 May 2014). “The Opinion-Makers: How Russia Is Winning the Propaganda War”. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
5038. ^ Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (12 May 2014). “Poll Finds 94% of Russians Depend on State TV for Ukraine Coverage”. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
5039. ^ Remnick, David (11 August 2014). “Watching the Eclipse”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
5040. ^ Kruscheva, Nina (29 July 2014). “Putin’s anti-American rhetoric now persuades his harshest critics”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
5041. ^ Lally, Kathy (10 April 2014). “Moscow turns off Voice of America radio”. Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
5042. ^ “A clampdown on foreign-owned media is an opportunity for some oligarchs”. The Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
5043. ^ “Four EU Countries Propose Steps to Counter Russia’s Propaganda”. Bloomberg. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
5044. ^ “Mogherini: EU may establish Russian-language media”. Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
5045. ^ Vasiliev, Nikita (28 February 2015). “Круглосуточная камера зафиксировала убийство Немцова” [CCTV recorded murder of Nemtsov] (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
5046. ^ Amos, Howard; Millward, David (27 February 2015). “Leading Putin critic gunned down outside Kremlin”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
5047. ^ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
5048. ^ “Борис Немцов: Боюсь того, что Путин меня убьет”. Sobesednik. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
5049. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”. BBC News. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
5050. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2015). “Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov Shot Dead”. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
5051. ^ Собчак: Немцов собирался опубликовать доклад об участии российских военных в войне на Украине (in Russian). RosBalt. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
5052. ^ В квартире Немцова проводится обыск [A search is going on in Nemtsov’s flat] (in Russian). Russia: RBK. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
5053. ^ Shaun Walker (8 March 2015) Boris Nemtsov murder: Chechen chief Kadyrov confirms link to prime suspect Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
5054. ^ “Boris Nemtsov Tailed by FSB Squad Prior to 2015 Murder”. Bellingcat. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
5055. ^ Kramer, Andrew (28 February 2015). “Fear Envelops Russia After Killing of Putin Critic Boris Nemtsov”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
5056. ^ Ioffe, Julia (28 February 2015). “After Boris Nemtsov’s Assassination, ‘There Are No Longer Any Limits'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
5057. ^ “Breaking Down the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO”. Time. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
5058. ^ Kimberly Marten, “NATO enlargement: evaluating its consequences in Russia.” International Politics 57 (2020): 401-426.
5059. ^ For similar critiques see James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, “Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken.” International Politics 57 (2020): 291-321.
5060. ^ Jump up to:^a b Godzimirski, Jakub M. (2019). “Explaining Russian reactions to increased NATO military presence”. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
5061. ^ “Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o żegludze po Zalewie Wiślanym (Kaliningradskij zaliw), podpisana w Sopocie dnia 1 września 2009 r.” isap.sejm.gov.pl.
5062. ^ “Co zmieni kanał na Mierzei Wiślanej?”. 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
5063. ^ Finn, Peter (3 November 2007). “Russia’s State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia”. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
5064. ^ Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune 12 December 2006
5065. ^ “Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union”. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. 5 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
5066. ^ “Putin’s ‘Last and Best Weapon’ Against Europe: Gas”. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
5067. ^ Klapper, Bradley (3 February 2015). “New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe’s energy future”. Yahoo. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
5068. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). “Why Russia Can’t Afford Another Cold War”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
5069. ^ Albanese, Chiara; Edwards, Ben (9 October 2014). “Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
5070. ^ Jump up to:^a b Chung, Frank (18 December 2014). “The Cold War is back, and colder”. News.au. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.