US President-elect Donald Trump has continued to make headlines with his controversial statements and bold political moves ahead of his inauguration. His latest remarks have raised concerns among the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), as well as other countries with growing influence in the global economy. Trump has threatened to impose 100% tariffs on these nations if they attempt to undermine the US dollar, signaling his disapproval of any efforts to create an alternative global currency or to support one as the world’s reserve.

Trump’s warning has been largely directed towards Russia, China, and India, countries that have been exploring alternatives to the US dollar in international trade. He also aimed his comments at other BRICS member states, as well as Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the UAE, all of whom have been part of discussions about establishing a new currency or financial systems that could potentially rival the US dollar’s dominance.

The US dollar has long been the cornerstone of global finance, serving as the primary reserve currency in international transactions. Any move to challenge that status could shake the foundations of the global economic system, and Trump’s threat underscores his administration’s firm stance on maintaining the dollar’s supremacy.

For BRICS nations, this development raises significant questions about their future economic strategy. While some members of the alliance have expressed interest in reducing their reliance on the US dollar, particularly in trade among themselves, Trump’s warning presents a clear message: any steps to create a rival currency will not be tolerated without consequences. The possibility of steep tariffs could have far-reaching implications for global trade and the economic relations between the US and these emerging powers.

As tensions rise, it remains to be seen how BRICS countries will respond to Trump’s warning and whether they will continue to pursue alternative financial systems or reconsider their strategies to avoid the economic repercussions of his proposed tariffs.

US President-elect Donald Trump has made his stance clear regarding the role of the US dollar in global trade, specifically targeting the BRICS nations. In a recent post on social media, Trump stated, “The idea that BRICS countries are trying to move away from the Dollar while we stand by and watch is OVER.” He issued a firm warning to the BRICS countries, including Russia, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, as well as others involved in discussions to challenge the dominance of the US dollar, stating that they must commit to neither creating a new BRICS currency nor supporting any other currency as an alternative to the US dollar.

Trump’s message was blunt: “We require a commitment from these countries that they will neither create a new BRICS currency nor back any other currency to replace the mighty US dollar, or they will face 100 per cent tariffs and should expect to say goodbye to selling into the wonderful US economy.” He further emphasized that any country attempting to undermine the dollar’s dominance would be shut out of the lucrative US market. “They can go find another ‘sucker!’” he wrote, underscoring his belief that there is no chance the BRICS nations could replace the US dollar in international trade.

Trump’s remarks reflect his broader “America First” economic agenda, which prioritizes US interests in global trade and finance. The threat of 100% tariffs highlights the significant economic power the US holds, with the dollar playing a central role in international transactions. Trump’s declaration signals that any efforts to bypass the US dollar in favor of alternative currencies could result in severe economic consequences for the countries involved, further complicating the already delicate economic relations between the US and emerging economies.

This statement has stirred concerns among BRICS nations, which have been exploring ways to reduce their dependence on the US dollar, especially in trade among themselves. However, Trump’s unequivocal warning makes it clear that any moves to challenge the dollar’s dominance will not be tolerated without a significant price.

BRICS, which stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, was formed in 2009 and has since become one of the most influential global alliances, representing a significant portion of the world’s population and economic output. Notably, the US is not a part of BRICS, making it the only major global alliance that excludes the United States.

While the US has historically maintained dominance in global economic and political spheres, the rise of BRICS has brought attention to the growing influence of emerging markets. The alliance was originally created as a way for these nations to collaborate on economic development, trade, and reforming global financial institutions, which they felt were often biased towards the interests of developed countries, particularly the US and Europe.

Over the years, BRICS countries have increasingly sought to reduce their reliance on the US dollar in international trade, particularly through initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), which aim to offer alternatives to the dominance of Western financial institutions. This shift has sparked concern, particularly in the US, where policymakers are wary of any effort to replace or undermine the dollar’s status as the global reserve currency.

Despite this, BRICS remains a powerful and united force, working to reshape global economic governance and challenge the US-led financial order, though it faces many challenges in balancing the interests of its diverse members. The ongoing tensions around currency dominance and global trade policies continue to highlight the growing competition between the US and this influential bloc of emerging economies.

The BRICS countries, in their recent discussions and meetings, have been exploring policies aimed at reducing their dependence on the US dollar in global trade. This includes the possibility of creating a shared currency for internal trade within the alliance. The idea behind such a currency would be to promote trade among BRICS members without relying on the dollar, which is the current dominant currency in international transactions.

During the BRICS summit in Russia in October, Russian President Vladimir Putin highlighted concerns about the growing use of the US dollar as a tool for economic and political leverage. He warned about “the dollar being used as a weapon” in the context of sanctions and financial pressures that have been imposed by the US on various countries, including members of the BRICS alliance.

Putin’s comments reflect a broader sentiment among BRICS nations that they are seeking more autonomy in their economic interactions. By reducing reliance on the US dollar, they aim to protect their economies from external pressures and reduce the risks associated with dollar-dominated global trade. These discussions have gained momentum amid rising geopolitical tensions, with countries like Russia and China actively pursuing alternatives to the US-led financial system.

The potential creation of a BRICS currency is still in the early stages, and it would require significant coordination and agreement among the member countries. However, it signals a shift in the global economic landscape, as emerging economies look to assert more control over their trade and financial systems, challenging the long-standing dominance of the US dollar in international finance.

Indeed, one of the main arguments in favor of creating a shared BRICS currency is that it could serve as a buffer for the member nations’ economies against the uncertainties and potential risks posed by US sanctions and monetary policies. By reducing reliance on the US dollar, BRICS countries would be better insulated from the economic pressures that can arise from the US’s ability to impose sanctions or manipulate global financial systems.

The US dollar, as the world’s primary reserve currency, is often used in international trade and finance, which gives the United States significant economic influence. When the US imposes sanctions on a country, it can freeze assets, restrict access to international financial markets, or disrupt trade flows, making it difficult for the targeted nation to engage in global commerce. BRICS countries, particularly those like Russia and China, have faced such sanctions in recent years, which have spurred them to seek alternatives to the dollar.

A shared BRICS currency could provide several advantages in this regard:

1. Reduced Vulnerability to Sanctions: By using a BRICS-specific currency, member countries could conduct trade among themselves without the need for US dollars, shielding their economies from US sanctions and reducing their exposure to fluctuations in the dollar’s value.
2. Stability in Trade: The use of a BRICS currency would provide a more stable mechanism for intra-BRICS trade, as it would be less subject to the volatility of the US dollar, which is influenced by the monetary policies of the US Federal Reserve.
3. Greater Economic Sovereignty: A shared currency could promote greater financial autonomy for BRICS countries, giving them more control over their economic relationships without relying on the US-led global financial system.

However, the creation of such a currency would come with significant challenges. It would require extensive coordination and agreement among the member nations on its design, governance, and implementation. Additionally, BRICS countries have diverse economies, and ensuring that a shared currency is beneficial to all members could be difficult. Despite these challenges, the idea of reducing reliance on the US dollar reflects a broader trend of nations seeking to assert more control over their economic futures in a changing geopolitical environment.

Dominating dollar

The US dollar’s dominance in the global financial system has been a defining feature since the end of World War II. This prominence stems from several factors that have made the dollar the preferred currency for international trade, investment, and reserves:

1. Global Reserve Currency: Over 58% of the world’s foreign exchange reserves are held in US dollars, a testament to its stability and widespread acceptance. Central banks around the world keep significant portions of their reserves in dollars because it is perceived as a safe and reliable store of value. This global preference stems from the dollar’s historical stability, underpinned by the strength of the US economy and the trust in its financial systems.
2. International Trade: The US dollar is the dominant currency in global trade, particularly for commodities like oil, gold, and agricultural products. Countries often trade in dollars to ensure liquidity and ease of exchange. This widespread usage reinforces the dollar’s role as a global standard.
3. Global Institutions and Financial Systems: Institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank primarily conduct their operations in US dollars. This includes lending, borrowing, and the management of international financial crises. The dollar’s central role in these institutions has helped solidify its position in global finance. Additionally, many international transactions, whether private or governmental, are conducted in dollars, further reinforcing its dominance.
4. Liquidity and Market Depth: The US has the largest and most liquid financial markets in the world, with deep and stable bond markets, particularly in US Treasury securities. These assets are seen as virtually risk-free, and they form the foundation of global capital markets. As a result, investors and countries hold large amounts of US dollar-denominated assets.
5. Geopolitical Influence: The dollar’s global use has also provided the US with significant geopolitical leverage. By controlling access to dollar-based systems like SWIFT (the international payment network), the US has the ability to impose economic sanctions, which further strengthens its position in the world economy.

The dominance of the US dollar is not without challenges. Other countries, particularly China and Russia, have been exploring ways to reduce their reliance on the dollar. For example, China has been promoting the use of the yuan in global trade and has been involved in efforts to create alternatives to dollar-based financial systems. However, despite these moves, the dollar remains firmly entrenched as the world’s primary reserve currency due to the sheer size of the US economy, the depth of its financial markets, and the extensive use of the dollar in global trade and finance.

In the context of the BRICS nations and their ambitions to challenge the US dollar’s dominance, the road ahead is complex. While some countries are pushing for alternatives, such as a shared BRICS currency or increased use of national currencies in trade, it will take significant coordination and institutional support to challenge the dollar’s central role in the global economy.

In the 1970s, the United States made a strategic move that would cement the US dollar’s dominance in global trade and finance for decades to come. This was the creation of the “petrodollar” system, which involved the US convincing oil-rich nations, particularly Saudi Arabia, to price and sell their oil exclusively in US dollars.

Here’s how it worked:

1. The Agreement with OPEC: Following the 1973 oil crisis, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – dominated by Middle Eastern oil producers like Saudi Arabia – was seeking greater leverage in the global market. In return for providing military and political support, the US convinced Saudi Arabia to make oil sales strictly in US dollars. Over time, this practice was adopted by other OPEC nations, effectively making the US dollar the standard currency for trading oil worldwide.
2. Global Demand for the Dollar: By pricing oil in dollars, the US ensured that countries wishing to purchase oil needed to hold US currency. This created consistent global demand for the dollar because every nation, regardless of its economic policies or geographic location, needed dollars to buy oil. This, in turn, helped maintain the value of the dollar on international markets.
3. The Role of US-Saudi Relations: Saudi Arabia, in particular, became a key player in the petrodollar system. In exchange for selling oil in dollars, the US provided Saudi Arabia with military protection and preferential trade deals. This alliance has been pivotal in maintaining the petrodollar system, as Saudi Arabia remains one of the largest oil exporters in the world.
4. Reinvestment of Petrodollars: Another key aspect of the petrodollar system was the practice of reinvesting surplus dollars earned from oil sales back into US assets, such as US Treasury bonds. This not only helped sustain demand for the dollar but also provided a significant source of capital for the US government. Many Middle Eastern nations have historically held large amounts of US debt as part of their investment strategies, reinforcing the dollar’s global influence.
5. Impact on the Global Economy: The petrodollar system significantly contributed to the US dollar’s position as the world’s primary reserve currency. Countries that required dollars for oil purchases were incentivized to hold large reserves of US dollars in their central banks, thus boosting the dollar’s role in global finance. It also allowed the US to run trade deficits and fund its economic activities without the same risks that other nations face when borrowing in foreign currencies.

In essence, the creation of the petrodollar system helped secure the US dollar’s role as the world’s dominant currency in international trade, especially in commodities like oil. The system not only benefitted the US by creating sustained demand for its currency but also ensured that oil-exporting nations were heavily invested in the stability and strength of the US dollar. This arrangement continues to influence global financial markets, despite challenges to dollar dominance in recent years.

In recent years, many countries have been exploring alternatives to the US dollar as the global reserve currency, particularly after the United States used its financial dominance as a tool of geopolitical influence. One key moment that sparked this shift was when the US “weaponized” the global financial infrastructure by expelling Iran and Russia from the SWIFT network.

SWIFT and Its Role in Global Finance

The SWIFT network is a secure messaging system used by thousands of financial institutions worldwide to facilitate international transactions. It allows for the quick and safe exchange of financial messages, such as payments and trade orders, across borders. The US, as one of the major global financial players, has significant leverage over SWIFT due to its central role in international finance.

Weaponization of the SWIFT System

• In recent years, the US has used its influence over SWIFT to impose sanctions on certain countries it views as adversaries, most notably Iran and Russia. By expelling these countries from the SWIFT system, the US effectively blocked their ability to conduct international transactions.
• In 2012, the US and EU pushed to expel Iran from SWIFT as part of economic sanctions aimed at curbing Iran’s nuclear program. This move severely hindered Iran’s ability to conduct trade with the global market and led Iran to seek alternative financial networks.
• Similarly, in response to Russia’s actions in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the US and its European allies imposed sanctions, including the threat of removing Russia from SWIFT. In 2022, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, further sanctions were imposed, and Russia was officially expelled from SWIFT, making it nearly impossible for Russia to make or receive international payments.

Impact and Backlash

The expulsion of Iran and Russia from SWIFT raised alarms globally, especially among countries that were not aligned with US foreign policy. This move underscored the US’s ability to weaponize its control over the global financial system, using the dollar and institutions like SWIFT to exert pressure on countries it viewed as hostile or non-compliant with its policies.

As a result, several countries have started looking for alternatives to avoid being vulnerable to similar sanctions in the future. The need for an independent financial system that is not dependent on the US dollar or the SWIFT network has become a growing concern, particularly for countries like China, Russia, and some members of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) alliance.

Efforts to De-Dollarize and Seek Alternatives

Countries have started to explore alternative payment systems and currencies that are less susceptible to US influence:

• China has led the charge by developing the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), which is designed to allow China to bypass the SWIFT network for cross-border transactions. Additionally, China has been actively promoting the use of its digital yuan as an alternative to the US dollar, especially in trade with countries like Russia, Iran, and several African nations.
• Russia has been working on the System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS), which is similar to SWIFT, to enable it to process financial transactions without relying on the US-led global financial system.
• BRICS Countries have discussed the idea of creating a BRICS currency to facilitate trade within the bloc, thereby reducing their dependence on the US dollar for intra-group transactions. This could be particularly beneficial for countries like Brazil and South Africa that are vulnerable to US sanctions.
• Some countries in the Middle East and Latin America, like Iran and Venezuela, have also sought to use cryptocurrencies and alternative payment systems like blockchain technology to evade US sanctions and reduce their reliance on the dollar.

The Future of Global Finance

The push for alternatives to the US dollar and SWIFT highlights the growing sentiment that the US’s control over the global financial system poses risks for nations that find themselves at odds with US policy. However, challenges remain. The US dollar’s dominance in global trade, particularly in commodities like oil (through the petrodollar system), and the established infrastructure of the SWIFT network, make any transition away from the dollar complex and difficult.

Despite these challenges, the events of recent years have accelerated the push for a multipolar financial world, where countries seek to reduce their exposure to the risks of US-led financial sanctions. Whether through the development of alternative payment systems, a BRICS currency, or the use of cryptocurrencies, the world is increasingly looking for ways to create financial frameworks that are more independent and less susceptible to geopolitical influence from any one country, particularly the United States.

Over the past decade, China has made significant strides in internationalizing the Renminbi (RMB), or Yuan, positioning it as a global currency alternative to the US dollar. China’s push to make the RMB more widely used in global trade and finance has been driven by its growing economic power, extensive trade relations, and strategic policy initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on the US dollar and promoting the RMB as a more influential currency in international markets.

Key Steps in Internationalizing the RMB:

1. Bilateral Trade Agreements: China has increasingly negotiated bilateral trade agreements with other countries, allowing them to conduct trade in RMB rather than the US dollar. This move has been particularly evident in China’s trade with countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and even Europe.
2. RMB in Global Trade: A significant portion of Chinese trade is now invoiced and settled in RMB, particularly in imports and exports between China and countries like Russia, Brazil, and South Africa. China’s trade with Africa has also seen an uptick in RMB settlements as China deepens its investment ties with the continent.
3. Renminbi as Reserve Currency: In 2016, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) officially included the RMB in its Special Drawing Rights (SDR) basket. This decision recognized the RMB as one of the world’s key reserve currencies, alongside the US dollar, euro, pound, and yen. This was a major milestone in China’s effort to internationalize its currency and encourage its use in global finance.
4. Expansion of Offshore RMB Markets: China has worked to create an offshore market for the RMB in financial centers like Hong Kong, London, and Singapore. These markets provide more opportunities for global investors to hold and trade the RMB, thereby increasing its liquidity and appeal.
5. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has promoted the use of the RMB in infrastructure and development projects across the world. As Chinese companies invest in major infrastructure projects in countries across Asia, Africa, and Europe, they often use RMB for settlements, further driving its international use.
6. Central Bank Swap Agreements: The People’s Bank of China (PBoC) has signed currency swap agreements with over 30 central banks globally, including those of countries like Russia, Argentina, and Pakistan, allowing them to trade in RMB instead of the US dollar.

Impact on Global Trade and Finance:

• De-Dollarization: China’s efforts to internationalize the RMB have contributed to a broader trend of de-dollarization, as countries seek to reduce their reliance on the US dollar for trade and finance. This has been especially relevant for nations that have faced US-imposed sanctions or those seeking greater economic sovereignty.
• RMB in Global Reserves: The RMB’s inclusion in the IMF’s SDR basket has led to a gradual increase in its use as a reserve currency. Although the RMB’s share in global reserves is still relatively small compared to the US dollar, its influence has been steadily growing, especially among emerging economies.
• China’s Geopolitical Influence: By promoting the use of its currency, China has enhanced its geopolitical influence in global trade and finance. The RMB’s internationalization is viewed as a way for China to challenge the dominance of the US dollar and to position itself as a central player in the global economic order.
• Challenges and Obstacles: Despite the progress made, the RMB faces several challenges in becoming a fully-fledged global reserve currency. These include China’s capital controls, which limit the flow of money in and out of the country, and the lack of full financial market openness, which makes the RMB less attractive to international investors compared to currencies like the US dollar or euro.

Conclusion:

China’s efforts to internationalize the RMB have been largely successful over the past decade, with the currency increasingly used in global trade, finance, and as a reserve asset. This shift reflects China’s rising influence in the global economy and its desire to reduce its reliance on the US dollar. While the RMB is unlikely to replace the dollar in the near future, it is playing a larger role in global trade and finance, particularly in countries aligned with China’s economic and geopolitical interests. As China continues to grow its economic ties with the world, the use of the RMB is expected to increase, further challenging the dominance of the US dollar in international markets.

At the recent BRICS meeting in Russia, a figurative note was presented, showcasing the flags of the BRICS countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa – symbolizing unity and the collective efforts of the alliance in shaping the future of global finance. However, Russian President Vladimir Putin clarified that, despite growing discussions on reducing dependence on the US dollar and exploring alternative financial frameworks, the alliance was not pursuing the creation of a unified BRICS currency nor considering a replacement for the SWIFT payment system.

Key Highlights from the BRICS Meeting:

1. Unified BRICS Currency: The idea of creating a single currency for the BRICS nations has been floated in the past as a potential strategy to decrease the group’s reliance on the US dollar. However, President Putin’s remarks made it clear that, at this point, the BRICS countries are not actively pursuing the idea of a shared currency. While the alliance is discussing ways to diversify trade settlements away from the dollar, the complexities and risks of creating a unified currency among countries with diverse economies and political systems remain a significant barrier.
2. SWIFT Payment System: The discussion of alternatives to the SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) system also emerged, especially in light of recent geopolitical tensions, including sanctions on Russia and other nations. However, Putin emphasized that the BRICS nations are not seeking to establish a new global payment system to replace SWIFT. Instead, they are focused on enhancing existing mechanisms and developing alternative payment channels that can reduce the bloc’s dependence on Western-dominated financial systems.
3. Financial Independence: While Putin’s comments temper expectations for radical changes in the near term, they reflect a broader desire within BRICS to explore greater financial independence from the West, particularly in the face of economic sanctions and the weaponization of financial systems. Countries like China have already made moves toward de-dollarization and have implemented strategies to settle trades in their local currencies.
4. Strengthening Trade within BRICS: The main focus of the BRICS summit was on improving trade and investment within the group, with efforts to increase the use of local currencies in transactions between member countries. These measures aim to protect BRICS nations from the volatility of the US dollar and strengthen intra-group economic cooperation, without dismantling the existing global financial order or creating completely separate systems.

Conclusion:

The BRICS nations are indeed looking for ways to reduce their reliance on the US dollar and mitigate the influence of Western financial institutions. However, President Putin’s statements suggest that, for now, the alliance is not pursuing the creation of a new currency or an alternative to SWIFT, but instead is focused on practical measures to enhance economic cooperation and protect its interests within the existing global financial framework. The push for financial independence continues, but it is likely to take a more gradual and diplomatic path rather than a dramatic overhaul of the current system.

Will Trump’s threat work?

During the US election, Donald Trump heavily campaigned on the promise of executing extensive tariffs as part of his economic vision. Recently, he has intensified his threats of imposing sharp tariffs, notably targeting countries within the BRICS alliance. This aligns with his long-standing belief that tariffs can serve as a tool to boost the US economy, secure jobs, and increase tax revenues.

Trump has repeatedly tried to convince the American public that these tariffs won’t affect them directly. He often frames the taxes as a cost to other countries, claiming that the US will not bear the brunt of the economic consequences. However, global experts are increasingly skeptical of this viewpoint, pointing out that the burden will ultimately fall on US consumers. According to Jaijit Bhattacharya, the president of the Centre for Digital Economy Policy Research, imposing a 100% tariff on BRICS countries would likely be an economic failure. Bhattacharya emphasizes that such a move would lead to higher prices for goods in the US, resulting in a tax on American consumers and exacerbating the cost-of-living crisis in the country.

The Economic Consequences of Trump’s Tariff Policy:

Trump’s protectionist economic policies, characterized by high tariffs and a focus on local manufacturing, are causing challenges in global trade dynamics. According to Bhattacharya, global economies are deeply integrated, and it is difficult to disconnect an economy from major trading partners without causing self-harm. While some of Trump’s proposals may sound aggressive, global leaders are wary, acknowledging that not all decisions made by Trump are entirely rational. Protectionism, in particular, could end up harming the US economy as much as the countries targeted by the tariffs.

India’s Response:

For India, navigating the BRICS alliance while balancing economic relations with the US is crucial. India has pursued a balanced approach by supporting financial reforms within BRICS that benefit its economy, while ensuring strong ties with the US to safeguard its broader strategic and economic priorities. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during the BRICS summit in Russia, warned against perceiving the bloc as trying to disrupt global organizations, likely acknowledging potential retaliation from the US if it perceives BRICS actions as challenging its global economic dominance.

In 2022, in response to sanctions imposed on Russia amid the Ukraine war, India made efforts to reduce its dependence on the US dollar by allowing invoicing and payments in rupees for international trade. However, India remains cautious about abandoning its monetary sovereignty for the uncertainties that could arise from a potential common BRICS currency. Such a shift might compromise the country’s ability to control its economic policy.

India’s Strategic Position:

India has shown an inclination to open its markets to US companies, provided the US offers reciprocal access. During Trump’s earlier tenure, India and the US worked towards a limited trade agreement, setting the stage for deeper economic cooperation. Bhattacharya argues that India must avoid becoming caught up in protectionist rhetoric, ensuring that its domestic industries have access to both global markets and the Indian market. India’s strategic positioning within BRICS and its economic growth trajectory suggest that it will likely maintain the status quo unless compelling circumstances push it to reconsider.

India, as the fastest-growing major economy in BRICS, has room to maneuver and may choose to align itself with global norms and practices, while also exploring alternative trade and financial mechanisms within the BRICS framework. However, India’s economic diplomacy will likely focus on pragmatic policies that protect its national interests while fostering cooperation with both the US and BRICS members.

COURTESY: TIMES NOW

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
2. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
3. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
4. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
7. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
8. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
9. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
10. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
11. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
12. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
14. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
15. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
16. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
17. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
18. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
19. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
20. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
21. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
22. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
24. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
25. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
26. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
27. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
28. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
29. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
30. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
31. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
32. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
33. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
34. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
35. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
36. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
37. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
38. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
39. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
40. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
41. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
42. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
43. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
44. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
45. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
46. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
47. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
48. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
49. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
50. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
51. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
52. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
53. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
54. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
55. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
56. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
57. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
58. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
59. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
60. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
61. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
62. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
63. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
64. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
65. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
66. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
67. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
68. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
69. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
70. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
71. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
72. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
73. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
74. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
75. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
76. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
77. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
78. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
79. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
80. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
81. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
82. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
83. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
84. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
85. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
86. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
87. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
88. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
89. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
90. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
91. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
92. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
93. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
94. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
95. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
96. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
97. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
98. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
99. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
100. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
101. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
102. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
103. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
104. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
105. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
106. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
107. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
108. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
109. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
110. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
111. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
112. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
113. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
114. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
115. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
116. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
117. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
118. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
119. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
120. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
121. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
122. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
123. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
124. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
125. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
126. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
127. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
128. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
129. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
130. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
131. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
132. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
133. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
134. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
135. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
136. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
137. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
138. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
139. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
140. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
141. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
142. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
143. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
144. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
145. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
146. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
147. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
148. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
149. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
150. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
151. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
152. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
153. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
154. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
155. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
156. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
157. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
158. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
159. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
160. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
161. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
162. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
163. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
164. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
165. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
166. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
167. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
168. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
169. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
170. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
171. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
172. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
173. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
174. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
175. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
176. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
177. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
178. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
179. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
180. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
181. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
182. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
183. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
184. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
185. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
186. References
187. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
188. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
189. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
190. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
191. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
192. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
193. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
194. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
195. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
196. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
197. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
198. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
199. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
200. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
201. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
202. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
203. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
204. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
205. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
206. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
207. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
208. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
209. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
210. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
211. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
212. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
213. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
214. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
215. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
216. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
217. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
218. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
219. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
220. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
221. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
222. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
223. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
224. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
225. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
226. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
227. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
228. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
229. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
230. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
231. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
232. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
233. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
234. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
235. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
236. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
237. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
238. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
239. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
240. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
241. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
242. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
243. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
244. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
245. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
246. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
247. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
248. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
249. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
250. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
251. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
252. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
253. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
254. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
255. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
256. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
257. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
258. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
259. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
260. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
261. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
262. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
263. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
264. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
265. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
266. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
267. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
268. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
269. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
270. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
271. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
272. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
273. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
274. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
275. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
276. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
277. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
278. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
279. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
280. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
281. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
282. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
283. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
284. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
285. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
286. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
287. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
288. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
289. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
290. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
291. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
292. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
293. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
294. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
295. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
296. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
297. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
298. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
299. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
300. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
301. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
302. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
303. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
304. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
305. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
306. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
307. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
308. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
309. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
310. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
311. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
312. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
313. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
314. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
315. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
316. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
317. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
318. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
319. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
320. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
321. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
322. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
323. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
324. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
325. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
326. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
327. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
328. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
329. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
330. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
331. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
332. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
333. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
334. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
335. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
336. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
337. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
338. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
339. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
340. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
341. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
342. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
343. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
344. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
345. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
346. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
347. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
348. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
349. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
350. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
351. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
352. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
353. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
354. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
355. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
356. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
357. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
358. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
359. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
360. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
361. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
362. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
363. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
364. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
365. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
366. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
367. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
368. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
369. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
370. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
371. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
372. References
373. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
374. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
375. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
376. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
377. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
378. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
379. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
380. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
381. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
382. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
383. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
384. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
385. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
386. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
387. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
388. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
389. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
390. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
391. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
392. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
393. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
394. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
395. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
396. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
397. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
398. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
399. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
400. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
401. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
402. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
403. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
404. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
405. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
406. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
407. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
408. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
409. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
410. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
411. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
412. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
413. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
414. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
415. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
416. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
417. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
418. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
419. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
420. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
421. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
422. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
423. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
424. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
425. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
426. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
427. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
428. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
429. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
430. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
431. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
432. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
433. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
434. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
435. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
436. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
437. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
438. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
439. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
440. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
441. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
442. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
443. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
444. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
445. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
446. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
447. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
448. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
449. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
450. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
451. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
452. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
453. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
454. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
455. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
456. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
457. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
458. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
459. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
460. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
461. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
462. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
463. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
464. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
465. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
466. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
467. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
468. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
469. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
470. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
471. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
472. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
473. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
474. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
475. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
476. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
477. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
478. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
479. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
480. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
481. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
482. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
483. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
484. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
485. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
486. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
487. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
488. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
489. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
490. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
491. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
492. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
493. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
494. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
495. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
496. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
497. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
498. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
499. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
500. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
501. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
502. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
503. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
504. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
505. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
506. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
507. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
508. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
509. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
510. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
511. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
512. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
513. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
514. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
515. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
516. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
517. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
518. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
519. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
520. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
521. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
522. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
523. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
524. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
525. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
526. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
527. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
528. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
529. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
530. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
531. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
532. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
533. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
534. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
535. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
536. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
537. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
538. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
539. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
540. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
541. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
542. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
543. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
544. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
545. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
546. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
547. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
548. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
549. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
550. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
551. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
552. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
553. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
554. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
555. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
556. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
557. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
558. References
559. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
560. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
561. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
562. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
563. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
564. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
565. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
566. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
567. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
568. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
569. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
570. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
571. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
572. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
573. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
574. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
575. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
576. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
577. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
578. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
579. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
580. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
581. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
582. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
583. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
584. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
585. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
586. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
587. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
588. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
589. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
590. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
591. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
592. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
593. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
594. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
595. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
596. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
597. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
598. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
599. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
600. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
601. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
602. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
603. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
604. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
605. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
606. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
607. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
608. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
609. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
610. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
611. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
612. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
613. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
614. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
615. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
616. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
617. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
618. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
619. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
620. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
621. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
622. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
623. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
624. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
625. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
626. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
627. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
628. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
629. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
630. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
631. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
632. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
633. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
634. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
635. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
636. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
637. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
638. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
639. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
640. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
641. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
642. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
643. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
644. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
645. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
646. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
647. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
648. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
649. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
650. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
651. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
652. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
653. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
654. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
655. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
656. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
657. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
658. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
659. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
660. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
661. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
662. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
663. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
664. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
665. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
666. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
667. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
668. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
669. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
670. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
671. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
672. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
673. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
674. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
675. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
676. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
677. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
678. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
679. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
680. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
681. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
682. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
683. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
684. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
685. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
686. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
687. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
688. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
689. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
690. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
691. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
692. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
693. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
694. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
695. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
696. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
697. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
698. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
699. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
700. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
701. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
702. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
703. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
704. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
705. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
706. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
707. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
708. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
709. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
710. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
711. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
712. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
713. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
714. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
715. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
716. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
717. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
718. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
719. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
720. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
721. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
722. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
723. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
724. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
725. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
726. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
727. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
728. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
729. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
730. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
731. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
732. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
733. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
734. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
735. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
736. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
737. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
738. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
739. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
740. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
741. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
742. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
743. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
744. References
745. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
746. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
747. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
748. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
749. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
750. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
751. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
752. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
753. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
754. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
755. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
756. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
757. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
758. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
759. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
760. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
761. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
762. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
763. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
764. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
765. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
766. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
767. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
768. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
769. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
770. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
771. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
772. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
773. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
774. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
775. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
776. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
777. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
778. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
779. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
780. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
781. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
782. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
783. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
784. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
785. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
786. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
787. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
788. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
789. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
790. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
791. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
792. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
793. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
794. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
795. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
796. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
797. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
798. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
799. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
800. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
801. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
802. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
803. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
804. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
805. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
806. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
807. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
808. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
809. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
810. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
811. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
812. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
813. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
814. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
815. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
816. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
817. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
818. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
819. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
820. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
821. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
822. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
823. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
824. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
825. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
826. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
827. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
828. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
829. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
830. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
831. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
832. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
833. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
834. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
835. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
836. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
837. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
838. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
839. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
840. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
841. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
842. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
843. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
844. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
845. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
846. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
847. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
848. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
849. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
850. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
851. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
852. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
853. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
854. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
855. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
856. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
857. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
858. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
859. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
860. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
861. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
862. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
863. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
864. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
865. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
866. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
867. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
868. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
869. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
870. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
871. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
872. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
873. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
874. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
875. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
876. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
877. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
878. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
879. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
880. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
881. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
882. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
883. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
884. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
885. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
886. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
887. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
888. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
889. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
890. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
891. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
892. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
893. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
894. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
895. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
896. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
897. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
898. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
899. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
900. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
901. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
902. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
903. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
904. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
905. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
906. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
907. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
908. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
909. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
910. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
911. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
912. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
913. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
914. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
915. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
916. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
917. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
918. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
919. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
920. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
921. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
922. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
923. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
924. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
925. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
926. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
927. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
928. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
929. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
930. References
931. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Goldman’s BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses”. Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
932. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. “The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015” (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
933. ^ “What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
934. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
935. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?” (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
936. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). “BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 November 2024. … To some in the West, the emergence of BRICS+ suggests something even more ominous—a world that is fragmenting into competing blocs, thanks to intensifying geopolitical rivalry between East and West and growing mutual alienation between North and South. According to this reading, Beijing and Moscow are intent on exploiting some countries’ resentment of the United States and its wealthy world allies to consolidate an anti-Western counterweight to the venerable Group of 7 (G7), a process that is likely to paralyze global cooperation within other multilateral venues. …
937. ^ “BRICS Joint Statistical Publications”. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
938. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). “BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new “basket of currencies””. India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
939. ^ “ILO head praises BRICS countries’ commitment to social dialogue”. ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
940. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). “BRICS: the powerful global alliance”. canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
941. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). “BRICS – India is the biggest loser”. USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
942. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). “BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative”. Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
943. ^ Jump up to:^a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). “Brics is now a motley crew of failing states”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
944. ^ Jim O’Neill (30th November 2001).“Building Better Global Economic BRICs” Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
945. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). “Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction”. guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
946. ^ “Jim O’Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management”. www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
947. ^ “Information about BRICS”. Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
948. ^ “Cooperation within BRIC” Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
949. ^ Jump up to:^a b “First summit for emerging giants”. BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
950. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). “BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
951. ^ “BRIC wants more influence”. Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
952. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). “Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
953. ^ Jump up to:^a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). “BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard”. Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
954. ^ “China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua”. Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
955. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). “UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan” Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
956. ^ “South Africa joins BRIC as full member”. Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
957. ^ “BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh”. The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
958. ^ “BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM”. Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
959. ^ “Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund”. Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
960. ^ “Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank”. The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
961. ^ “India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit”. Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
962. ^ “BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia”. In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
963. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). “Brazil’s Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering ‘clearly'”. In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
964. ^ “rbth.com: “BRICS countries to set up their own IMF” 14 Apr 2014″. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
965. ^ “BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties” Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
966. ^ “Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa”. Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
967. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). “A Fiber-Optic Silk Road”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
968. ^ “BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector”. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
969. ^ “BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19”. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
970. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). “India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins”. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
971. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). “South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war”. CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
972. ^ “South Africa’s diplomatic dilemma with Putin”. Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
973. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). “Putin won’t attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest” Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
974. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). “BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
975. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). “Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
976. ^ Jump up to:^a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
977. ^ “BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move”. www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
978. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). “Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS” [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won’t join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
979. ^ Jump up to:^a b “El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics”. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
980. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). “Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
981. ^ “Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions”. Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
982. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). “Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
983. ^ 杜娟. “More nations interested in joining BRICS”. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
984. ^ “OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania”. OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
985. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). “BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
986. ^ Richter, Felix (22 October 2024). “Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS”. Statista Daily Data. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
987. ^ O’Neill, Aaron (4 July 2024). “BRICS: GDP per country 2029”. Statista. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
988. ^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
989. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “What is BRICS”. Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
990. ^ Jump up to:^a b “How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy”. Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
991. ^ “A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS”. Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
992. ^ “BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms”. Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
993. ^ “Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015”. UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
994. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Theme and priorities”. BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
995. ^ “BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020”. eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
996. ^ “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda”. Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
997. ^ “Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска”. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
998. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
999. ^ “India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021”. Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
1000. ^ “Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source”. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
1001. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia’s chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
1002. ^ “News conference following 16th BRICS Summit”. brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
1003. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia”. Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
1004. ^ Correia, Victor. “Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade” [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics’ priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
1005. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d International Monetary Fund. “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024”. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
1006. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
1007. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
1008. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). “The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion”. Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
1009. ^ “Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
1010. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). “At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister”. Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
1011. ^ “Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership”. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
1012. ^ “Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay”. Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
1013. ^ “BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks”. Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
1014. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). “Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS”. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
1015. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). “Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
1016. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). “Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?”. Cato Institute.
1017. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). “European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks”. Euronews.
1018. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). “Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
1019. ^ O’Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). “Exclusive: Why Turkey’s Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza”. Newsweek.
1020. ^ “Algeria president: ‘Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'”. July 2023.
1021. ^ “Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency”. Aps.
1022. ^ “Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
1023. ^ “Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS”. June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
1024. ^ “Burkina Faso’s PM lobbies for country’s membership in BRICS”. September 2024.
1025. ^ “Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc”. April 2024.
1026. ^ “Central Africa: We want to join BRICS”. December 2023.
1027. ^ “Congo keen on joining BRICS: President”. June 2024.
1028. ^ “Central African country seeks BRICS membership”. August 2023.
1029. ^ “Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia’s support for its BRICS accession bid — president”. September 2024.
1030. ^ “Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS”. August 2023.
1031. ^ “Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China’s support to join BRICS”. November 2024.
1032. ^ “Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS”. 11 July 2024.
1033. ^ “Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon”. October 2024.
1034. ^ “Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia”. November 2024.
1035. ^ “Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West”. March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
1036. ^ “Senegal wants to integrate the Brics”. August 2023.
1037. ^ “Envoy highlights South Sudan’s interest in joining BRICS”. November 2023.
1038. ^ “Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group”. August 2015.
1039. ^ “Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations”. April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
1040. ^ “BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa – Museveni”. August 2023.
1041. ^ “Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance”. June 2024.
1042. ^ “BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says”. August 2023.
1043. ^ “Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible”. April 2024.
1044. ^ “Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS”. June 2024.
1045. ^ “El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS”. July 2024.
1046. ^ “Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS”. June 2024.
1047. ^ “Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS”. June 2024.
1048. ^ “Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS”. June 2024.
1049. ^ “Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership”. June 2023.
1050. ^ “Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit”. Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
1051. ^ “Bangladesh seeks India’s support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan”. June 2024.
1052. ^ “How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns”. September 2023.
1053. ^ “Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group”. October 2023.
1054. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). “Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation”. Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
1055. ^ “South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS”. August 2023.
1056. ^ “Laos Intends to Join BRICS”. December 2023.
1057. ^ “Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia”. The Star. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
1058. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). “Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite”. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
1059. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). “North Korea Signals to Join BRICS”. BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
1060. ^ Hussain, Abid. “Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
1061. ^ “Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?”. August 2023.
1062. ^ “Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says”. January 2024.
1063. ^ “Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year”. May 2024.
1064. ^ “Syria applied for BRICS membership, country’s ambassador to Russia says”. October 2024.
1065. ^ “Cabinet approves Brics membership bid”. Bangkok Post. 28 May 2024.
1066. ^ “Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership”. April 2024.
1067. ^ “The Yemen–Russia riddle”. July 2024.
1068. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). “Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says”. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
1069. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). “Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
1070. ^ “Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM”. October 2024.
1071. ^ “Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances”. September 2024.
1072. ^ “BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as ‘partner states'”. October 2024.
1073. ^ “BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024”. Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
1074. ^ “BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency” Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
1075. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). “What the new bank of BRICS is all about”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
1076. ^ Jump up to:^a b “New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order”. The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
1077. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool”. Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
1078. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister”. Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
1079. ^ “History”. New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
1080. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). “BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
1081. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia’s top banker”. Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
1082. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). “The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
1083. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
1084. ^ “DMPQ- BRICS payment system”. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
1085. ^ “Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system”. Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
1086. ^ “Exclusive: China’s international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources”. Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
1087. ^ “BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister”. cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
1088. ^ “Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais”. CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
1089. ^ “BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
1090. ^ “Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit”. VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
1091. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). “Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF”. Reuters.com.
1092. ^ Insights, Ledger (28 February 2024). “Finance ministers discuss BRICS Bridge digital currency payments”. Ledger Insights – blockchain for enterprise. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
1093. ^ “Putin’s plan to dethrone the dollar”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
1094. ^ “Explainer: Putin’s Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics”. www.thebanker.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
1095. ^ Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). “Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit”. Washingtonpost.com.
1096. ^ “A surprise new twist in Putin’s currency wars”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
1097. ^ “Brics a force for world peace, says China”. Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
1098. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising”. Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
1099. ^ “China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy”. Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
1100. ^ “Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles”. Investor’s Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
1101. ^ “Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration”. The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
1102. ^ “BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank” Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
1103. ^ Global, IndraStra. “EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework”. IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
1104. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). “Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China”. Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
1105. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). “Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
1106. ^ O’Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). “As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
1107. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). “China’s de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
1108. ^ “Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
1109. ^ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). “Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics”. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
1110. ^ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). “Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
1111. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
1112. ^ “BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it”. Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
1113. ^ “Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International’s research”. Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
1114. ^ “CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
1115. ^ “BRICS information portal”. BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.