
U.S. Government on Verge of Shutdown as Congress Struggles to Find Funding Solution
The United States government is just one day away from running out of money, prompting urgent negotiations in Congress to avoid a shutdown. Lawmakers are scrambling to finalize a short-term funding plan to keep federal operations running and prevent widespread disruptions.
The looming shutdown is the result of a deadlock over funding bills, with divisions between Republican and Democratic lawmakers stalling progress. Key disagreements center on how to allocate funding for various government departments and programs, as well as ongoing debates over fiscal policies and priorities.
Without an agreement by the end of the fiscal year, government services will begin to shut down, affecting everything from federal agencies to national parks, and potentially delaying critical services for millions of Americans. Essential personnel, such as those working in law enforcement and public safety, would continue to operate, but many government employees could face furloughs.
In the lead-up to the deadline, both parties are under pressure to find a compromise that ensures continued funding while addressing key political issues. With the clock ticking, all eyes are on Congress as they race against time to prevent a catastrophic government shutdown.
Republican Revised Spending Plan Fails in House, Government Shutdown Looms
On Thursday night, a revised spending plan put forward by Republicans, aimed at averting a government shutdown, failed to pass in the House of Representatives. The proposal, which was seen as a last-ditch effort to avoid a federal shutdown, struggled to gain enough support, further deepening the deadlock in Congress.
The revised plan was intended to provide a short-term funding solution, ensuring government operations could continue while lawmakers worked out a longer-term budget agreement. However, divisions within the Republican Party, along with opposition from Democrats, led to its failure in the House.
With just one day left before the government runs out of funds, the failure of the bill has heightened concerns about the potential impact of a shutdown. Without a resolution, federal services could grind to a halt, affecting millions of Americans who rely on government programs and services.
As the deadline looms, both Republicans and Democrats are under immense pressure to find a compromise that prevents a shutdown and ensures the government remains operational. The situation remains fluid, with continued negotiations expected in the coming hours.
COURTESY: NBC News
Republican Spending Plan Fails in House, Government Shutdown Imminent
The revised spending plan proposed by Republicans, designed to prevent a government shutdown, failed to pass in the House of Representatives on Thursday night. The bill required a two-thirds majority to pass, but it fell short of that threshold. Thirty-eight Republicans joined Democrats in voting against the bill, leading to its defeat.
The failure of the proposal, which aimed to provide temporary funding to the federal government, has intensified concerns over an impending shutdown. With just one day remaining before government funding runs out, the situation has become more urgent. If a resolution is not reached, federal services and programs may face interruptions, potentially affecting millions of Americans.
The divide within the Republican Party, coupled with widespread opposition from Democrats, has complicated efforts to find a solution. As the clock ticks down, lawmakers face mounting pressure to work out a compromise and prevent a shutdown.
Trump Blocks Deal, Deepening Government Shutdown Crisis
President-elect Donald Trump has intervened to block a previous funding deal that Republican House Speaker Mike Johnson had negotiated with Democrats. The deal, which was intended to prevent a government shutdown, collapsed after Trump’s opposition, leaving Congress in a deeper impasse.
Trump’s rejection of the bipartisan agreement adds another layer of complexity to the already tense situation. With less than a day left before government funding runs out, the failure to reach a compromise has raised concerns about a looming shutdown. Lawmakers are under increasing pressure to come up with a short-term funding plan that can pass through the divided House of Representatives.
The ongoing disagreement underscores the challenges of achieving consensus in a polarized political environment, with both Republicans and Democrats at odds over the best way forward. The stakes are high, as millions of Americans face potential disruptions to government services if a resolution is not found soon.
Trump and Musk Lead Opposition to Bipartisan Funding Deal, Exacerbating Shutdown Crisis
Former President Donald Trump’s denouncement of a bipartisan funding deal, which was designed to prevent a government shutdown, came after tech billionaire Elon Musk also criticized the measure. Trump’s rejection of the deal, which had been negotiated by Republican House Speaker Mike Johnson and Democratic lawmakers, further complicated efforts to pass any short-term funding plan.
Musk, a vocal figure in political debates, voiced his concerns about the deal, aligning with Trump’s stance. Both have argued that the proposed measure was not in the best interest of the country, particularly in terms of fiscal responsibility. Their criticisms have added fuel to the already intense division within the Republican Party, with many lawmakers now caught between the more moderate leadership of Speaker Johnson and the influence of Trump and Musk.
With the shutdown deadline fast approaching, Congress faces an uphill battle to find a compromise that can garner enough support from both sides. The impasse has left the future of government operations uncertain, with essential services at risk of disruption if a funding solution is not reached.
Trump-Backed Bill Ties Government Funding to Debt Limit Suspension, Drawing Criticism from Democrats
The revised bill, endorsed by former President Donald Trump, proposed tying government funding to a two-year suspension of the federal debt limit. This debt ceiling dictates how much the U.S. government can borrow to meet its financial obligations. However, the proposal faced swift condemnation from Democrats, with House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries calling it “laughable.”
Jeffries and other Democrats argued that the Trump-backed measure was an attempt to use essential government funding as leverage to advance a partisan agenda. Critics expressed concern that suspending the debt limit for two years could lead to irresponsible fiscal policy and exacerbate the nation’s debt problems.
The bill’s failure to pass the House of Representatives deepened the crisis, with both sides unable to agree on a path forward. As the government inches closer to running out of money, tensions between Republicans and Democrats continue to rise, with many fearing the consequences of a looming government shutdown.
Here are five things to know about the possible government shutdown:
1. How We Got Here:
The potential U.S. government shutdown has been building for weeks as lawmakers in Congress have struggled to agree on a short-term funding plan. The standoff centers around differing priorities and a divided Congress, with Republicans and Democrats unable to find common ground.
- Initial Efforts to Fund the Government: In the lead-up to the shutdown deadline, Republicans, led by Speaker Mike Johnson, proposed a revised funding bill that aimed to avert the shutdown. However, the bill was controversial, with former President Donald Trump weighing in against a prior bipartisan deal struck between House Republicans and Democrats. Trump’s criticism, along with pressure from other conservative figures, led many Republicans to break ranks with their party leadership.
- The Debt Ceiling Issue: One of the major sticking points was the debt ceiling, which determines how much the government can borrow to cover its expenses. The bill proposed by Trump’s allies in Congress would have suspended the debt ceiling for two years in exchange for a temporary government funding plan. This measure, however, faced strong opposition, particularly from Democrats, who criticized it as an impractical and short-sighted solution.
- Failure in the House: On Thursday night, the revised Republican-backed plan failed to pass in the House of Representatives. It required a two-thirds majority, but with 38 Republicans voting against it, along with most Democrats, the bill didn’t have enough support. This left Congress with little time to find an alternative.
- Rising Tensions and Partisan Divide: The breakdown in negotiations reflects deeper divisions in Congress over spending priorities, government spending cuts, and the broader fiscal direction of the country. As the clock ticks down, the possibility of a government shutdown becomes increasingly likely unless a last-minute deal can be reached.
This combination of partisan disagreements, the pressure of the debt ceiling issue, and the clock running out has brought the U.S. government to the brink of a shutdown, putting essential services at risk.
2. Trump, Musk Tank Bipartisan Plan:
The bipartisan deal that could have prevented the government shutdown was derailed by strong opposition from key conservative figures, particularly former President Donald Trump and tech billionaire Elon Musk.
- Trump’s Intervention: Former President Donald Trump played a pivotal role in blocking the potential deal. After a compromise was reached between Republican House Speaker Mike Johnson and House Democrats, Trump publicly denounced the bipartisan plan. He criticized the agreement, urging Republicans to oppose it, citing concerns over government spending and fiscal policy. His influence within the Republican Party swayed many conservatives, leading to 38 Republican representatives voting against the plan. This broke the necessary coalition to pass the bill in the House, leaving the government closer to a shutdown.
- Musk’s Criticism: In addition to Trump’s opposition, Elon Musk, the influential tech entrepreneur, also voiced strong criticism of the plan. Musk, known for his libertarian views and frequent public statements on political matters, joined Trump in condemning the bipartisan effort. Musk argued that the deal would lead to further government spending and inflation, which resonated with many conservative lawmakers. His influence, especially within conservative circles, contributed to the failure of the bill, as it mobilized additional Republican opposition.
- Conservative Backlash: The combination of Trump’s high-profile denouncement and Musk’s public comments led to a significant backlash among conservatives. Many Republicans who had initially supported the deal pulled their support, citing concerns over the spending levels and the potential for raising the debt ceiling. The failure of the bipartisan deal reflected the deep divides within the Republican Party, as well as the growing influence of conservative figures like Trump and Musk in shaping the party’s stance on fiscal matters.
The result was a deadlock in Congress, leaving the U.S. government on the brink of a shutdown as both sides struggled to agree on a solution. The episode highlights how powerful figures in American politics, including Trump and Musk, can shape legislative outcomes and influence key decisions.
3. What Happens Next:
As the deadline to avoid a government shutdown looms, the pressure is mounting on lawmakers to come up with a new plan. Here’s what we can expect in the coming days:
- Urgency for New Negotiations: With the failure of the previous Republican-backed bill, Speaker Mike Johnson and other Republican leaders must now regroup and develop an alternative plan that can gain enough support from both sides of the aisle. They’ll likely have to negotiate a compromise with Democrats to ensure funding for the government and prevent a shutdown.
- Potential for a Short-Term Funding Bill: One possibility is the introduction of a short-term funding bill, often called a “continuing resolution,” to keep the government operating for a limited period. This would give lawmakers more time to reach a longer-term agreement. However, such a temporary solution may still face resistance, especially from conservative Republicans who oppose any form of government spending increases.
- Further Pressure from Trump and Conservatives: The influence of former President Trump and other conservative figures will continue to play a significant role in shaping the outcome. If Trump maintains his opposition to any bipartisan deal, it could make it harder for Republican leadership to reach a consensus with Democrats. The ongoing pressure from the conservative wing of the party could further complicate negotiations.
- Democratic Opposition: On the other side, Democrats have their own set of priorities, including spending on social programs, health care, and climate initiatives. Any new funding plan will have to balance these demands with Republican fiscal concerns. If the two sides cannot find common ground, it could lead to a prolonged standoff and the real possibility of a shutdown.
- The Deadline: With only a few hours left before the government runs out of money, time is critical. If a deal isn’t reached by the deadline, federal agencies will begin to close, and employees may be furloughed. Essential services would continue, but many government operations could be disrupted, affecting everything from national security to public health.
- Impact on Federal Services: A shutdown would likely cause disruptions in services such as national parks, scientific research, and the processing of permits and applications. Federal workers, including those at the IRS and the Department of Defense, could face delays in pay, creating financial strain for many employees.
In short, lawmakers face a high-stakes race against time. The next few days will determine whether they can avoid a shutdown and find a way forward on government funding, or if the impasse will lead to a partial closure of the federal government.
4. The Effects of a Government Shutdown:
A government shutdown has wide-ranging consequences that affect various sectors and individuals across the country. Here’s a look at some of the major effects:
- Furloughed Federal Employees: One of the most immediate impacts of a government shutdown is the furloughing of federal employees. This means that hundreds of thousands of government workers are sent home without pay, or are forced to work without compensation until the shutdown is resolved. Although some essential workers, like law enforcement and military personnel, continue to work, many others in departments such as education, transportation, and administration are affected.
- Delayed Services: Essential services, such as law enforcement, emergency response, and national security operations, continue during a shutdown, but many non-essential services will be delayed or halted. For example, passport processing, visa applications, and social security benefits may face significant delays. National parks and museums may close, and certain government-funded health programs might experience slowdowns.
- Economic Disruptions: A shutdown can have a ripple effect on the economy. With federal workers furloughed and delays in processing government payments, many businesses that rely on government contracts or services can face disruptions in their operations. For example, contractors working for the federal government might experience payment delays, which can have a direct impact on their revenue and employees.
- Public Confidence and Trust: Government shutdowns undermine public confidence in the political system and erode trust in elected officials. When the government is unable to agree on funding, it creates uncertainty and frustration among citizens who rely on government services and programs. The inability of lawmakers to work together effectively may also contribute to a sense of political dysfunction.
- Financial Impact on Federal Workers: Federal employees affected by a shutdown may experience financial strain due to delayed paychecks. Many government workers live paycheck to paycheck, and a missed paycheck can cause serious financial hardship. Although workers are usually paid retroactively once the shutdown ends, the financial uncertainty can still cause stress and difficulties in managing daily expenses.
- Market Volatility: Stock markets and the broader economy can experience volatility during a government shutdown. Investors may become concerned about the potential long-term effects on economic growth and government stability. As a result, markets may react negatively, leading to increased uncertainty in financial markets.
- Impact on Federal Programs and Research: Programs funded by the federal government, such as research grants, healthcare programs, and educational initiatives, may face delays or cuts during a shutdown. Critical government-funded research in areas like science, technology, and medicine may be paused, which can have long-term implications for progress in those fields. Health agencies like the CDC may also face challenges in their ongoing work, potentially affecting public health programs.
- International Impact: A government shutdown could also affect international diplomacy and relations. Foreign policy efforts may stall as key departments, such as the State Department, face limited operations. International commitments or agreements may be delayed or complicated by the shutdown, which could weaken the United States’ global standing.
In conclusion, while a government shutdown impacts federal employees and government operations directly, the effects are felt across the economy, government services, and public trust. Resolving a shutdown as quickly as possible is crucial to mitigate these effects and restore stability to the functioning of the U.S. government.
5. The Repercussions for Republicans:
A government shutdown carries significant political consequences, especially for the Republican Party, which is currently facing internal divisions and external criticism. Here’s a look at the potential repercussions for Republicans:
- Loss of Public Support: A government shutdown can lead to public frustration, and Republicans may bear the brunt of that dissatisfaction, especially if the shutdown is perceived as a result of their inability to reach an agreement. Historically, voters tend to blame the party in power for shutdowns, and the Republican Party risks alienating key voter groups, including federal employees, government contractors, and the general public who rely on federal services.
- Internal Party Divisions: The failure of the revised Republican spending plan highlights deep divisions within the party. Moderate Republicans and hard-right conservatives often clash over issues like government funding and spending cuts. This split can undermine the party’s ability to present a unified front on critical issues. The ongoing power struggle between establishment Republicans and Trump-aligned factions within the party is likely to continue if a shutdown occurs, weakening the party’s ability to govern effectively.
- Impact on 2024 Elections: With the 2024 election cycle on the horizon, a government shutdown could impact Republican candidates, particularly in swing states. The inability to govern and pass legislation might hurt their credibility with voters. Incumbents facing re-election could be seen as ineffective, while challengers may use the shutdown as ammunition to argue that the party is not fit to lead.
- Damage to Republican Leadership: Speaker Mike Johnson’s leadership will be put to the test. His inability to pass a funding bill, especially one supported by former President Trump, could damage his standing within the party. If the shutdown drags on, Johnson may face increased pressure from within his own party, with calls for a change in leadership or for a more aggressive stance on government spending.
- Tarnished Legislative Record: A shutdown reflects poorly on Congress as a whole, but it also tarnishes the legislative record of Republicans in power. A failure to keep the government running reflects a broader inability to govern and may contribute to an image of dysfunction and inefficiency. This could hurt the party’s brand in the eyes of voters who expect their elected officials to prioritize governance and stability.
- Blame for Global and Domestic Consequences: Republicans could face criticism for the global and domestic fallout of a shutdown, such as disruptions to critical programs, delays in public services, and economic uncertainty. With the U.S. economy already facing various challenges, the added burden of a shutdown may intensify public dissatisfaction. If essential services are disrupted, Republicans may be blamed for putting partisan politics over the needs of everyday Americans.
- Potential Impact on Trump’s Influence: While Trump has substantial support within the Republican base, his influence could have mixed repercussions. His endorsement of a funding bill that ties government funding to suspending the debt limit has been heavily criticized, and the failure of that plan may further complicate the party’s relationship with Trump. As the shutdown progresses, Republicans may need to navigate the tension between Trump’s demands and the needs of the broader party to avoid further fracturing.
In conclusion, the consequences of a government shutdown for Republicans are far-reaching. The party faces internal divisions, damage to its public image, and the risk of losing support in the upcoming election cycle. If Republicans are unable to resolve the crisis quickly and effectively, they could face long-term political fallout.
References
- ^
- Mckenna, Peter (1999). “Canada, the United States, and the Organization of American States”. American Review of Canadian Studies. 29 (3): 473–493. doi:10.1080/02722019909481638. ISSN 0272-2011.
this important and complex relationship,
- “Reconcilable Differences: A History of Canada-US Relations”. Oxford University Press.
Reconcilable Differences provides students with a contemporary look at the often complex relationship between Canada and the United States from 1763 to today, using the most recent scholarship available.
- “Canada and the United States”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. June 11, 2020.
“The Americans are our best friends whether we like it or not.” This statement, uttered in the House of Commons by Robert Thompson, the leader of the Social Credit Party early in the 1960s, perhaps best captures the essence of Canada’s complex relationship with its nearest neighbor.
- Shull, Aaron; Tandt, Michael Den (December 13, 2021). “Is US President Joe Biden Good or Bad for Canada?”. Centre for International Governance Innovation.
Canadians have a complex relationship with the United States.
- “Dispute Resolution in the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement: One Element of a Complex Relationship”. McGill Law Journal. September 18, 2018.
- Hale, Geoffrey (November 1, 2012). “So Near Yet So Far”. UBC Press.
How do politicians, diplomats, and interest groups negotiate the tangled web of Canada–US relations? So Near Yet So Far provides an in-depth look at the multiple dimensions of this complex relationship..
- “A Canadian Agenda for the USA: Obama and Beyond”. Canadian Global Affairs Institute. August 1, 2018.
Complex and Complicated but Mutually-Beneficial Relationship Ours is a very complex relationship building, as John F. Kennedy remarked, on ties of history, geography, economics, security, and deep people-to-people relationships.
- “”The U.S. Studies Program at The University of British Columbia will significantly increase our understanding of the United States and its institutions and policies through critical research, teaching, and public outreach, making a tremendous contribution to Canada’s complex relationship with the U.S.””. usstudies. January 16, 2013.
- Mckenna, Peter (1999). “Canada, the United States, and the Organization of American States”. American Review of Canadian Studies. 29 (3): 473–493. doi:10.1080/02722019909481638. ISSN 0272-2011.
- ^
- Canada, Global Affairs (November 24, 2022). “Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy”. GAC. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
- House, The White (February 24, 2021). “Remarks by President Biden and Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada in Joint Press Statements”. The White House. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
- ^“The Canada–U.S. border: by the numbers”. cbc.ca. CBC/Radio-Canada. December 7, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- “The world’s longest border”. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
- ^ Cudmore, James. “Canadian military explored plan to fully integrate forces with U.S. – Politics – CBC News”. Cbc.ca. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ Poushter, Jacob (October 6, 2015). “Canadians Satisfied with U.S. Relationship”. Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
- ^ Brenan, Megan (March 21, 2023). “Canada, Britain Favored Most in U.S.; Russia, N. Korea Least”. Gallup, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
- ^ “State of Trade 2024: Supply chains”. GAC. August 28, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- ^ “Canada-United States relations”. GAC. March 28, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- ^ “Harper, Obama to begin security talks | CTV News”. Ctvnews.ca. February 3, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ^
- Mingst, K.; Karns, M.P. (2019). The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-30674-3.
- Massie, Justin (April 30, 2019). “Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions”. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 52 (3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 575–594. doi:10.1017/s0008423919000040.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Massie, Justin (April 30, 2019). “Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions”. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 52 (3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 575–594. doi:10.1017/s0008423919000040. Cite error: The named reference “Massie 2019 pp. 575–594” was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Gutiérrez-Haces, Maria Teresa (November 6, 2018). Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy. Collection internationale d’Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 231–250. ISBN 978-0-7766-2722-9.
- ^ Carroll, Michael K (2016). “Peacekeeping: Canada’s past, but not its present and future?”. International Journal. 71 (1). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 167–176. doi:10.1177/0020702015619857. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 44631172. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
- ^ “Canada’s Current Role in World” (PDF). Environics Institute for Survey Research.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Doran, Charles F.; Sewell, James Patrick (1988). “Anti-Americanism in Canada?”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 497. [Sage Publications, Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science]: 105–119. doi:10.1177/0002716288497001009. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1045764.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kim Richard Nossal (2007). “Anti-Americanism in Canada,” in Brendon O’Connor, ed., Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes” (PDF). Oxford/Westport: Greenwood World Publishing}. pp. 59, 76.
- ^ “War of 1812”. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ John Herd Thompson, Canada and the United States: ambivalent allies (2008).
- ^ Thomas Morgan, William (1926). “The Five Nations and Queen Anne”. Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 13 (2): 169–189. doi:10.2307/1891955. JSTOR 1891955.
- ^ June Namias, White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier (1993)
- ^ Howard H. Peckham, The Colonial Wars (1965)
- ^ Chard, Donald F. (1975). “The Impact of French Privateering on New England, 1689–1713”. American Neptune. 35 (3): 153–165.
- ^ Shortt, S. E. D. (1972). “Conflict and Identity in Massachusetts: The Louisbourg Expedition of 1745”. Social History/Histoire Sociale. 5 (10): 165–185.
- ^ Johnston, A. J. B. (2008). “D-Day at Louisbourg”. Beaver. 88 (3): 16–23.
- ^ Mason Wade, The French Canadians, 1760–1945 (1955) p. 74.
- ^ George W. Geib (1987). “The Old Northwest Under British Control, 1763–1783” and “Indiana A Part of the Old Northwest, 1783–1800”. Butler University. pp. 42–44.
- ^ Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America’s First Civil War (2011) p. xviii
- ^ Bradford Perkins, The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 (1955)
- ^ Rawlyk, George A. (1994). The Canada Fire: Radical Evangelicalism in British North America, 1775–1812. McGill-Queen’s Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780773512214. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies (2010).
- ^ Stagg 2012, pp. 5–6.
- ^ George F. G. Stanley, 1983, p. 32 [full citation needed]
- ^ David Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, The War of 1812, pg4 [full citation needed]
- ^ Tucker 2011, p. 236.
- ^ Nugent 2008, p. 73, 75.
- ^ Mark Zuehlke, For Honour’s Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace (2007) is a Canadian perspective.
- ^ W.L. Morton, The Kingdom of Canada (1969) ch 12
- ^ Cleves, Rachel Hope; Eustace, Nicole; Gilje, Paul; Hale, Matthew Rainbow; Morgan, Cecilia; Opal, Jason M.; Peskin, Lawrence A.; Taylor, Alan (2012). “Interchange: The War of 1812”. The Journal of American History. 99 (2). [Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians]: 520–555. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas236. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 44306807. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Wood, James A. (2010). Militia Myths (PDF). Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7748-1765-3. OCLC 473375581.
- ^ Dunning, Tom (2009). “The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective”. Ontario History. 101 (2): 129–141. doi:10.7202/1065615ar.
- ^ Orrin Edward Tiffany, The Relations of the United States to the Canadian Rebellion of 1837–1838 (1905). excerpt and text search
- ^ Cross, L.D. (2010). The Underground Railroad: The long journey to freedom in Canada. Amazing Stories. James Lorimer Limited, Publishers. p. intro. ISBN 978-1-55277-581-3.
- ^ “Underground Railroad”. CBC. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Robin W. Winks, “The Creation of a Myth: ‘Canadian’ Enlistments in the Northern Armies during the American Civil War”, Canadian Historical Review, 1958 39(1): 24–40.
- ^ Adam Mayers, Dixie & the Dominion: Canada, the Confederacy, and the War for the Union (2003)
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “Alabama Claims, 1862–1872”. GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ Mayers, Dixie & the Dominion pp 105–116.
- ^ Congressional series of United States public documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1870. p. 71.
- ^ David Keys (June 24, 2014). “Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years”. The Independent.
- ^ Paul Hendren (April 1933). “The Confederate Blockade Runners”. United States Naval Institute.
- ^ Sexton, Jay (2005). Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era, 1837–1873. Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780199281039. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Theodore C. Blegen, “A Plan for the Union of British North America and the United States, 1866”. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4.4 (1918): 470–483 online.
- ^ Doris W. Dashew, “The Story of An Illusion: The Plan To Trade ‘Alabama’ Claims For Canada”, Civil War History, December 1969, Vol. 15 Issue 4, pp 332–348
- ^ Shi, David E. (1978). “Seward’s Attempt to Annex British Columbia, 1865–1869”. Pacific Historical Review. 47 (2): 217–238. doi:10.2307/3637972. JSTOR 3637972.
- ^ Shain, Yossi (1999). Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands. Cambridge U.P. p. 53. ISBN 9780521642255. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ David Sim, “Filibusters, Fenians, and a Contested Neutrality: The Irish Question and US Diplomacy, 1848–1871”. American Nineteenth Century History 12.3 (2011): 265–287.
- ^ Robert M. Groceman, “Patriot War and the Fenian Raids: Case Studies in Border Security on the US Canada Border in the Nineteenth Century” (US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States, 2017) online Archived November 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Kurlansky, Mark (1998). Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. Penguin. p. 117. ISBN 9781440672873. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Munro, John A. (1965). “English-Canadianism and the Demand for Canadian Autonomy: Ontario’s Response to the Alaska Boundary Decision, 1903”. Ontario History. 57 (4): 189–203.
- ^ David G. Haglund, and Tudor Onea. “Victory without Triumph: Theodore Roosevelt, Honour, and the Alaska Panhandle Boundary Dispute”. Diplomacy and Statecraft 19.1 (2008): 20-41.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 142. ISBN 9781598844573.
- ^ Baker, W. M. (1970). “A Case Study of Anti-Americanism in English-Speaking Canada: The Election Campaign of 1911”. Canadian Historical Review. 51 (4): 426–449. doi:10.3138/chr-051-04-04. S2CID 161614104.
- ^ Clements, Kendrick A. (1973). “Manifest Destiny and Canadian Reciprocity in 1911”. Pacific Historical Review. 42 (1): 32–52. doi:10.2307/3637741. JSTOR 3637741.
- ^ Ellis, Lewis E. (1968). Reciprocity, 1911: a study in Canadian–American relations. Greenwood.
- ^ Paolo E. Coletta, The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973) pp. 141–152.
- ^ Hugh Ll. Keenleyside, Canada and the United States (1929) p 373. online
- ^ Warren G. Harding & Stanley Park. The History of Metropolitan Vancouver. Vancouver.ca [1] Archived September 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 11, 2017
- ^ Richard N. Kottman, “Herbert Hoover and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study”, Journal of American History, Vol. 62, No. 3 (December 1975), pp. 609–635 in JSTOR
- ^ McDonald, Judith; et al. (1997). “Trade Wars: Canada’s Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff”, (1997)”. Journal of Economic History. 57 (4): 802–826. doi:10.1017/S0022050700019549. JSTOR 2951161. S2CID 154380335.
- ^ Carlson, Peter (December 30, 2005). “Raiding the Icebox”. The Washington Post.
- ^ Bell, Christopher M. (1997). “Thinking the Unthinkable: British and American Naval Strategies for an Anglo-American War, 1918–1931”. International History Review. 19 (4): 789–808. doi:10.1080/07075332.1997.9640804.
- ^ Arnold A. Offner, American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (1969) p. 256
- ^ Galen Roger Perras, Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933–1945 (1998)
- ^ Richard Jensen, “Nationalism and Civic Duty in Wartime: Comparing World Wars in Canada and America”, Canadian Issues / Thèmes Canadiens, December 2004, pp 6–10
- ^ Rachel Lea Heide, “Allies in Complicity: The United States, Canada, and the Clayton Knight Committee’s Clandestine Recruiting of Americans for the Royal Canadian Air Force, 1940–1942”, Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 2004, Vol. 15, pp 207–230
- ^ Galen Roger Perras, “Who Will Defend British Columbia? Unity of Command on the West Coast, 1934–1942”, Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Spring 1997, Vol. 88 Issue 2, pp 59–69
- ^ McNeil Earle, Karl (1998). “Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States”. American Review of Canadian Studies. 28 (4): 387–411. doi:10.1080/02722019809481611.
- ^ C. P. Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict: A History of Canadian External Policies. Volume 2, 1921–1948: The Mackenzie King Era (1982) pp 420–424.
- ^ Hector Mackenzie, “Golden Decade (s)? Reappraising Canada’s International Relations in the 1940s and 1950s”. British Journal of Canadian Studies 23.2 (2010): 179–206.
- ^ Don Munton and John Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) pp 2–18.
- ^ Stewart, Luke (2018). “‘Hell, they’re your problem, not ours’: Draft Dodgers, Military Deserters and Canada–United States Relations in the Vietnam War Era”. Études Canadiennes / Canadian Studies (85). Open Edition: 67–96. doi:10.4000/eccs.1479. S2CID 181777562.
- ^ Bruce Muirhead, “From Special Relationship to Third Option: Canada, the U.S., and the Nixon Shock”, American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 34, 2004 online edition Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lily Gardner Feldman, “Canada and the United States in the 1970s: Rift and Reconciliation”. The World Today 34.12 (1978): 484–492. online
- ^ Hills, Carla A. “NAFTA’s Economic Upsides: The View from the United States”. Foreign Affairs 93 (2014): 122. online
- ^ Wilson, Michael. “NAFTA’s Unfinished Business: The View from Canada”. Foreign Affairs 93 (2014): 128. online
- ^ Marcus Lee Hansen, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples. Vol. 1: Historical (1940)
- ^ John Brebner, The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the Revolutionary Years (1937)
- ^ Marcus Lee Hansen, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples. Vol. 1: Historical (1940); David D. Harvey, Americans in Canada: Migration and Settlement since 1840 (1991)
- ^ Renee Kasinsky, “Refugees from Militarism: Draft Age Americans in Canada (1976)
- ^ Jump up to:a b Barkan, Elliott Robert (1980). “French Canadians”. In Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (eds.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. p. 392. ISBN 0674375122. OCLC 1038430174.
- ^ John J. Bukowczyk et al. Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990 (University of Pittsburgh Press. 2005)
- ^ J. Castell Hopkins, The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs: 1902 (1903), p. 327.
- ^ Yves Roby, The Franco-Americans of New England (2004)
- ^ Brookes, Alan A. (1980). “Canadians, British”. In Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (eds.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. p. 191. ISBN 0674375122. OCLC 1038430174.
- ^ Soloman Gabriel, Foreign Policy of Canada: A Study in Diefenbaker’s Years (1987).
- ^ Potter, Mitch (November 18, 2013). “JFK’s war with Diefenbaker”. The Toronto Star. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Preston, Andrew (2003). “Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965”. Diplomatic History. 27: 73–111. doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00340.
- ^ Brean, Joseph (November 17, 2014). “‘I’ve been called worse things by better people: A history of Canadian PMs’ not-so-diplomatic one-liners”. National Post. National Post. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Grande, Peggy (2017). “8: Rawhide’s Ranch”. The president will see you now: my stories and lessons from Ronald Reagan’s final years (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780316396455. OCLC 951764632.
- ^ “The President’s News Conference With Prime Minister Jean Chretien of Canada”. The American Presidency Project. April 8, 1997. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ^ Jehl, Douglas (February 24, 1995). “Clinton, in Talk to Canadians, Opposes Quebec Separation”. The New York Times.
- ^ Drache, Daniel (2008). Big Picture Realities: Canada and Mexico at the Crossroads. Wilfrid Laurier U.P. p. 115. ISBN 9781554582334. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ “Prime ministers and presidents”. CBC News. February 18, 2009.
- ^ “Guest column: Time, Canada, to negotiate the Northwest Passage”. CBC News. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
- ^ “Obama to visit Canada Feb. 19, PMO confirms – CTV News”. Ctv.ca. January 28, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ “Obama loses boozy bet with Harper”. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Barack Obama follows through on Olympic beer bet”. canoe.ca. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Joint Statement by President Obama and Prime Minister Harper of Canada on Regulatory Cooperation”. whitehouse.gov. February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011 – via National Archives.
- ^ “PM and U.S. President Obama announce shared vision for perimeter security and economic competitiveness between Canada and the United States”. Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ “United States–Canada Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) Joint Action Plan: Developing and implementing the Joint Action Plan”. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013.
- ^ “Notice: Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products: Common Monograph Working Group: Selection of a Monograph for Alignment”. Canada’s Action Plan. Government of Canada. January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ “Canada–U.S. border agreement a good thing”. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. September 6, 2012.
- ^ Jordan, Roger (November 20, 2015). “Trudeau promises Obama an enhanced Canada–US partnership”. World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ Harris, Kathleen (November 6, 2015). “Justin Trudeau ‘disappointed’ with U.S. rejection of Keystone XL”. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ Hall, Chris (November 20, 2015). “Trudeau warmly embraced by Obama, but don’t expect concessions from U.S.” CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ Cullen, Catherine (November 17, 2015). “Justin Trudeau says Canada to increase the number of training troops in Iraq”. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ “Barack Obama and Justin Trudeau set a date for the first meeting in Washington”. Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. December 28, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ “Obama welcomes Trudeau to White House, ‘About time, eh?'”. thestar.com. March 10, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Obama on growing friendship with Trudeau – ‘What’s not to like?'”. SWI swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Harris, Kathleen (November 10, 2016). “Justin Trudeau invites Donald Trump to visit Canada during the call that marks ‘strong beginning'”. CBC News. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
- ^ “It’s Trudeau’s move after Trump goes from tough talk to action with lumber duties: Chris Hall”. CBC News. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^ “Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks with United States President Donald Trump”. Prime Minister of Canada. April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Trump Signs Trade Deal With Canada and Mexico”. The New York Times. January 29, 2020.
- ^ Long, Heather. “The USMCA is finally done. Here’s what is in it”. Washington Post.
- ^ Lea, Brittany De (November 30, 2018). “NAFTA 2.0: What to know”. FOXBusiness.
- ^ Montes, Juan (February 13, 2019). “Strikes at Low-Wage Plants Signal Revival of Labor Demands in Mexico”. Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Tankersley, Jim (January 29, 2020). “Trump Just Signed the U.S.M.C.A. Here’s What’s in the New NAFTA”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ “Under USMCA, Canada rolls with ‘new NAFTA'”. FreightWaves. July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ “‘Very dishonest & weak’: Trump lashes out at Trudeau following G7 summit”. thejournal.ie. Associated Press. June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
- ^ Watkins, Eli (June 10, 2018). “Trump’s top economic aide on Trudeau: ‘It was a betrayal'”. CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Dangerfield, Katie. “Donald Trump slams Trudeau (again), says PM will cost Canadians a lot of money”. Global News. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ “The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route”. Quartz. June 27, 2019.
- ^ “Readout of President Joe Biden Call with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada”. The White House. January 22, 2021.
- ^ “Remarks by President Biden and Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada Before Virtual Bilateral Meeting”. The White House. February 23, 2021.
- ^ Vaillancourt, William (November 29, 2024). “Donald Trump Dines With Justin Trudeau at Mar-a-Lago After Tariff Threat”. The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ^ “Trump praises ‘very productive’ Mar-a-Lago meeting with Trudeau”. www.bbc.com. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Trudeau says Americans are realizing Trump’s tariffs on Canada would make life a lot more expensive”. ABC News. December 10, 2024.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Trump’s apparent joke about Canada becoming 51st state draws range of reaction in B.C.” British Columbia. December 3, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ^ Panetta, Alexander (December 17, 2024). “Trump trash talks Freeland in blast from her political past”. CBC News. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ^ “Donald Trump says Canada becoming 51st U.S. state is ‘a great idea.’ Jean Charest calls the comment a ‘wake-up call'”. CTVNews. December 18, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- ^ Mingst, K.; Karns, M.P. (2019). The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-30674-3.
- ^ Background note on Canada, U.S. State Department
- ^ Lennox, Patrick (2009). At Home and Abroad: Canada–US Relationship and Canada’s Place in the World. UBC Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780774859073. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Canadian Peace Research Institute (2006). Peace Research. Canadian Peace Research and Education Association. Retrieved November 6, 2015. vol 38 page 8
- ^ Webcast Panel Discussion Archived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine “Ties That Bind” at the Pritzker Military Library on August 17, 2012
- ^ Romero, Dennis; Alba, Monica (February 12, 2023). “U.S. shoots down the unidentified object in Canadian airspace”. nbcnews.
- ^ See Congressional Research Service. Canada–U.S. Relations (Congressional Research Service, 2021) 2021 Report, by an agency of the U.S. Congress; Updated February 10, 2021.
- ^ “Canada and the Arctic: The Issue of Northern Sovereignty | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ Pharand, Donat (1989). “Canada’s Sovereignty Over the Northwest Passage”. Michigan Journal of International Law. 10 (2).
- ^ says, Teknoloji Alemi (April 8, 2020). “The U.S. – Canada Northwest Passage Dispute”. Brown Political Review. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ Herrmann, Thomas (June 27, 2019). “Shipping Through the Northwest Passage: A Policy Brief”. University of Washington. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ Rothwell, Donald R. (1993). “The Canadian-U.S. Northwest Passage Dispute: A Reassessment”. Cornell International Law Journal. 26 (2).
- ^ Charron, Andrea (2005). “The Northwest Passage: Is Canada’s Sovereignty Floating Away?”. International Journal. 60 (3): 831–848. doi:10.2307/40204066. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204066.
- ^ “A Classic Case of Deception — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
- ^ Gervais, Marty (March 28, 1981). “Iran Rescue: Our Bashful Heroes”. Windsor Star. p. C8. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ “U.S. ‘friendly fire’ pilot won’t face court martial”. CBC News. July 6, 2004. Retrieved January 28, 2004.
- ^ “Pilots blamed for ‘friendly fire’ deaths”. BBC News. August 22, 2002. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ “CANADIAN NAVY TEAMS UP WITH U.S. CARRIER BATTLE GROUPS”. Department of National Defence. September 25, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Cox, Wayne S.; Charbonneau, Bruno (2010). Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security After 9/11. UBC Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780774859660. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Harper, Tim (March 22, 2003). “Canadians back Chrétien on war, poll finds”. Toronto Star. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ^ Spector, Norman (November 20, 2006). “Clinton speaks on Afghanistan, and Canada listens”. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ “Ministers Dion and Sajjan meet U.S. special envoy for Global Coalition to Counter ISIL”. Global Affairs Canada. October 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
- ^ “U.S. warns Canada against easing pot laws”. Cbc.ca. May 2, 2003. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Canada, Health (January 23, 2020). “Cannabis laws and regulations”. aem. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
- ^ “ETA Canada Visa Application – Apply for Canadian E-Visa Online”.
- ^ Miller, Eric (2002). The Outlier Sectors: Areas of Non-free Trade in the North American Free Trade Agreement. BID-INTAL. p. 19. ISBN 9789507381287. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Giddens, David. “How Canada invented ‘American’ football, baseball, basketball and hockey”. CBC Sports.
- ^ GMcKeating. “The Embassy of the U.S.A., Ottawa – United States – Canada Relations”. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Clean Air Markets”. August 12, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Environment and Climate Change Canada – Air – Canada- United States Air Quality Agreement”. January 25, 2005. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Exclusive Interview: Brian Mulroney remembers his friend Ronald Reagan”. News.nationalpost.com. February 4, 2011.
- ^ Freed, Kenneth; Gerstenzang, James (April 6, 1987). “Mulroney Asks Reagan for Treaty on Acid Rain”. Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Cassedy, Edward S.; Grossman, Peter Z. (1998). Introduction to Energy: Resources, Technology, and Society. Cambridge U.P. p. 157. ISBN 9780521637671. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ “COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION”. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Canada’s environment policy to follow the U.S.: Minister”. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Resources – Climate Prosperity”. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Montgomery, Marc (October 1, 2015). “Canada has water, the U.S wants it”. RCI English. Radio Canada International. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ Michael Rheta Martin (1978). Dictionary of American History: With the Complete Text of the Constitution of the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 227. ISBN 9780822601241. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Murphy, Orville T. (1965). “The Comte De Vergennes, The Newfoundland Fisheries And The Peace Negotiation Of 1783: A Reconsideration”. Canadian Historical Review. 46 (1): 32–46. doi:10.3138/chr-046-01-02. S2CID 143808239.
- ^ Golladay, V. Dennis (1973). “The United States and British North American Fisheries, 1815–1818”. American Neptune. 33 (4): 246–257.
- ^ Alvin, C. Gluek Jr (1976). “Programmed Diplomacy: The Settlement of the North Atlantic Fisheries Question, 1907–12”. Acadiensis. 6 (1): 43–70.
- ^ Kurkpatrick Dorsey (2009). The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy: U.S.-Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the progressive era. University of Washington Press. p. 19ff. ISBN 9780295989792. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Matthew Carnaghan, Allison Goody, “Canadian Arctic Sovereignty” Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, January 26, 2006); 2006 news
- ^ “Cellucci: Canada should control Northwest Passage”. CTV.ca. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Histor!ca “Election of 1891: A Question of Loyalty” Archived April 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, James Marsh.
- ^ Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain (1955) p. 497
- ^ Council on Foreign Relations, Documents on American foreign relations (1957) Volume 9 p 558
- ^ John F. Kennedy. Address Before the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa. The American Presidency Project.
- ^ “The Embassy of the U.S.A., Ottawa – United States – Canada Relations”. Canada.usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ From a speech by Trudeau to the National Press Club in Washington, DC, on March 25, 1969
- ^ J. L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy (1991) p. 51
- ^ J. L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy (1991) p. 195
- ^ J. L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy (1991) p. 71
- ^ “The Rhetoric of 9/11: President George W. Bush – Address to Joint Session of Congress and the American People (9-20-01)”. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Frum, David (September 9, 2011). “David Frum: Why Bush didn’t mention Canada in his 9/20 speech”. National Post. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
- ^ “Statement by Prime Minister Stephen Harper”. Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ “Obama declares love for Canada, banishes Bush era”. Reuters. February 19, 2009.
- ^ “Remarks by President Biden in Address to the Canadian Parliament”. whitehouse.gov. March 24, 2023.
- ^ Waugh, Basil (July 7, 2011). “Canadians and Americans are more similar than assumed”. News.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
- ^ “Canadians and Americans think a lot alike”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
- ^ “United North America”. Unitednorthamerica.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
- ^ “In U.S., Canada Places First in Image Contest; Iran Last”. Gallup.com. February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2011. published in 2010.
- ^ Americans Give Record-High Ratings to Several U.S. Allies Gallup
- ^ See Jacob Poushter and Bruce Drake, “Americans’ views of Mexico, Canada diverge as Obama attends ‘Three Amigos’ summit” Pew research Center February 19, 2014
- ^ “US Image Report” (PDF). June 26, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2017.
- ^ “World’s Approval of U.S. Leadership Drops to New Low”. Gallup. January 18, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “America’s Image Abroad Rebounds with Transition from Trump to Biden”. June 10, 2021.
- ^ David Stephen Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (2004) p. 194
- ^ J. L. Granatstein, Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997)
- ^ Damien-Claude Bélanger, Prejudice and Pride: Canadian Intellectuals Confront the United States, 1891–1945 (University of Toronto Press, 2011), pp 16, 180
- ^ Richard Collins, Culture, Communication, and National Identity: The Case of Canadian Television (U. of Toronto Press, 1990) p. 25
- ^ David Meren, “‘Plus que jamais nécessaires’: Cultural Relations, Nationalism and the State in Canada–Quebec–France Triangle, 1945–1960”, Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 2009, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 279–305,
- ^ Jump up to:a b Paula Ruth Gilbert, Violence and the Female Imagination: Quebec’s Women Writers (2006) p. 114
- ^ Groseclose, Barbara S.; Wierich, Jochen (2009). Internationalizing the History of American Art: Views. Penn State Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0271032009. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Glazov, Jamie (2002). Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev’s Soviet Union. McGill-Queens. p. 138. ISBN 9780773522763. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Bumsted, J. M. (1999). Magocsi, Paul (ed.). Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780802029386. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Wennersten, John R. (2008). Leaving America: The New Expatriate Generation. Greenwood. p. 44. ISBN 9780313345067. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ O’Connor, Brendon (2007). Anti-Americanism: Comparative perspectives. Greenwood. p. 60. ISBN 9781846450266. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Lipset, Seymour Martin (1990). Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada. Routledge. ISBN 9780415903097. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ La Bossière, Camille R. (1994). Context North America: Canadian/U.S. Literary Relations. U. of Ottawa Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780776603605. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ “Poll: Deep anti-Bush sentiment in Canada”. Arizona Daily Sun. October 20, 2004. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Wike, Richard; Poushter, Jacob; Zainulbhai, Hani (June 29, 2016). “2. Obama’s international image remains strong in Europe and Asia”. Pewglobal.org.
- ^ “Who do Canadians want to vote for? Barack Obama”. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ “Canadians rooting for Hillary Clinton to become president: poll”. Global News. November 6, 2016.
- ^ “Majority of Canadians don’t trust Trump: Poll”. Toronto Sun. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
- ^ “Nearly 8 in 10 Canadians prefer Dems over Trump; Sanders, Biden most popular: poll”. CTV News. July 21, 2019.
- ^ Canada, Global Affairs (April 29, 2021). “Embassy of Canada to the United States, in Washington, D.C.” GAC.
- ^ “Embassy of the United States in Ottawa”.