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A powerful 7.3 magnitude earthquake struck near Vanuatu’s capital, Port Vila, causing widespread devastation. The quake triggered landslides, which buried roads and crushed vehicles, while multiple buildings were flattened. Among the structures damaged was a complex housing several western embassies. Authorities are assessing the extent of the destruction, with initial reports suggesting significant damage across the city. Rescue operations are underway as emergency services work to reach those trapped under debris. The earthquake has left residents in shock, with aftershocks continuing to shake the region. Early reports of casualties are emerging, but the full extent of the loss is yet to be confirmed.
Power and mobile networks across Vanuatu have been severely impacted by the 7.3 magnitude earthquake, leaving large parts of the country without communication. The full extent of the damage remains unclear, but early unconfirmed reports suggest at least one fatality. Rescue teams are facing challenges due to the disruption of services and damaged infrastructure. Emergency operations are ongoing, with authorities urging residents to stay safe and await further updates. Efforts are focused on reaching the hardest-hit areas, including Port Vila, where buildings, including a complex housing multiple western embassies, have been flattened.
COURTESY: News 24
Dan McGarry, a journalist based in Port Vila, reported seeing “several people who were visibly, seriously injured” outside the hospital’s emergency department following the 7.3 magnitude earthquake. The scene at the hospital was chaotic, with emergency responders working to assist those affected by the powerful quake. McGarry also described widespread damage, including collapsed buildings and roads, as the city grapples with the aftermath of the disaster. Authorities are continuing their search-and-rescue operations as they try to assess the full scale of the damage and provide medical care to the injured.
Vanuatu, which is known to be prone to earthquakes, experienced one of its most powerful tremors in recent history when a 7.3 magnitude earthquake struck at 12:47 local time (01:47 GMT). Journalist Dan McGarry, speaking to the BBC, described the earthquake as “the biggest one… in more than 20 years.” The massive quake caused widespread destruction, with buildings collapsing, roads being damaged, and numerous injuries reported. McGarry noted that the severity of the earthquake was unlike previous quakes he had experienced, highlighting the scale of the damage and the challenges faced by emergency responders in the affected areas.
“Emergency services are going to be busy for a while. We have limited equipment and capabilities here [in Vanuatu],” said Mr. McGarry. He also mentioned that police at the Vila Central Hospital informed him of one confirmed death, with expectations that the death toll may rise as the situation develops. The lack of resources and the widespread damage have made it difficult for emergency teams to respond quickly to all the affected areas. As the full extent of the disaster unfolds, the island nation faces significant challenges in dealing with the aftermath.
COURTESY: news.com.au
One of the clips from state broadcaster VBTC’s Facebook page showed dozens of people outside the Vila Central Hospital, many lying on hospital gurneys awaiting treatment. The footage highlighted the overwhelming number of injured people as medical staff worked tirelessly to attend to them. With the hospital’s emergency department inundated, the situation in Port Vila and surrounding areas remains dire as emergency services continue to manage the aftermath of the powerful earthquake.
Michael Thompson, director of the Vanuatu Jungle Zipline adventure company, told AFP news agency that he had seen bodies lying in the streets following the earthquake. He described the scene as chaotic, with widespread damage to buildings and infrastructure. Thompson added that the earthquake had caused severe disruption to daily life in Port Vila, leaving many people trapped under debris. Emergency responders and local authorities are continuing to assess the situation as they work to rescue survivors and provide medical assistance to the injured.
“There’s multiple buildings that have come down around town. There’s a big rescue operation on the way to clear out people who are possibly alive in the building,” Mr. Thompson said in a separate video posted to Facebook. He emphasized the urgent need for rescue teams to reach affected areas, as many people remain trapped under the rubble. The situation in Port Vila is dire, with ongoing aftershocks complicating efforts to provide aid. Local authorities and international support teams are working tirelessly to rescue survivors and provide relief to those affected by the devastating earthquake.
“I thought the ceiling [of our house] was going to come right down,” Mr. Thompson’s wife, Amanda, told the BBC. She described the terrifying moment when the earthquake struck, saying the shaking was so intense that it felt as if the entire structure might collapse. Like many others in the area, the Thompsons were left in shock, with their thoughts turning to their safety and the well-being of their community. The earthquake’s impact on the city has left residents shaken, and the full scale of the damage is still unfolding as rescue operations continue.
“We often have earthquakes here, but not like this… The house has giant cracks all through it, sliding glass doors are smashed,” Mr. Thompson’s wife, Amanda, added. The strength of the earthquake left visible damage to their home, and like many others in Port Vila, they were left dealing with the aftermath of the powerful tremor. The destruction has been widespread, and people are left to grapple with the immediate dangers, including the risk of aftershocks and the challenges of accessing basic services as the island braces for continued rescue efforts.
COURTEST: Aaj Tak
“We are feeling a lot of aftershocks now, and each one makes us nervous as we run out the door to open air,” she said. The continued aftershocks have left residents on edge, forcing them to take shelter outside in fear of further structural damage. The uncertainty of more tremors has compounded the anxiety and stress for those already dealing with the devastation caused by the initial quake.
However, Mr. McGarry added that despite the devastation, the people of Vanuatu would “get through” the latest disaster. He emphasized the resilience of the local population, who have faced numerous natural challenges in the past and would come together to recover from this devastating earthquake. The spirit of solidarity and community strength is expected to play a crucial role in the island nation’s recovery efforts.
“People in Vanuatu deal with natural disasters on a yearly basis. It’s in our blood. We’ll get through this as well, although not without some suffering,” Mr. McGarry said, reflecting the resilience and determination of the Vanuatu people. Despite the significant damage and loss, he expressed confidence that the community would come together to rebuild and recover, drawing strength from their shared experiences of overcoming past challenges.
Vanuatu, a low-lying archipelago of about 80 islands in the South Pacific, is located west of Fiji and thousands of kilometers east of northern Australia. Known for its volcanic activity and frequent natural disasters, the country is highly vulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones. Despite these challenges, Vanuatu’s residents have developed a strong resilience to these events, and the community is known for its unity in the face of adversity.
The nation sits in a seismically active region known as the “Ring of Fire,” making it highly susceptible to frequent large earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other natural disasters. This geological setting contributes to the country’s vulnerability to seismic events, such as the recent earthquake, as well as tsunamis and tropical storms, which are common in the South Pacific region. Despite these challenges, the people of Vanuatu have developed a strong sense of resilience and community to cope with the frequent natural hazards they face.
Western embassies among those damaged
The United States Embassy, the United Kingdom Embassy, the French Embassy, and the New Zealand High Commission were among the buildings severely damaged in the earthquake. These diplomatic missions were all housed within the same complex, which was significantly affected by the disaster. The destruction of these embassies has raised concerns about the safety of personnel and the potential impact on diplomatic relations, though the full extent of the damage and the safety of embassy staff remains unclear at this stage.
US officials confirmed that the embassy building in Port Vila had sustained “considerable damage” in the 7.3 magnitude earthquake. The embassy will remain closed until further notice. Fortunately, all staff in the building had safely evacuated prior to the collapse, and no injuries have been reported among embassy personnel. Efforts are underway to assess the full extent of the damage and to ensure the safety of all involved.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported that at least four aftershocks followed the initial 7.3 magnitude earthquake near Port Vila. These aftershocks ranged in magnitude from 4.7 to 5.5 and occurred within two hours of the first quake. The initial earthquake struck at a depth of 10km (6.2 miles), contributing to the ongoing seismic activity in the region. These aftershocks have further shaken the area, complicating rescue and recovery efforts.
Authorities in neighboring New Zealand and Australia have confirmed that there is no tsunami threat following the 7.3 magnitude earthquake in Vanuatu. Both countries’ emergency management agencies reassured the public that the quake did not trigger a tsunami risk for their coastal areas, allowing them to focus on aiding the immediate recovery efforts in Vanuatu.
Australia has expressed its readiness to assist Vanuatu in the aftermath of the devastating 7.3 magnitude earthquake. The Australian government stated it is prepared to provide support as the full extent of the damage is assessed. Emergency teams and aid supplies are on standby to help with the recovery efforts in the island nation.
“Vanuatu is family and we will always be there in times of need,” wrote Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong on X (formerly Twitter). Her message reflects Australia’s strong commitment to supporting Vanuatu in the wake of the powerful earthquake that caused widespread destruction and loss.
New Zealand expressed its “deep concern” over the devastating earthquake in Vanuatu and stated that it is closely monitoring the situation. Foreign Minister Winston Peters conveyed the country’s solidarity, saying, “Our thoughts are with the people and authorities of Vanuatu.”
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- ^ Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023). “Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye”. Seismica. 2 (3): 387. Bibcode:2023Seism…2..387M. doi:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387. S2CID 257520761.
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- ^ Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). “Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials” (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 111, B10308 (B10). Bibcode:2006JGRB..11110308R. doi:10.1029/2006JB004396. S2CID 1333820. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). “Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review”. Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
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- ^ Coates, SW; Schechter, D (2004). “Preschoolers’ traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 27 (3): 473–489. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006. PMID 15325488.
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- ^ Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). “A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes”. Nature. 341 (6244): 733–737. Bibcode:1989Natur.341..733G. doi:10.1038/341733a0. S2CID 4287597.
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- ^ Sibson, R.H. (1973). “Interactions between Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief”. Nat. Phys. Sci. 243 (126): 66–68. Bibcode:1973NPhS..243…66S. doi:10.1038/physci243066a0.
- ^ Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). “Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials” (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 111, B10308 (B10). Bibcode:2006JGRB..11110308R. doi:10.1029/2006JB004396. S2CID 1333820. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). “Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review”. Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). “Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?”. Science. 175 (4024): 885–887. Bibcode:1972Sci…175..885N. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.885. PMID 17781062. S2CID 19354081.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?”. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11.
- ^ “Repeating Earthquakes”. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
- ^ “The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Aftershock | geology”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
- ^ “Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ Duke, Alan. “Quake ‘swarm’ shakes Southern California”. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Amos Nur; Cline, Eric H. (2000). “Poseidon’s Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean” (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (1): 43–63. Bibcode:2000JArSc..27…43N. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431. ISSN 0305-4403. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
- ^ “Earthquake Storms”. Horizon. 1 April 2003. Archived from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ Guidoboni E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Sgattoni G.; Valensise G. “1908 12 28, 04:20:27 Calabria meridionale-Messina (Italy)”. CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500).
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- ^ The 10 biggest earthquakes in history Archived 2013-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Geographic, March 14, 2011.
- ^ “Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
- ^ “Visual Glossary – Ring of Fire”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
- ^ Jackson, James (2006). “Fatal attraction: living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 364 (1845): 1911–1925. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1911J. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1805. PMID 16844641. S2CID 40712253. Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
- ^ “Global urban seismic risk Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.” Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science.
- ^ Fougler, Gillian R.; Wilson, Miles; Gluyas, Jon G.; Julian, Bruce R.; Davies, Richard J. (2018). “Global review of human-induced earthquakes”. Earth-Science Reviews. 178: 438–514. Bibcode:2018ESRv..178..438F. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008.
- ^ Fountain, Henry (March 28, 2013). “Study Links 2011 Quake to Technique at Oil Wells”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Hough, Susan E.; Page, Morgan (2015). “A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma?”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 105 (6): 2863–2870. Bibcode:2015BuSSA.105.2863H. doi:10.1785/0120150109. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). “Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake”. Environmental Earth Sciences. 66 (5): 1439–1447. arXiv:1007.2155. Bibcode:2012EES….66.1439K. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7. S2CID 118367859.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (February 5, 2009). “Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Earle, Steven (September 2015). “11.3 Measuring Earthquakes”. Physical Geology (2nd ed.). Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1.
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- ^ Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). “The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences”. Journal of Seismology. 15 (2): 411–427. doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 – via Springer Link.
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- ^ Geller et al. 1997, p. 1616, following Allen (1976, p. 2070), who in turn followed Wood & Gutenberg (1935)
- ^ Earthquake Prediction Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010). “Quake myths rely on cloudy facts”. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
- ^ “Is there earthquake weather?”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
- ^ Kanamori 2003, p. 1205. See also International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011, p. 327.
- ^ Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003, “Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities”. Archived from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
- ^ Pailoplee, Santi (2017-03-13). “Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone”. Open Geosciences. 9 (1): 4. Bibcode:2017OGeo….9….4P. doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0004. ISSN 2391-5447. S2CID 132545870.
- ^ Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M. (1996). “Applying AI to Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation”. IEEE Expert. 11 (4): 24–34. doi:10.1109/64.511774.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Earthquakes”. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. 2003. pp. 358–364.
- ^ Sturluson, Snorri (1220). Prose Edda. ISBN 978-1-156-78621-5.
- ^ George E. Dimock (1990). The Unity of the Odyssey. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-87023-721-8.
- ^ “Namazu”. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- ^ Allison, D., 56. Matthew, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 884
- ^ Mark 13:8 and parallels
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-313-31822-1.
- ^ JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.
- ^ Goenjian, Najarian; Pynoos, Steinberg; Manoukian, Tavosian; Fairbanks, AM; Manoukian, G; Tavosian, A; Fairbanks, LA (1994). “Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia”. Am J Psychiatry. 151 (6): 895–901. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.6.895. PMID 8185000.
- ^ Wang, Gao; Shinfuku, Zhang; Zhao, Shen; Zhang, H; Zhao, C; Shen, Y (2000). “Longitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China”. Am J Psychiatry. 157 (8): 1260–1266. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260. PMID 10910788.
- ^ Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000). “Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence” (PDF). Am J Psychiatry. 157 (6): 911–916. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911. PMID 10831470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10.
- ^ Coates, SW; Schechter, D (2004). “Preschoolers’ traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 27 (3): 473–489. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006. PMID 15325488.
- ^ Schechter, DS; Coates, SW; First, E (2002). “Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks”. Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Tod
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- ^ Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). “Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake”. Environmental Earth Sciences. 66 (5): 1439–1447. arXiv:1007.2155. Bibcode:2012EES….66.1439K. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7. S2CID 118367859.
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- ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1.
- ^ “USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. A copy can be found at “USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy”. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
- ^ Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). “The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences”. Journal of Seismology. 15 (2): 411–427. doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 – via Springer Link.
- ^ “Speed of Sound through the Earth”. Hypertextbook.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ “Newsela | The science of earthquakes”. newsela.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
- ^ Geographic.org. “Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details”. Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
- ^ “Earth’s gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings”. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
- ^ “Gravity shifts could sound early earthquake alarm”. Archived from the original on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
- ^ “On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)”. Abag.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ “Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey” (PDF). California Department of Conservation. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-09.
- ^ “Historic Earthquakes – 1964 Anchorage Earthquake”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ “The wicked problem of earthquake hazard in developing countries”. preventionweb.net. 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ “Earthquake Resources”. Nctsn.org. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
- ^ “Natural Hazards – Landslides”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ “The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Noson, L.L.; Qamar, A.; Thorsen, G.W. (1988). Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85 (PDF). Washington State Earthquake Hazards. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ “Notes on Historical Earthquakes”. British Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ “Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat”. BBC News. 2003-08-03. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ Geller et al. 1997, p. 1616, following Allen (1976, p. 2070), who in turn followed Wood & Gutenberg (1935)
- ^ Earthquake Prediction Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010). “Quake myths rely on cloudy facts”. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
- ^ “Is there earthquake weather?”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
- ^ Kanamori 2003, p. 1205. See also International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011, p. 327.
- ^ Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003, “Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities”. Archived from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
- ^ Pailoplee, Santi (2017-03-13). “Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone”. Open Geosciences. 9 (1): 4. Bibcode:2017OGeo….9….4P. doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0004. ISSN 2391-5447. S2CID 132545870.
- ^ Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M. (1996). “Applying AI to Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation”. IEEE Expert. 11 (4): 24–34. doi:10.1109/64.511774.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Earthquakes”. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. 2003. pp. 358–364.
- ^ Sturluson, Snorri (1220). Prose Edda. ISBN 978-1-156-78621-5.
- ^ George E. Dimock (1990). The Unity of the Odyssey. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-87023-721-8.
- ^ “Namazu”. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- ^ Allison, D., 56. Matthew, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 884
- ^ Mark 13:8 and parallels
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-313-31822-1.
- ^ JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.
- ^ Goenjian, Najarian; Pynoos, Steinberg; Manoukian, Tavosian; Fairbanks, AM; Manoukian, G; Tavosian, A; Fairbanks, LA (1994). “Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia”. Am J Psychiatry. 151 (6): 895–901. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.6.895. PMID 8185000.
- ^ Wang, Gao; Shinfuku, Zhang; Zhao, Shen; Zhang, H; Zhao, C; Shen, Y (2000). “Longitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China”. Am J Psychiatry. 157 (8): 1260–1266. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260. PMID 10910788.
- ^ Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000). “Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence” (PDF). Am J Psychiatry. 157 (6): 911–916. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911. PMID 10831470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10.
- ^ Coates, SW; Schechter, D (2004). “Preschoolers’ traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 27 (3): 473–489. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006. PMID 15325488.
- ^ Schechter, DS; Coates, SW; First, E (2002). “Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks”. Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Tod
- References
- ^ “USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900”. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
- ^ “Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009.
- ^ Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005). Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time. ISBN 0-8065-2558-4
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Cool Earthquake Facts”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Pressler, Margaret Webb (14 April 2010). “More earthquakes than usual? Not really”. KidsPost. The Washington Post. pp. C10.
- ^ Kanamori Hiroo. “The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes” (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ “How Much Bigger?”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ Ohnaka, M. (2013). The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-107-35533-0.
- ^ Vassiliou, Marius; Kanamori, Hiroo (1982). “The Energy Release in Earthquakes”. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 72: 371–387.
- ^ Spence, William; S.A. Sipkin; G.L. Choy (1989). “Measuring the Size of an Earthquake”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
- ^ Sibson, R.H. (1982). “Fault Zone Models, Heat Flow, and the Depth Distribution of Earthquakes in the Continental Crust of the United States”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 72 (1): 151–163.
- ^ Sibson, R.H. (2002) “Geology of the crustal earthquake source” International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 455, eds. W H K Lee, H Kanamori, P C Jennings, and C. Kisslinger, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-440652-0
- ^ Hjaltadóttir S., 2010, “Use of relatively located microearthquakes to map fault patterns and estimate the thickness of the brittle crust in Southwest Iceland”
- ^ “Reports and publications | Seismicity | Icelandic Meteorological office”. En.vedur.is. Archived from the original on 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
- ^ Stern, Robert J. (2002), “Subduction zones”, Reviews of Geophysics, 40 (4): 17, Bibcode:2002RvGeo..40.1012S, doi:10.1029/2001RG000108, S2CID 247695067
- ^ “Instrumental California Earthquake Catalog”. WGCEP. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
- ^ Schorlemmer, D.; Wiemer, S.; Wyss, M. (2005). “Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes”. Nature. 437 (7058): 539–542. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..539S. doi:10.1038/nature04094. PMID 16177788. S2CID 4327471.
- ^ Geoscience Australia.[full citation needed]
- ^ Wyss, M. (1979). “Estimating expectable maximum magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions”. Geology. 7 (7): 336–340. Bibcode:1979Geo…..7..336W. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<336:EMEMOE>2.0.CO;2.
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- ^ Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). “A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes”. Nature. 341 (6244): 733–737. Bibcode:1989Natur.341..733G. doi:10.1038/341733a0. S2CID 4287597.
- ^ Foxworthy and Hill (1982). Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249.
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- ^ Jump up to:a b National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Science of Earthquakes (2003). “5. Earthquake Physics and Fault-System Science”. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-309-06562-7. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023). “Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye”. Seismica. 2 (3): 387. Bibcode:2023Seism…2..387M. doi:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387. S2CID 257520761.
- ^ Sibson, R.H. (1973). “Interactions between Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief”. Nat. Phys. Sci. 243 (126): 66–68. Bibcode:1973NPhS..243…66S. doi:10.1038/physci243066a0.
- ^ Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). “Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials” (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 111, B10308 (B10). Bibcode:2006JGRB..11110308R. doi:10.1029/2006JB004396. S2CID 1333820. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). “Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review”. Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). “Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?”. Science. 175 (4024): 885–887. Bibcode:1972Sci…175..885N. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.885. PMID 17781062. S2CID 19354081.
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- ^ Duke, Alan. “Quake ‘swarm’ shakes Southern California”. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
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- ^ Guidoboni E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Sgattoni G.; Valensise G. “1908 12 28, 04:20:27 Calabria meridionale-Messina (Italy)”. CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500).
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- ^ “Global urban seismic risk Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.” Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science.
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- ^ Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). “The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences”. Journal of Seismology. 15 (2): 411–427. doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 – via Springer Link.
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- ^ Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000). “Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence” (PDF). Am J Psychiatry. 157 (6): 911–916. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911. PMID 10831470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10.
- ^ Coates, SW; Schechter, D (2004). “Preschoolers’ traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 27 (3): 473–489. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006. PMID 15325488.
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- ^ “M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005” (PDF). National Earthquake Information Center. 17 October 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). “A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes”. Nature. 341 (6244): 733–737. Bibcode:1989Natur.341..733G. doi:10.1038/341733a0. S2CID 4287597.
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- ^ Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023). “Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye”. Seismica. 2 (3): 387. Bibcode:2023Seism…2..387M. doi:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387. S2CID 257520761.
- ^ Sibson, R.H. (1973). “Interactions between Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief”. Nat. Phys. Sci. 243 (126): 66–68. Bibcode:1973NPhS..243…66S. doi:10.1038/physci243066a0.
- ^ Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). “Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials” (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 111, B10308 (B10). Bibcode:2006JGRB..11110308R. doi:10.1029/2006JB004396. S2CID 1333820. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). “Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review”. Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). “Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?”. Science. 175 (4024): 885–887. Bibcode:1972Sci…175..885N. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.885. PMID 17781062. S2CID 19354081.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?”. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11.
- ^ “Repeating Earthquakes”. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
- ^ “The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Aftershock | geology”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
- ^ “Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ Duke, Alan. “Quake ‘swarm’ shakes Southern California”. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Amos Nur; Cline, Eric H. (2000). “Poseidon’s Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean” (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (1): 43–63. Bibcode:2000JArSc..27…43N. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431. ISSN 0305-4403. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
- ^ “Earthquake Storms”. Horizon. 1 April 2003. Archived from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ Guidoboni E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Sgattoni G.; Valensise G. “1908 12 28, 04:20:27 Calabria meridionale-Messina (Italy)”. CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500).
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- ^ Jackson, James (2006). “Fatal attraction: living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 364 (1845): 1911–1925. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1911J. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1805. PMID 16844641. S2CID 40712253. Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
- ^ “Global urban seismic risk Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.” Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science.
- ^ Fougler, Gillian R.; Wilson, Miles; Gluyas, Jon G.; Julian, Bruce R.; Davies, Richard J. (2018). “Global review of human-induced earthquakes”. Earth-Science Reviews. 178: 438–514. Bibcode:2018ESRv..178..438F. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008.
- ^ Fountain, Henry (March 28, 2013). “Study Links 2011 Quake to Technique at Oil Wells”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Hough, Susan E.; Page, Morgan (2015). “A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma?”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 105 (6): 2863–2870. Bibcode:2015BuSSA.105.2863H. doi:10.1785/0120150109. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). “Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake”. Environmental Earth Sciences. 66 (5): 1439–1447. arXiv:1007.2155. Bibcode:2012EES….66.1439K. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7. S2CID 118367859.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (February 5, 2009). “Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Earle, Steven (September 2015). “11.3 Measuring Earthquakes”. Physical Geology (2nd ed.). Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1.
- ^ “USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)”. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. A copy can be found at “USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy”. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
- ^ Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). “The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences”. Journal of Seismology. 15 (2): 411–427. doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 – via Springer Link.
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- ^ Geographic.org. “Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details”. Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
- ^ “Earth’s gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings”. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
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