In a recent interview, actor Varun Dhawan expressed his admiration for Amit Shah’s unwavering dedication to India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Dhawan described Shah as the “Hanuman” of Indian politics, highlighting his selfless commitment to placing the nation and Modi ji above all else. The actor praised Shah’s loyalty and contribution to the country’s political landscape, acknowledging his crucial role in supporting the Prime Minister’s vision and working towards the nation’s progress. Dhawan’s comments underscored the deep respect he holds for Shah’s leadership and his significant impact on Indian politics.

Bollywood actor Varun Dhawan recently made waves for describing India’s Union Home Minister Amit Shah as the ‘Hanuman’ of Indian politics. The comment, made during the Agenda AajTak conclave, attracted considerable attention and curiosity. Now, in a recent interview with News18 India, Varun elaborated on his statement, expressing his admiration for Shah’s unwavering dedication to India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Varun explained that the comparison to Lord Hanuman was a mark of Shah’s devotion and loyalty to the nation, as well as his tireless work to support Modi ji’s vision. He praised Shah’s relentless commitment to ensuring the country’s progress and his selflessness in serving the political and national interests of India.

In his interview, Varun emphasized how Shah has consistently placed India and the interests of the nation above all else. He also acknowledged Shah’s leadership and ability to navigate the complexities of Indian politics with resilience and determination. The actor’s words reflect his respect for Shah’s influential role in shaping India’s political landscape and his unwavering support for the nation’s development under Modi’s leadership.

Varun’s comments further sparked discussions on the influence of political figures in India and how their work resonates in different spheres, including the entertainment industry, where such tributes are often considered significant.

“I called him ‘Hanuman’ because he consistently places India and Modi ji above all else,” Varun explained. “During our brief conversation, I noticed that every answer he gave prioritised the country’s welfare. He wasn’t promoting himself or worrying about how his words might be perceived. His focus was solely on India’s progress, not his personal image. This selflessness reminded me of Lord Hanuman, who served with complete devotion.”

Varun’s comments further emphasized the deep respect he holds for Amit Shah’s leadership style, particularly his ability to work selflessly for the greater good of the nation. The actor highlighted how Shah’s dedication to India’s development and his unwavering commitment to supporting Prime Minister Modi stood out during their interaction. This comparison to Lord Hanuman, known for his humility, loyalty, and devotion, reflected Varun’s admiration for Shah’s political approach and the significant role he plays in shaping India’s future.

COURTESY:India Today

Varun’s remarks came while promoting his forthcoming film, Baby John. While discussing his views, he acknowledged that his comments might invite criticism, with some potentially accusing him of having political leanings. However, Varun was unfazed by the potential backlash. He confidently expressed that his admiration for Amit Shah was based solely on the politician’s commitment to the nation and his selfless dedication, rather than any personal or political agenda. Varun emphasized that his words were meant to acknowledge Shah’s service to India and had no hidden motives, showcasing his willingness to stand by his beliefs despite any controversies.

“Critics can say what they like,” he said. “I am not a political person. When I’ve disagreed with something, I’ve been vocal about it. My intention here was simply to highlight qualities I admired in someone.”

Varun made it clear that his comments were not motivated by political allegiance but were instead a reflection of his respect for certain qualities in Amit Shah, particularly his selflessness and commitment to India’s progress. The actor stressed that his goal was to acknowledge Shah’s dedication, not to endorse any political ideology. Varun remained firm in his stance, underscoring his belief that admiration for someone’s qualities should not be misinterpreted as political affiliation.

For the uninitiated, at the conclave, Varun engaged in a thought-provoking exchange with Shah, posing a question about the Ramayana. “What do you believe was the key difference between Lord Ram and Ravan?” the actor asked. Shah’s response explored the philosophical essence of the epic.

“For some, their interests are guided by their duties (dharma), whereas others manipulate their duties to serve their self-interests,” Shah explained. “Lord Ram lived by his dharma, while Ravan reshaped it to align with his own desires.”

Shah’s insightful answer drew a contrast between the two iconic figures, emphasizing the importance of adhering to one’s duties and principles, as exemplified by Lord Ram. On the other hand, Ravan’s manipulation of dharma for personal gain was depicted as a reflection of his moral downfall. This exchange resonated deeply with Varun, reinforcing his admiration for Shah’s philosophical perspective and unwavering commitment to principles, much like Lord Ram’s devotion to dharma.

The discussion also touched on arrogance (ahankar), a theme Shah had addressed earlier during the conclave. “Ravan was arrogant about his knowledge, whereas Ram had the wisdom to understand and overcome arrogance,” Shah remarked.

COURTESY: News18 India

Building on Shah’s insights, Varun shared his perspective. “Ravan possessed arrogance of knowledge, whereas Lord Ram had knowledge of arrogance,” he said, reflecting on the profound distinction.

Varun’s statement highlighted the deeper understanding of humility and wisdom. While Ravan’s arrogance stemmed from his belief in his own intellect and power, Lord Ram’s wisdom allowed him to recognize the dangers of arrogance and rise above it. This philosophical exchange between Varun and Shah underscored the timeless lessons from the Ramayana, offering a reflection on how humility and wisdom are integral to personal and moral growth.

Concluding their interaction, Varun expressed his respect for Shah’s leadership. “People often refer to you as the Chanakya of politics, but I see you as the Hanuman of our nation—selflessly working for India.”

Varun’s words reinforced his admiration for Shah’s dedication and selflessness in serving the country. While many have compared Shah to Chanakya for his strategic and calculated political moves, Varun chose to highlight the more humble, unwavering qualities of service and loyalty, drawing a parallel to Lord Hanuman. This tribute reflected Varun’s recognition of Shah’s contributions to India’s growth, emphasizing his role as a devoted leader working tirelessly for the nation’s betterment.

The exchange highlighted Varun’s admiration for Shah’s ideals and offered a rare glimpse into the actor’s ability to connect mythology with modern leadership, bridging the gap between tradition and contemporary political philosophy. By referencing figures like Lord Hanuman and Lord Ram, Varun not only praised Shah’s selflessness and wisdom but also demonstrated how ancient lessons can resonate in today’s political context. This conversation showcased Varun’s unique perspective on leadership, emphasizing that qualities such as dedication, humility, and service to the nation are timeless values that transcend political ideologies.

References

1. ^ “Hanuman: A Symbol of Unity”. The Statesman. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
2. ^ Brown, N.R. (2011). The Mythology of Supernatural: The Signs and Symbols Behind the Popular TV Show. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-101-51752-9. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3. ^ Williams, G.M. (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Handbooks of world mythology. OUP USA. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
4. ^ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04630-9.
5. ^ “Hanuman” Archived 26 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary.
6. ^ wisdomlib.org (16 January 2019). “Anjaneya, Āñjaneya, Amjaneya: 9 definitions”. www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
7. ^ Bibek Debroy (2012). The Mahabharata: Volume 3. Penguin Books. pp. 184 with footnote 686. ISBN 978-0-14-310015-7.
8. ^ Jump up to:^a b J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1310–1311. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
9. ^ Jump up to:^a b Paula Richman (2010), Review: Lutgendorf, Philip’s Hanuman’s Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey, The Journal of Asian Studies; Vol 69, Issue 4 (Nov 2010), page 32
10. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 44.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Jayant Lele (1981). Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements. Brill Academic. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-90-04-06370-9.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf 2007, p. 67.
13. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 26–32, 116, 257–259, 388–391.
15. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). “Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism”. Religion. 27 (4): 311–332. doi:10.1006/reli.1997.0095.
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2–9. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
18. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 223, 309, 320.
19. ^ Wendy Doniger, Hanuman: Hindu mythology Archived 15 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia Britannica; For a summary of the Chinese text, see Xiyouji: Novel by Wu Cheng’En
20. ^ H. S. Walker (1998), Indigenous or Foreign? A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 81. September 1998, Editor: Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania
21. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 31–32.
22. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 68.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
24. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 50–53.
25. ^ ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८६, Rigveda, Wikisource
26. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Manushi, No. 114, pages 23–25
27. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 39–40.
28. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Manushi, No. 114, pp. 22–23
29. ^ Nanditha Krishna (2010). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin Books India. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-14-306619-4.
30. ^ Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
31. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Camille Bulcke; Dineśvara Prasāda (2010). Rāmakathā and Other Essays. Vani Prakashan. pp. 117–126. ISBN 978-93-5000-107-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
32. ^ The Rigveda, with Dayananda Saraswati’s Commentary, Volume 1. Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha. 1974. p. 717. The third meaning of Rudra is Vayu or air that causes pain to the wicked on the account of their evil actions…… Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds .
33. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (10 September 2018). Gender Fluidity in Hindu Mythology. Penguin Random House. p. 11. ISBN 9789353052720. In Vaishnava traditions, Hanuman is not related to Shiva. In Shaiva traditions, Hanuman is either Shiva’s avatar or son.
34. ^ Shanti Lal Nagar (1999). Genesis and evolution of the Rāma kathā in Indian art, thought, literature, and culture: from the earliest period to the modern times. B.R. Pub. Co. ISBN 978-81-7646-082-8. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
35. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 64–71.
36. ^ Kane, P. V. (1966). “The Two Epics”. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 47 (1/4): 48. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41694199.
37. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 723–725. ISBN 978-81-208-0205-6.
38. ^ Jump up to:^a b Patrick Peebles (2015). Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-317-45248-5.
39. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 85.
40. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 57–64.
41. ^ Thomas A. Green (2001). Martial Arts of the World: En Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 467–468. ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2.
42. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 36, Iss. 1–2, pp. 71–112
43. ^ Jump up to:^a b Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas Vol 2. (D-H) pp=628–631, Swami Parmeshwaranand, Sarup & Sons, 2001, ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3
44. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 249.
45. ^ Deshpande, Chaitanya (22 April 2016). “Hanuman devotees to visit Anjaneri today”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
46. ^ Bose, Mrityunjay (7 November 2020). “Maharashtra govt to develop Hanuman’s birthplace Anjaneri”. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
47. ^ Malagi, Shivakumar G. (20 December 2018). “At Hampi, fervour peaks at Hanuman’s birthplace”. Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
48. ^ “Anjaneya Hill”. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
49. ^ “Anjeyanadri Hill | Sightseeing Hampi”. Karnataka.com. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
50. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
51. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 188–189.
52. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Pai, Anant (1978). Valmiki’s Ramayana. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–96.
53. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Pai, Anant (1971). Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
54. ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). Bheema and Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
55. ^ Joginder Narula (1991). Hanuman, God and Epic Hero: The Origin and Growth of Hanuman in Indian Literary and Folk Tradition. Manohar Publications. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-81-85054-84-1.
56. ^ Jump up to:^a b James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 271–272. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
57. ^ Nityananda Misra. Mahaviri: Hanuman Chalisa Demystified. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
58. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 45–47, 287.
59. ^ Goldman, Robert P. (Introduction, translation and annotation) (1996). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume V: Sundarakanda. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 0691066620. pp. 45–47.
60. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 6, 44–45, 205–210.
61. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 61.
62. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 140–141, 201.
63. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
64. ^ A Kapoor (1995). Gilbert Pollet (ed.). Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact. Peeters Publishers. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-90-6831-701-5.
65. ^ Roderick Hindery (1978). Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 100–107. ISBN 978-81-208-0866-9.
66. ^ Wolcott, Leonard T. (1978). “Hanumān: The Power-Dispensing Monkey in North Indian Folk Religion”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 37 (4): 653–661. doi:10.2307/2054368. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2054368. S2CID 162908060.
67. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). “Five Heads and No Tale: Hanumān and the Popularization of Tantra”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 5 (3): 269–296. doi:10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3. ISSN 1022-4556. JSTOR 20106778.
68. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 723–728. ISBN 978-81-208-0205-6.
69. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
70. ^ Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 509–511. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
71. ^ Dallapiccola, A.L.; Verghese, Anila (2002). “Narrative Reliefs of Bhima and Purushamriga at Vijayanagara”. South Asian Studies. 18 (1): 73–76. doi:10.1080/02666030.2002.9628609. S2CID 191646631.
72. ^ J. A. B. van Buitenen (1973). The Mahabharata, Vol. 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest. University of Chicago Press. pp. 180, 371, 501–505. ISBN 978-0-226-84664-4.
73. ^ Diana L. Eck (1991). Devotion divine: Bhakti traditions from the regions of India : studies in honour of Charlotte Vaudeville. Egbert Forsten. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-6980-045-5. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
74. ^ Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
75. ^ Catherine Ludvík (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarasidas publ. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
76. ^ Mystery of Hanuman Inspiring Tales from Art and Mythology –The Story of Ahiravan Vadh – Hanuman Saves Lord
77. ^ Susan Whitfield; Ursula Sims-Williams (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
78. ^ J. L. Brockington (1985). Righteous Rāma: The Evolution of an Epic. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–267, 283–284, 300–303, 312 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-19-815463-1.
79. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 353–354.
80. ^ Jump up to:^a b Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney (1989). The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Ritual. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–54. ISBN 978-0-691-02846-0.
81. ^ John C. Holt (2005). The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 138–140. ISBN 978-0-231-50814-8.
82. ^ Hera S. Walker (1998). Indigenous Or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, Issues 81–87. University of Pennsylvania. p. 45.
83. ^ Arthur Cotterall (2012). The Pimlico Dictionary of Classical Mythologies. Random House. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4481-2996-6.
84. ^ Rosalind Lefeber (1994). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India-Kiskindhakanda. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0-691-06661-5.
85. ^ Richard Karl Payne (1998). Re-Visioning “Kamakura” Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8248-2078-7.
86. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 38–41.
87. ^ Peter D. Hershock (2006). Buddhism in the Public Sphere: Reorienting Global Interdependence. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-135-98674-2.
88. ^ Reiko Ohnuma (2017). Unfortunate Destiny: Animals in the Indian Buddhist Imagination. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-19-063755-2.
89. ^ Louis E. Fenech (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150 with note 28. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3.
90. ^ John Stratton Hawley; Gurinder Singh Mann (1993). Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America. State University of New York Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-7914-1426-2.
91. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (1 September 2000). The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine. Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-89281-807-5. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
92. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). “Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism”. Religion. 27 (4): 311. doi:10.1006/reli.1997.0095.
93. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol 36, Issue 1–2, pages 71–110
94. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 183 note 4. ISBN 978-93-80607-04-7. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
95. ^ William R. Pinch (1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. pp. 27–28, 64, 158–159. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
96. ^ Sarvepalli Gopal (1993). Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–46, 135–137. ISBN 978-1-85649-050-4.
97. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. pp. 332, 389–391. ISBN 978-93-80607-04-7. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
98. ^ Daromir Rudnyckyj; Filippo Osella (2017). Religion and the Morality of the Market. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–82. ISBN 978-1-107-18605-7.
99. ^ Pathik Pathak (2008). Future of Multicultural Britain: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma. Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7486-3546-7.
100. ^ Chetan Bhatt (2001). Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths. Berg. pp. 180–192. ISBN 978-1-85973-343-1.
101. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). “Five heads and no tale: Hanumān and the popularization of Tantra”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 5 (3): 269–296. doi:10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3. S2CID 144825928.
102. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 319, 380–388.
103. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 59–61.
104. ^ Hanuman Bearing the Mountaintop with Medicinal Herbs New York Metropolitan Museum. Ca. 1800. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
105. ^ T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). Elements of Hindu iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 58, 190–194. ISBN 978-81-208-0878-2.
106. ^ David N. Lorenzen (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action. State University of New York Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
107. ^ Vanamali 2010, p. 14.
108. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 60.
109. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 11–12, 101.
110. ^ Reports of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883–84, and of a Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Gwalior, in 1884–85, Alexander Cunningham, 1885
111. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 59–60.
112. ^ “Hanuman Garhi”. www.uptourism.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
113. ^ “Five historical Hindu temples of Pakistan”. WION. 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
114. ^ Academy, Himalayan. “Hinduism Today Magazine”. www.hinduismtoday.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
115. ^ The Indian Express, Chandigarh, Tuesday, 2 November 2010, p. 5.
116. ^ Lutgendorf 2007.
117. ^ Swati Mitra (2012). Temples of Madhya Pradesh. Eicher Goodearth and Government of Madhya Pradesh. p. 41. ISBN 978-93-80262-49-9.
118. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 239, 24.
119. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7. Retrieved 14 May 2009. hanuman sarangpur. Page 128
120. ^ “Amit Shah Unveils 54-Feet-Tall Statue Of Lord Hanuman At Gujarat Temple”. NDTV.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
121. ^ New Hindu temple serves Frisco’s growing Asian Indian population Archived 28 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Dallas Morning News, 6 August 2015
122. ^ “90-ft Hanuman Statue of Union unveiled in Texas, 3rd tallest in US”. The Times of India. 21 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
123. ^ Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). “The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]”. The Drama Review: TDR. 21 (3): 51–82. doi:10.2307/1145152. JSTOR 1145152.
124. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2015). “Navratri – Hindu festival”. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
125. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana Archived 31 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO
126. ^ Ramlila Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle, by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1-85109-636-1. Page 42.
127. ^ Toni Shapiro-Phim, Reamker Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Cambodian Version of Ramayana, Asia Society
128. ^ Marrison, G. E (1989). “Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian Version of the Rāmāyaṇa. A Review Article”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 121 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00167917. JSTOR 25212421. S2CID 161831703.
129. ^ Jukka O. Miettinen (1992). Classical Dance and Theatre in South-East Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-19-588595-8.
130. ^ Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier; Tim Winter (2006). Expressions of Cambodia: The Politics of Tradition, Identity and Change. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-134-17196-5.
131. ^ James R. Brandon; Martin Banham (1997). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-521-58822-5.
132. ^ Margarete Merkle (2012). Bali: Magical Dances. epubli. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-3-8442-3298-1.^{[permanent dead link]}
133. ^ J. Kats (1927), The Rāmāyana in Indonesia Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1927), pp. 579–585
134. ^ Malini Saran (2005), The Ramayana in Indonesia: alternate tellings Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4 (SPRING 2005), pp. 66–82
135. ^ Willem Frederik Stutterheim (1989). Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia. Abhinav Publications. pp. xvii, 5–16 (Indonesia), 17–21 (Malaysia), 34–37. ISBN 978-81-7017-251-2.
136. ^ Marijke Klokke (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono’s Festschrift. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. pp. 391–399. ISBN 978-979-26-2499-1.
137. ^ Andrea Acri; H.M. Creese; A. Griffiths (2010). From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayana in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia. BRILL Academic. pp. 197–203, 209–213. ISBN 978-90-04-25376-6.
138. ^ Moertjipto (1991). The Ramayana Reliefs of Prambanan. Penerbit Kanisius. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-979-413-720-8.
139. ^ Hildred Geertz (2004). The Life of a Balinese Temple: Artistry, Imagination, and History in a Peasant Village. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 154–165. ISBN 978-0-8248-2533-1.
140. ^ Pitoyo Amrih (2014), Hanoman, Akhir bisu sebuah perang besar, Pitoyo Ebook, archived from the original on 11 April 2023, retrieved 19 March 2023
141. ^ Paula Richman (1991). Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-520-07589-4.
142. ^ Amolwan Kiriwat (1997), KHON: MASKED DANCE DRAMA OF THE THAI EPIC RAMAKIEN Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, University of Maine, Advisor: Sandra Hardy, pages 3–4, 7
143. ^ Planet, Lonely; Isalska, Anita; Bewer, Tim; Brash, Celeste; Bush, Austin; Eimer, David; Harper, Damian; Symington, Andy (2018). Lonely Planet Thailand. Lonely Planet. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-78701-926-3. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
144. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 211.
145. ^ Tony Moore; Tim Mousel (2008). Muay Thai. New Holland. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-84773-151-7.^{[permanent dead link]}
146. ^ “Wives Of Hanuman”. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
147. ^ “Did you know how Dara Singh was chosen for the role of Hanuman in Ramayan?”. mid-day. 30 May 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
148. ^ “Hanuman: the journey of a mythical superhero”. News18. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
149. ^ “5 Bollywood Movies About Hanuman”. BookMyShow. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
150. ^ Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), archived from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 19 March 2019
151. ^ “Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket”. The Hindu. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
152. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: “Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview”. Associated Press. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
153. ^ Amish Tripathi (12 March 2018). “What India can learn from ‘Black Panther'”. washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
154. ^ Nicole Drum (20 February 2018). “‘Black Panther’ Movie Had a Word Censored in India”. comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
155. ^ “Rodrigo y Gabriela: Fusing Flamenco And Metal”. NPR.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
156. ^ “White Monkey’ Khon performance film to hit cinemas on December 5”. NNT. 8 November 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
157. ^ Samrat, Ujjwal (24 December 2022). “Who is AP in Ram Setu?”. True Scoop News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
158. References
159. ^ “Hanuman: A Symbol of Unity”. The Statesman. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
160. ^ Brown, N.R. (2011). The Mythology of Supernatural: The Signs and Symbols Behind the Popular TV Show. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-101-51752-9. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
161. ^ Williams, G.M. (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Handbooks of world mythology. OUP USA. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
162. ^ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04630-9.
163. ^ “Hanuman” Archived 26 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary.
164. ^ wisdomlib.org (16 January 2019). “Anjaneya, Āñjaneya, Amjaneya: 9 definitions”. www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
165. ^ Bibek Debroy (2012). The Mahabharata: Volume 3. Penguin Books. pp. 184 with footnote 686. ISBN 978-0-14-310015-7.
166. ^ Jump up to:^a b J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1310–1311. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
167. ^ Jump up to:^a b Paula Richman (2010), Review: Lutgendorf, Philip’s Hanuman’s Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey, The Journal of Asian Studies; Vol 69, Issue 4 (Nov 2010), page 32
168. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 44.
169. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Jayant Lele (1981). Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements. Brill Academic. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-90-04-06370-9.
170. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf 2007, p. 67.
171. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
172. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 26–32, 116, 257–259, 388–391.
173. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
174. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). “Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism”. Religion. 27 (4): 311–332. doi:10.1006/reli.1997.0095.
175. ^ Jump up to:^a b Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2–9. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
176. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 223, 309, 320.
177. ^ Wendy Doniger, Hanuman: Hindu mythology Archived 15 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia Britannica; For a summary of the Chinese text, see Xiyouji: Novel by Wu Cheng’En
178. ^ H. S. Walker (1998), Indigenous or Foreign? A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 81. September 1998, Editor: Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania
179. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 31–32.
180. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 68.
181. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
182. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 50–53.
183. ^ ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८६, Rigveda, Wikisource
184. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Manushi, No. 114, pages 23–25
185. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 39–40.
186. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Manushi, No. 114, pp. 22–23
187. ^ Nanditha Krishna (2010). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin Books India. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-14-306619-4.
188. ^ Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
189. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Camille Bulcke; Dineśvara Prasāda (2010). Rāmakathā and Other Essays. Vani Prakashan. pp. 117–126. ISBN 978-93-5000-107-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
190. ^ The Rigveda, with Dayananda Saraswati’s Commentary, Volume 1. Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha. 1974. p. 717. The third meaning of Rudra is Vayu or air that causes pain to the wicked on the account of their evil actions…… Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds .
191. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (10 September 2018). Gender Fluidity in Hindu Mythology. Penguin Random House. p. 11. ISBN 9789353052720. In Vaishnava traditions, Hanuman is not related to Shiva. In Shaiva traditions, Hanuman is either Shiva’s avatar or son.
192. ^ Shanti Lal Nagar (1999). Genesis and evolution of the Rāma kathā in Indian art, thought, literature, and culture: from the earliest period to the modern times. B.R. Pub. Co. ISBN 978-81-7646-082-8. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
193. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 64–71.
194. ^ Kane, P. V. (1966). “The Two Epics”. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 47 (1/4): 48. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41694199.
195. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 723–725. ISBN 978-81-208-0205-6.
196. ^ Jump up to:^a b Patrick Peebles (2015). Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-317-45248-5.
197. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 85.
198. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 57–64.
199. ^ Thomas A. Green (2001). Martial Arts of the World: En Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 467–468. ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2.
200. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 36, Iss. 1–2, pp. 71–112
201. ^ Jump up to:^a b Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas Vol 2. (D-H) pp=628–631, Swami Parmeshwaranand, Sarup & Sons, 2001, ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3
202. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 249.
203. ^ Deshpande, Chaitanya (22 April 2016). “Hanuman devotees to visit Anjaneri today”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
204. ^ Bose, Mrityunjay (7 November 2020). “Maharashtra govt to develop Hanuman’s birthplace Anjaneri”. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
205. ^ Malagi, Shivakumar G. (20 December 2018). “At Hampi, fervour peaks at Hanuman’s birthplace”. Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
206. ^ “Anjaneya Hill”. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
207. ^ “Anjeyanadri Hill | Sightseeing Hampi”. Karnataka.com. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
208. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
209. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 188–189.
210. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Pai, Anant (1978). Valmiki’s Ramayana. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–96.
211. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Pai, Anant (1971). Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
212. ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). Bheema and Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
213. ^ Joginder Narula (1991). Hanuman, God and Epic Hero: The Origin and Growth of Hanuman in Indian Literary and Folk Tradition. Manohar Publications. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-81-85054-84-1.
214. ^ Jump up to:^a b James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 271–272. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
215. ^ Nityananda Misra. Mahaviri: Hanuman Chalisa Demystified. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
216. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 45–47, 287.
217. ^ Goldman, Robert P. (Introduction, translation and annotation) (1996). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume V: Sundarakanda. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 0691066620. pp. 45–47.
218. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 6, 44–45, 205–210.
219. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 61.
220. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 140–141, 201.
221. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
222. ^ A Kapoor (1995). Gilbert Pollet (ed.). Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact. Peeters Publishers. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-90-6831-701-5.
223. ^ Roderick Hindery (1978). Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 100–107. ISBN 978-81-208-0866-9.
224. ^ Wolcott, Leonard T. (1978). “Hanumān: The Power-Dispensing Monkey in North Indian Folk Religion”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 37 (4): 653–661. doi:10.2307/2054368. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2054368. S2CID 162908060.
225. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). “Five Heads and No Tale: Hanumān and the Popularization of Tantra”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 5 (3): 269–296. doi:10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3. ISSN 1022-4556. JSTOR 20106778.
226. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 723–728. ISBN 978-81-208-0205-6.
227. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.
228. ^ Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 509–511. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
229. ^ Dallapiccola, A.L.; Verghese, Anila (2002). “Narrative Reliefs of Bhima and Purushamriga at Vijayanagara”. South Asian Studies. 18 (1): 73–76. doi:10.1080/02666030.2002.9628609. S2CID 191646631.
230. ^ J. A. B. van Buitenen (1973). The Mahabharata, Vol. 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest. University of Chicago Press. pp. 180, 371, 501–505. ISBN 978-0-226-84664-4.
231. ^ Diana L. Eck (1991). Devotion divine: Bhakti traditions from the regions of India : studies in honour of Charlotte Vaudeville. Egbert Forsten. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-6980-045-5. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
232. ^ Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
233. ^ Catherine Ludvík (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarasidas publ. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
234. ^ Mystery of Hanuman Inspiring Tales from Art and Mythology –The Story of Ahiravan Vadh – Hanuman Saves Lord
235. ^ Susan Whitfield; Ursula Sims-Williams (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
236. ^ J. L. Brockington (1985). Righteous Rāma: The Evolution of an Epic. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–267, 283–284, 300–303, 312 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-19-815463-1.
237. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 353–354.
238. ^ Jump up to:^a b Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney (1989). The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Ritual. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–54. ISBN 978-0-691-02846-0.
239. ^ John C. Holt (2005). The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 138–140. ISBN 978-0-231-50814-8.
240. ^ Hera S. Walker (1998). Indigenous Or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, Issues 81–87. University of Pennsylvania. p. 45.
241. ^ Arthur Cotterall (2012). The Pimlico Dictionary of Classical Mythologies. Random House. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4481-2996-6.
242. ^ Rosalind Lefeber (1994). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India-Kiskindhakanda. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0-691-06661-5.
243. ^ Richard Karl Payne (1998). Re-Visioning “Kamakura” Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8248-2078-7.
244. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 38–41.
245. ^ Peter D. Hershock (2006). Buddhism in the Public Sphere: Reorienting Global Interdependence. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-135-98674-2.
246. ^ Reiko Ohnuma (2017). Unfortunate Destiny: Animals in the Indian Buddhist Imagination. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-19-063755-2.
247. ^ Louis E. Fenech (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150 with note 28. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3.
248. ^ John Stratton Hawley; Gurinder Singh Mann (1993). Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America. State University of New York Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-7914-1426-2.
249. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (1 September 2000). The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine. Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-89281-807-5. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
250. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). “Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism”. Religion. 27 (4): 311. doi:10.1006/reli.1997.0095.
251. ^ Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol 36, Issue 1–2, pages 71–110
252. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 183 note 4. ISBN 978-93-80607-04-7. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
253. ^ William R. Pinch (1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. pp. 27–28, 64, 158–159. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
254. ^ Sarvepalli Gopal (1993). Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–46, 135–137. ISBN 978-1-85649-050-4.
255. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. pp. 332, 389–391. ISBN 978-93-80607-04-7. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
256. ^ Daromir Rudnyckyj; Filippo Osella (2017). Religion and the Morality of the Market. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–82. ISBN 978-1-107-18605-7.
257. ^ Pathik Pathak (2008). Future of Multicultural Britain: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma. Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7486-3546-7.
258. ^ Chetan Bhatt (2001). Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths. Berg. pp. 180–192. ISBN 978-1-85973-343-1.
259. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). “Five heads and no tale: Hanumān and the popularization of Tantra”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 5 (3): 269–296. doi:10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3. S2CID 144825928.
260. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 319, 380–388.
261. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 59–61.
262. ^ Hanuman Bearing the Mountaintop with Medicinal Herbs New York Metropolitan Museum. Ca. 1800. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
263. ^ T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). Elements of Hindu iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 58, 190–194. ISBN 978-81-208-0878-2.
264. ^ David N. Lorenzen (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action. State University of New York Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
265. ^ Vanamali 2010, p. 14.
266. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 60.
267. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 11–12, 101.
268. ^ Reports of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883–84, and of a Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Gwalior, in 1884–85, Alexander Cunningham, 1885
269. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 59–60.
270. ^ “Hanuman Garhi”. www.uptourism.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
271. ^ “Five historical Hindu temples of Pakistan”. WION. 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
272. ^ Academy, Himalayan. “Hinduism Today Magazine”. www.hinduismtoday.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
273. ^ The Indian Express, Chandigarh, Tuesday, 2 November 2010, p. 5.
274. ^ Lutgendorf 2007.
275. ^ Swati Mitra (2012). Temples of Madhya Pradesh. Eicher Goodearth and Government of Madhya Pradesh. p. 41. ISBN 978-93-80262-49-9.
276. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. 239, 24.
277. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7. Retrieved 14 May 2009. hanuman sarangpur. Page 128
278. ^ “Amit Shah Unveils 54-Feet-Tall Statue Of Lord Hanuman At Gujarat Temple”. NDTV.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
279. ^ New Hindu temple serves Frisco’s growing Asian Indian population Archived 28 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Dallas Morning News, 6 August 2015
280. ^ “90-ft Hanuman Statue of Union unveiled in Texas, 3rd tallest in US”. The Times of India. 21 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
281. ^ Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). “The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]”. The Drama Review: TDR. 21 (3): 51–82. doi:10.2307/1145152. JSTOR 1145152.
282. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2015). “Navratri – Hindu festival”. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
283. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana Archived 31 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO
284. ^ Ramlila Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle, by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1-85109-636-1. Page 42.
285. ^ Toni Shapiro-Phim, Reamker Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Cambodian Version of Ramayana, Asia Society
286. ^ Marrison, G. E (1989). “Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian Version of the Rāmāyaṇa. A Review Article”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 121 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00167917. JSTOR 25212421. S2CID 161831703.
287. ^ Jukka O. Miettinen (1992). Classical Dance and Theatre in South-East Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-19-588595-8.
288. ^ Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier; Tim Winter (2006). Expressions of Cambodia: The Politics of Tradition, Identity and Change. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-134-17196-5.
289. ^ James R. Brandon; Martin Banham (1997). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-521-58822-5.
290. ^ Margarete Merkle (2012). Bali: Magical Dances. epubli. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-3-8442-3298-1.^{[permanent dead link]}
291. ^ J. Kats (1927), The Rāmāyana in Indonesia Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1927), pp. 579–585
292. ^ Malini Saran (2005), The Ramayana in Indonesia: alternate tellings Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4 (SPRING 2005), pp. 66–82
293. ^ Willem Frederik Stutterheim (1989). Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia. Abhinav Publications. pp. xvii, 5–16 (Indonesia), 17–21 (Malaysia), 34–37. ISBN 978-81-7017-251-2.
294. ^ Marijke Klokke (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono’s Festschrift. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. pp. 391–399. ISBN 978-979-26-2499-1.
295. ^ Andrea Acri; H.M. Creese; A. Griffiths (2010). From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayana in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia. BRILL Academic. pp. 197–203, 209–213. ISBN 978-90-04-25376-6.
296. ^ Moertjipto (1991). The Ramayana Reliefs of Prambanan. Penerbit Kanisius. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-979-413-720-8.
297. ^ Hildred Geertz (2004). The Life of a Balinese Temple: Artistry, Imagination, and History in a Peasant Village. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 154–165. ISBN 978-0-8248-2533-1.
298. ^ Pitoyo Amrih (2014), Hanoman, Akhir bisu sebuah perang besar, Pitoyo Ebook, archived from the original on 11 April 2023, retrieved 19 March 2023
299. ^ Paula Richman (1991). Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-520-07589-4.
300. ^ Amolwan Kiriwat (1997), KHON: MASKED DANCE DRAMA OF THE THAI EPIC RAMAKIEN Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, University of Maine, Advisor: Sandra Hardy, pages 3–4, 7
301. ^ Planet, Lonely; Isalska, Anita; Bewer, Tim; Brash, Celeste; Bush, Austin; Eimer, David; Harper, Damian; Symington, Andy (2018). Lonely Planet Thailand. Lonely Planet. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-78701-926-3. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
302. ^ Lutgendorf 2007, p. 211.
303. ^ Tony Moore; Tim Mousel (2008). Muay Thai. New Holland. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-84773-151-7.^{[permanent dead link]}
304. ^ “Wives Of Hanuman”. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
305. ^ “Did you know how Dara Singh was chosen for the role of Hanuman in Ramayan?”. mid-day. 30 May 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
306. ^ “Hanuman: the journey of a mythical superhero”. News18. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
307. ^ “5 Bollywood Movies About Hanuman”. BookMyShow. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
308. ^ Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), archived from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 19 March 2019
309. ^ “Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket”. The Hindu. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
310. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: “Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview”. Associated Press. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
311. ^ Amish Tripathi (12 March 2018). “What India can learn from ‘Black Panther'”. washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
312. ^ Nicole Drum (20 February 2018). “‘Black Panther’ Movie Had a Word Censored in India”. comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
313. ^ “Rodrigo y Gabriela: Fusing Flamenco And Metal”. NPR.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
314. ^ “White Monkey’ Khon performance film to hit cinemas on December 5”. NNT. 8 November 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
315. ^ Samrat, Ujjwal (24 December 2022). “Who is AP in Ram Setu?”. True Scoop News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.