ECOWAS Approves Withdrawal of Three Military-Run States, Offers Grace Period for Reconsideration

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has taken a significant step by approving the withdrawal of three military-run countries from the regional bloc. This decision, reached at a recent summit, marks a historic move against military rule in the region, signaling a firm stance on democratic governance and constitutional order.

The countries in question—Burkina Faso, Guinea, and Mali—have been under military rule following coups in recent years. In response to these coups, ECOWAS imposed sanctions and suspended these nations from participating in the organization’s activities. The withdrawal decision comes as part of ECOWAS’s broader efforts to encourage a return to democratic governance across West Africa.

However, ECOWAS has offered a six-month grace period for the military-led governments in these countries to reconsider their positions and take steps toward restoring civilian rule. During this time, the countries are urged to engage in dialogue with ECOWAS, and there remains the possibility of reintegration if significant political reforms are made.

The move underscores ECOWAS’s commitment to ensuring that military takeovers do not become a norm in the region, following a troubling trend of coups in West Africa. It also reflects growing pressure on the international stage to uphold democratic values and the rule of law.

While the decision has been met with mixed reactions, with some leaders within the affected countries challenging the bloc’s authority, ECOWAS has reiterated that it will continue to monitor the situation closely and hold the military regimes accountable. This historic development highlights the ongoing struggle for democratic stability in West Africa and the determination of ECOWAS to foster peace and governance rooted in constitutional democracy.

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger to Withdraw from ECOWAS After Rejecting Democracy Restoration Demand

In a bold move, the military-led governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have announced their plans to withdraw from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in January. This decision comes after the countries rejected the bloc’s demand to restore democratic rule following recent military coups.

The West African trio, which has been under military control since coups ousted their elected governments, had faced mounting pressure from ECOWAS to return to civilian-led democracies. However, the bloc’s insistence on restoring democratic governance was met with defiance, leading to the announcement of their exit.

The planned withdrawal marks a significant escalation in tensions between the military regimes and ECOWAS, which has been pushing for a return to constitutional order in the region. ECOWAS had previously imposed sanctions and suspended these countries from the organization, but the military governments have remained firm in their refusal to cede power to civilian rule.

This development reflects the growing divide between military regimes in West Africa and regional bodies advocating for democratic stability. With the exit of these three countries, ECOWAS faces a new challenge in its efforts to maintain regional unity and governance based on democratic principles.

As the situation unfolds, the international community will be closely monitoring the impact of this withdrawal and the potential consequences for the future of governance in West Africa.

COURTESY: FRANCE 24 English

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger’s Withdrawal a Major Blow to ECOWAS, Historic Founding Members to Exit

The planned withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) represents a significant blow to the organization. These three countries were founding members of ECOWAS when it was established in 1975 with the goal of improving economic and political integration across West Africa. Their exit marks a historic break, impacting Africa’s once most developed trade bloc.

ECOWAS, which has long been at the forefront of regional cooperation in West Africa, will now face the challenge of adjusting to the absence of these key member states. The three countries, which have been ruled by military juntas since recent coups, have rejected ECOWAS’s demand for a return to democratic governance.

The departure of these founding nations underscores the deepening political divide within the region, particularly between the military-led governments and regional bodies advocating for democratic rule. This marks a major shift in West African geopolitics, as the ECOWAS bloc now faces its most significant crisis in decades.

As the countries move forward with their exit plans, the ripple effects on regional integration, trade, and stability remain to be seen. The withdrawal raises important questions about the future of ECOWAS and the broader trajectory of governance and cooperation in West Africa.

ECOWAS Withdrawal by Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger Threatens Regional Freedoms and Integration

The planned withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) could have significant implications for the freedoms and rights currently enjoyed by citizens of ECOWAS member states.

At present, ECOWAS citizens have the right to live and work in all member countries, fostering a sense of regional unity and mobility. Additionally, the free circulation of goods across borders is a cornerstone of the organization’s objectives, promoting economic cooperation and development.

However, with the departure of these founding member states, these essential freedoms could be disrupted, potentially restricting movement and trade between the remaining ECOWAS countries and the three withdrawing nations. The economic and social impacts could be far-reaching, affecting both citizens and businesses who have long benefited from the bloc’s integration efforts.

This move represents not only a political and governance challenge but also a direct threat to the regional integration that ECOWAS has spent decades developing. The situation will require careful management to preserve the rights and freedoms of West African citizens and maintain the bloc’s economic vitality.

COURTESY: Reuters

ECOWAS Remains Silent on Potential Restrictions as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger Form New Alliance

As Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger prepare to exit the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the bloc has yet to announce whether it will impose restrictions on people and goods coming from these departing states. The three countries, in defiance of ECOWAS’s demands for a return to democratic rule, have formed a new grouping, the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), which could further complicate the region’s political and economic landscape.

The lack of clarity from ECOWAS regarding potential restrictions on trade and mobility raises questions about how the bloc will navigate this unprecedented situation. For now, citizens and businesses in the remaining ECOWAS member states can continue to enjoy the rights of free movement and goods circulation, but the future of these freedoms remains uncertain with the new political shift in the Sahel region.

The formation of the AES by the three countries further highlights the growing divide between military-run regimes and ECOWAS. This move could lead to a more fragmented regional landscape, with new alliances emerging amid escalating tensions over governance and political influence. ECOWAS will now face the challenge of balancing its stance on democratic restoration while managing the implications of this new regional alliance.

ECOWAS Commission Tasked with Navigating Future Relations with New Sahel Alliance

The ECOWAS Commission in Abuja has been given the responsibility of addressing the complex issues arising from the planned departure of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, and their formation of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). ECOWAS has instructed the Commission to explore how the two blocs should work together moving forward, ensuring that regional stability and cooperation are maintained despite the growing political divide.

As the situation unfolds, the ECOWAS Commission faces the challenge of determining how to manage relations between ECOWAS member states and the new AES, particularly in terms of trade, movement of people, and future diplomatic engagements. The outcome of these discussions will shape the future of both groups and could have significant implications for the region’s economic integration and security.

While ECOWAS has yet to announce specific actions regarding potential restrictions on the three countries, the Commission’s mandate reflects a clear need for careful diplomacy and coordination to navigate this evolving geopolitical landscape. The goal will be to find a way for the two blocs to interact and cooperate, despite the separation, in a manner that supports the broader interests of West Africa and the Sahel region.

COURTESY: Hindustan Times

Alliance of Sahel States (AES) Grants Visa-Free Travel and Residency Rights to ECOWAS Citizens

In a move that could further complicate relations between Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and the rest of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the newly formed Alliance of Sahel States (AES) has announced that it will offer visa-free travel and residency rights to ECOWAS citizens.

This announcement comes just days after the three countries signaled their intention to withdraw from ECOWAS, deepening the rift between the military-run states and the regional bloc. By granting these rights to ECOWAS citizens, the AES is attempting to maintain the free movement of people and regional integration within the Sahel, despite the political tensions.

The move also highlights the growing divergence between the AES and ECOWAS, as both blocs work to establish their own set of rules and policies. It remains unclear how ECOWAS will respond to this new development, especially with the future of free movement and trade now at the center of a complex regional dispute. The AES’s offer of residency and travel freedoms may further challenge ECOWAS’s unity and prompt a reconsideration of its policies toward the departing states.

AES Leaders Offer Visa-Free Travel and Residency to ECOWAS Citizens to Strengthen African Unity

Leaders of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) have announced that their decision to grant visa-free travel and residency rights to ECOWAS citizens is made in the spirit of friendship and aims to strengthen centuries-old ties among African peoples.

The move, which follows the planned withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from ECOWAS, underscores the AES’s desire to foster closer connections within the Sahel region and promote regional solidarity despite growing political tensions. The leaders emphasized that this decision was made to continue the tradition of cooperation and mutual respect between the people of West Africa, even as the political landscape shifts.

By offering these freedoms, the AES seeks to preserve the spirit of pan-African unity and maintain the free movement of people across the region, while also sending a message of solidarity and collaboration between nations that share deep historical and cultural ties. However, the announcement also heightens the divide between the AES and ECOWAS, raising important questions about future cooperation and the direction of both blocs.

COURTESY: Firstpost

AES Visa-Free Policy Faces Challenges as Most Migrants Seek Coastal West Africa Countries

While the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) has announced visa-free travel and residency rights for ECOWAS citizens, the practicality of this decision may face challenges. The three countries—Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger—are poor and landlocked, meaning that most of their migrants typically seek opportunities in the richer, coastal countries of West Africa, such as Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Ghana.

Given their geographic and economic conditions, these Sahelian states have limited internal migration opportunities, with many of their citizens looking to move to more prosperous countries for better employment, education, and living conditions. While the AES’s decision is aimed at promoting regional solidarity, it may not immediately address the migration patterns that are heavily skewed towards the coastal nations, which are seen as more economically stable.

Despite these challenges, the AES’s move could still encourage stronger ties within the Sahel region, but its long-term impact on migration flows and regional integration remains uncertain, particularly as citizens from the three countries look to more developed, coastal states for opportunities.

References

1. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
2. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
3. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
4. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
5. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
6. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
7. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
8. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
9. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
10. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
14. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
15. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
18. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
19. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
20. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
21. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
22. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
24. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
25. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
26. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
27. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
28. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
29. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
30. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
31. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
32. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
33. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
34. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
35. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
36. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
37. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
38. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
39. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
40. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
41. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
42. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
43. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
44. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
45. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
46. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
47. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
48. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
49. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
50. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
51. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
52. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
53. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
54. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
55. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
56. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
57. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
58. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
59. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
60. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
61. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
62. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
63. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
64. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
65. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
66. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
67. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
68. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
69. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
70. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
71. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
72. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
73. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
74. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
75. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
76. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
77. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
78. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
79. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
80. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
81. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
82. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
83. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
84. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
85. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
86. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
87. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
88. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
89. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
90. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
91. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
92. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
93. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
94. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
95. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
96. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
97. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
98. References
99. [edit]
100. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
101. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
102. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
103. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
104. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
105. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
106. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
107. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
108. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
109. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
110. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
111. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
112. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
113. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
114. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
115. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
116. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
117. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
118. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
119. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
120. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
121. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
122. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
123. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
124. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
125. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
126. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
127. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
128. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
129. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
130. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
131. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
132. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
133. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
134. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
135. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
136. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
137. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
138. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
139. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
140. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
141. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
142. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
143. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
144. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
145. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
146. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
147. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
148. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
149. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
150. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
151. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
152. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
153. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
154. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
155. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
156. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
157. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
158. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
159. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
160. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
161. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
162. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
163. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
164. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
165. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
166. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
167. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
168. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
169. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
170. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
171. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
172. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
173. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
174. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
175. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
176. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
177. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
178. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
179. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
180. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
181. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
182. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
183. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
184. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
185. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
186. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
187. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
188. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
189. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
190. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
191. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
192. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
193. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
194. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
195. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
196. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
197. References
198. [edit]
199. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
200. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
201. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
202. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
203. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
204. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
205. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
206. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
207. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
208. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
209. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
210. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
211. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
212. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
213. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
214. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
215. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
216. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
217. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
218. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
219. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
220. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
221. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
222. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
223. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
224. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
225. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
226. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
227. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
228. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
229. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
230. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
231. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
232. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
233. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
234. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
235. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
236. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
237. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
238. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
239. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
240. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
241. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
242. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
243. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
244. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
245. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
246. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
247. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
248. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
249. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
250. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
251. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
252. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
253. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
254. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
255. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
256. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
257. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
258. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
259. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
260. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
261. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
262. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
263. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
264. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
265. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
266. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
267. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
268. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
269. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
270. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
271. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
272. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
273. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
274. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
275. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
276. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
277. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
278. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
279. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
280. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
281. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
282. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
283. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
284. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
285. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
286. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
287. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
288. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
289. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
290. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
291. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
292. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
293. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
294. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
295. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
296. References
297. [edit]
298. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
299. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
300. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
301. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
302. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
303. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
304. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
305. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
306. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
307. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
308. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
309. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
310. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
311. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
312. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
313. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
314. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
315. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
316. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
317. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
318. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
319. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
320. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
321. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
322. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
323. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
324. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
325. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
326. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
327. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
328. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
329. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
330. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
331. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
332. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
333. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
334. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
335. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
336. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
337. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
338. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
339. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
340. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
341. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
342. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
343. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
344. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
345. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
346. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
347. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
348. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
349. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
350. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
351. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
352. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
353. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
354. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
355. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
356. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
357. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
358. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
359. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
360. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
361. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
362. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
363. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
364. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
365. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
366. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
367. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
368. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
369. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
370. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
371. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
372. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
373. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
374. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
375. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
376. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
377. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
378. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
379. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
380. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
381. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
382. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
383. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
384. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
385. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
386. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
387. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
388. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
389. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
390. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
391. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
392. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
393. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
394. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
395. References
396. [edit]
397. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
398. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
399. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
400. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
401. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
402. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
403. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
404. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
405. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
406. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
407. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
408. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
409. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
410. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
411. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
412. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
413. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
414. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
415. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
416. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
417. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
418. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
419. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
420. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
421. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
422. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
423. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
424. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
425. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
426. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
427. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
428. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
429. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
430. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
431. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
432. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
433. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
434. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
435. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
436. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
437. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
438. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
439. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
440. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
441. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
442. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
443. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
444. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
445. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
446. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
447. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
448. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
449. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
450. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
451. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
452. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
453. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
454. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
455. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
456. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
457. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
458. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
459. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
460. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
461. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
462. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
463. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
464. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
465. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
466. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
467. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
468. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
469. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
470. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
471. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
472. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
473. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
474. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
475. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
476. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
477. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
478. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
479. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
480. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
481. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
482. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
483. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
484. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
485. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
486. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
487. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
488. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
489. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
490. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
491. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
492. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
493. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
494. References
495. [edit]
496. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
497. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
498. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
499. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
500. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
501. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
502. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
503. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
504. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
505. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
506. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
507. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
508. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
509. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
510. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
511. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
512. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
513. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
514. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
515. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
516. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
517. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
518. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
519. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
520. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
521. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
522. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
523. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
524. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
525. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
526. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
527. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
528. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
529. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
530. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
531. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
532. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
533. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
534. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
535. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
536. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
537. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
538. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
539. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
540. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
541. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
542. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
543. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
544. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
545. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
546. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
547. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
548. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
549. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
550. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
551. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
552. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
553. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
554. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
555. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
556. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
557. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
558. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
559. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
560. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
561. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
562. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
563. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
564. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
565. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
566. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
567. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
568. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
569. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
570. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
571. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
572. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
573. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
574. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
575. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
576. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
577. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
578. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
579. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
580. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
581. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
582. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
583. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
584. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
585. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
586. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
587. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
588. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
589. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
590. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
591. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
592. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
593. References
594. [edit]
595. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
596. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
597. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
598. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
599. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
600. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
601. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
602. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
603. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
604. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
605. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
606. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
607. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
608. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
609. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
610. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
611. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
612. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
613. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
614. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
615. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
616. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
617. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
618. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
619. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
620. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
621. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
622. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
623. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
624. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
625. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
626. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
627. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
628. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
629. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
630. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
631. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
632. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
633. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
634. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
635. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
636. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
637. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
638. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
639. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
640. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
641. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
642. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
643. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
644. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
645. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
646. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
647. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
648. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
649. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
650. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
651. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
652. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
653. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
654. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
655. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
656. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
657. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
658. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
659. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
660. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
661. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
662. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
663. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
664. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
665. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
666. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
667. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
668. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
669. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
670. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
671. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
672. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
673. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
674. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
675. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
676. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
677. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
678. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
679. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
680. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
681. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
682. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
683. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
684. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
685. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
686. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
687. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
688. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
689. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
690. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
691. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
692. References
693. [edit]
694. ^ “African Union”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
695. ^ Data. “GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
696. ^ Data. “GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | Table”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
697. ^ Data. “Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table”. futures.issafrica.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
698. ^ “Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States”. Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
699. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
700. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
701. ^ “Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub”. investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
702. ^ “Fundamental Principles”. ECOWAS. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
703. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). “Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas”. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
704. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism”. Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
705. ^ Jump up to:^a b Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). “West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia”. Jane’s Defence Weekly.
706. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The 5 previous West African military interventions”. Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
707. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
708. ^ “Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
709. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
710. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), “Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco’s Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”, Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
711. ^ “Afrique”. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
712. ^ “Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government”. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
713. ^ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). “Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough”. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
714. ^ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). “Like a magnet”. D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
715. ^ “ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months”. Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
716. ^ Jump up to:^a b Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). “West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
717. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup” Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
718. ^ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). “West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
719. ^ AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022). “Mali’s junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc”. SFGATE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
720. ^ “West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso’s membership over coup”. France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
721. ^ Jump up to:^a b “West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger”. The Point. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
722. ^ “West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week”. Associated Press. Niamey. ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
723. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact”. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
724. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
725. ^ “Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024”. dw.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
726. ^ “Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
727. ^ “Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
728. ^ Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). “West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
729. ^ Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). “ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso”. TheCable. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
730. ^ “West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali”. France 24. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
731. ^ “ECOWAS wants to formalize the withdrawal of the AES countries”. africaintelligence.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
732. ^ “Senegal ‘making progress’ convincing military regimes in Sahel to remain with Ecowas”. www.rfi.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
733. ^ “ECOWAS is Open to Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Tinubu Assures German President”. www.newscentral.africa. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
734. ^ “West Africa regional bloc approves exit timeline for 3 coup-hit member states”. www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
735. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
736. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Population 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
737. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
738. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Gross domestic product 2015, PPP” (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
739. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). “ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building”. ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6. ISBN 978-2-86978-496-3. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0dp.6.
740. ^ Yansane, Aguibou (1977). “The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. African Studies Review. 20 (2): 63–87. doi:10.2307/523653. JSTOR 523653.
741. ^ “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
742. ^ “Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center”. www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
743. ^ “ECOWAS VISION 2020” (PDF). Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022.
744. ^ Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019). “West African states have a science and technology plan. But it’s going nowhere”. The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
745. ^ “Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?”. BBC News. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
746. ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023). “Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
747. ^ “Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
748. ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023). “Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
749. ^ Durmaz, Mucahid. “As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
750. ^ “The “politics of coups” shape the response to West Africa’s military juntas | DIIS”. www.diis.dk. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
751. ^ “West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup”. Radio France Internationale. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
752. ^ “Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention”. BBC News. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
753. ^ “ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger”. Al Arabiya English. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
754. ^ “Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development”. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
755. ^ “CCJ Official Website”. prod.courtecowas.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
756. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
757. ^ “WAHO | West African Health Organization”. www.wahooas.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
758. ^ “Welcome !”. GIABA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
759. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)”. ecowas.int. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
760. ^ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). “The Economic Community of West African States and International Law”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
761. ^ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
762. ^ “Profile: Economic Community of West African States” (PDF). Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
763. ^ “About Us – ECOWAS Parliament”. ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
764. ^ Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013). “Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)”. Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
765. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008.
766. ^ “Miss ECOWAS 2010”. The Economist. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
767. ^ Jump up to:^a b State, Economic Community of West African (2010), Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action, Ecowas Commission 2010, archived from the original on 5 August 2023, retrieved 5 August 2023
768. ^ Jump up to:^a b GNA (27 April 2023). “ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre keen on globalising Traditional African Sports”. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
769. ^ “West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)”. European Council on Foreign Relations. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
770. ^ Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). “La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique”. Paris: L’Harmattan.
771. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022). “Regional Integration in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Complementarity or Competition?”. Economies. 10 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/economies10010022. hdl:10419/257385.
772. ^ “Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: International Development Research Centre”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
773. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
774. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
775. ^ “Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015”. MC Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
776. ^ “The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia”. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
777. ^ “WAMZ gets US$7.8 million grant”. Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
778. ^ Castillejo, Clare (2019). “The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions”. Discussion Paper. doi:10.23661/dp11.2019.
779. ^ “ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa”. archive.uneca.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
780. ^ “Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance”. www.browncard.org (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
781. ^ Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). “Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region”. Migration in West Africa. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2. ISBN 978-3-030-99238-5.
782. ^ Proposed Ecowas railway Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine railwaysafrica.com
783. ^ ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan westafricatourism.com Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
784. ^ ECOWAS ECOTOUR (PDF). Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. www.ecowas.int.
785. ^ ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine apanews.net
786. ^ West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity Archived 4 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
787. ^ “West Africa’s (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity”. trade4devnews.enhancedif.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
788. ^ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. “Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
789. ^ Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). “ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa”. Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
790. ^ “ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services”. TradeMark Africa. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.